Photo of Melissa Weaver, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Melissa Weaver
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21211
Each of us experiences life’s struggles or can get stuck in patterns that limit our emotional freedom and joy. I welcome the opportunity to act as a guide to support, create safe space, and provide objective feedback and gentle nudging out of the comfort zone that’s limiting your fullest potential. Through insight-oriented, psychodynamic, and cross-cultural lenses, my goal is to empower you to gain greater self-awareness, overcome challenges and enhance your quality of life. I utilize a holistic approach to help you process and feel your feelings while you remain open to self-reflection and the willingness to implement new changes.
Each of us experiences life’s struggles or can get stuck in patterns that limit our emotional freedom and joy. I welcome the opportunity to act as a guide to support, create safe space, and provide objective feedback and gentle nudging out of the comfort zone that’s limiting your fullest potential. Through insight-oriented, psychodynamic, and cross-cultural lenses, my goal is to empower you to gain greater self-awareness, overcome challenges and enhance your quality of life. I utilize a holistic approach to help you process and feel your feelings while you remain open to self-reflection and the willingness to implement new changes.
(410) 220-1148 View (410) 220-1148
Photo of Elizabeth McCarthy, Counselor in Baltimore, MD
Elizabeth McCarthy
Counselor, MS, LCPC, RYT
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21209
Waitlist for new clients
Deepak Chopra, in The Healing Self says, "The dividing line between what happens automatically and what happens voluntarily isn’t fixed. Choices matter, and thus the healing self comes into play. On its own the body knows how to survive; it’s up to us to teach it how to thrive.” Welcome to your life! It's yours for the choosing, the healing, the awareness building, the perception changing, and the whole self loving. I can be a grounded guide in this journey. I love helping caregivers, students, and helping professionals by nurturing relationship with their inner wisdom to build stress resilence, strength, and peace.
Deepak Chopra, in The Healing Self says, "The dividing line between what happens automatically and what happens voluntarily isn’t fixed. Choices matter, and thus the healing self comes into play. On its own the body knows how to survive; it’s up to us to teach it how to thrive.” Welcome to your life! It's yours for the choosing, the healing, the awareness building, the perception changing, and the whole self loving. I can be a grounded guide in this journey. I love helping caregivers, students, and helping professionals by nurturing relationship with their inner wisdom to build stress resilence, strength, and peace.
(443) 280-6003 View (443) 280-6003
Photo of David O. Avruch, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
David O. Avruch
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21211
Being fully seen and fully accepted by one’s life partner is a universal human need, the stuff of spirituality - an experience felt in the soul, not just the mind or the heart. Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) provides a roadmap for how to get there. In my career I've seen a lot and worked with many different kinds of individuals; hence, I'm professional and nonjudgmental. While I enjoy being a social worker and therapist for all types of humans, my private practice is focused primarily on serving queer and trans couples. My office is located in Baltimore; I am also licensed in DC and serve couples there remotely.
Being fully seen and fully accepted by one’s life partner is a universal human need, the stuff of spirituality - an experience felt in the soul, not just the mind or the heart. Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) provides a roadmap for how to get there. In my career I've seen a lot and worked with many different kinds of individuals; hence, I'm professional and nonjudgmental. While I enjoy being a social worker and therapist for all types of humans, my private practice is focused primarily on serving queer and trans couples. My office is located in Baltimore; I am also licensed in DC and serve couples there remotely.
(410) 734-2020 View (410) 734-2020
Photo of Jennifer McShea, Counselor in Baltimore, MD
Jennifer McShea
Counselor, LGPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21211
What if you could experience mental clarity, ease in your body, and make peace with all parts of yourself? Do you feel ready to explore outdated personal strategies so you can expand into your authentic self-expression? I help adults become aware of, and liberate from adaptive patterns that have outlived their usefulness. By exploring and integrating defended parts of self, I can help you to remember your inherent wholeness. My approach is collaborative and non-judgmental. I honor diversity and provide a safe space for clients to access their inner wisdom.
What if you could experience mental clarity, ease in your body, and make peace with all parts of yourself? Do you feel ready to explore outdated personal strategies so you can expand into your authentic self-expression? I help adults become aware of, and liberate from adaptive patterns that have outlived their usefulness. By exploring and integrating defended parts of self, I can help you to remember your inherent wholeness. My approach is collaborative and non-judgmental. I honor diversity and provide a safe space for clients to access their inner wisdom.
(443) 892-7328 View (443) 892-7328
Photo of Levi Y. Breuer, Psychologist in Baltimore, MD
Levi Y. Breuer
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
12 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21208
As a psychologist my number one goal is to approach you with acceptance, empathy, and unconditional positive regard. Through my work as a psychologist I have come to believe in the capacity of people to change. I welcome individuals that are questioning why their own attempts to improve the quality of their lives is not working. Often there can be mixed feelings about change. I recognize that change is difficult. I feel that self exploration is a challenge that often requires courage and risk.
As a psychologist my number one goal is to approach you with acceptance, empathy, and unconditional positive regard. Through my work as a psychologist I have come to believe in the capacity of people to change. I welcome individuals that are questioning why their own attempts to improve the quality of their lives is not working. Often there can be mixed feelings about change. I recognize that change is difficult. I feel that self exploration is a challenge that often requires courage and risk.
(410) 695-6178 View (410) 695-6178
Photo of Aaron Schneider, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Baltimore, MD
Aaron Schneider
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21208
Waitlist for new clients
My specialties include depression, anxiety, PTSD and spirituality. I also specialize in working with families in conflict and crisis. I work with people of all backgrounds and have a particular passion for supporting those who are struggling with their Judaism and Jewish identity. Mindfulness-based body-centered psychotherapy is my primary approach to psychotherapy. I sprinkle in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) as appropriate. Upon request, I also enjoy integrating spirituality based on your value system. I am a holistic psychotherapist and do not push medication; instead I support my clients in using psychotherapy and integrative medical physicians to heal.
My specialties include depression, anxiety, PTSD and spirituality. I also specialize in working with families in conflict and crisis. I work with people of all backgrounds and have a particular passion for supporting those who are struggling with their Judaism and Jewish identity. Mindfulness-based body-centered psychotherapy is my primary approach to psychotherapy. I sprinkle in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) as appropriate. Upon request, I also enjoy integrating spirituality based on your value system. I am a holistic psychotherapist and do not push medication; instead I support my clients in using psychotherapy and integrative medical physicians to heal.
(720) 310-2861 View (720) 310-2861
Photo of Hannah Rose, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Baltimore, MD
Hannah Rose
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
11 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21210  (Online Only)
Hi there! I founded and run Rose Wellness, a private practice that is fully virtual and catering to Maryland clients. Our clinicians have a variety of specialties which can be seen on our website, including but not limited to depression & anxiety, relationships, substance use, LGBTQIA+ and gender affirming care, with clinicians who are trauma-informed, trained in EMDR, and treat children, adolescents, teenagers, and adults. While I no longer accept new clients, we have 16 incredible therapists here at Rose Wellness, one of whom may be the right fit for you! www.rosewellnesscounseling.com/team
Hi there! I founded and run Rose Wellness, a private practice that is fully virtual and catering to Maryland clients. Our clinicians have a variety of specialties which can be seen on our website, including but not limited to depression & anxiety, relationships, substance use, LGBTQIA+ and gender affirming care, with clinicians who are trauma-informed, trained in EMDR, and treat children, adolescents, teenagers, and adults. While I no longer accept new clients, we have 16 incredible therapists here at Rose Wellness, one of whom may be the right fit for you! www.rosewellnesscounseling.com/team
(443) 991-8205 View (443) 991-8205
Photo of Dr. Michael M. Librie, PsyD, LCSW-C , Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Dr. Michael M. Librie, PsyD, LCSW-C
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PsyD, LCSW-C, LICSW
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21218  (Online Only)
I'm Michael Librie, Psy.D, LCSW-C, LICSW. I'm a Psychotherapist with over 35 years experience, qualified to provide integrative psychotherapy, combining techniques from various therapeutic schools to suit the needs of the client. I am delivering therapy virtually at this time in Maryland, Washington, DC and North Carolina. My approach combines traditional dynamic psychotherapy with awareness and internal inquiry processes. I partner with you to help guide you to focus inward so that you may experience your core self, listen to your soul and find your personal truth.
I'm Michael Librie, Psy.D, LCSW-C, LICSW. I'm a Psychotherapist with over 35 years experience, qualified to provide integrative psychotherapy, combining techniques from various therapeutic schools to suit the needs of the client. I am delivering therapy virtually at this time in Maryland, Washington, DC and North Carolina. My approach combines traditional dynamic psychotherapy with awareness and internal inquiry processes. I partner with you to help guide you to focus inward so that you may experience your core self, listen to your soul and find your personal truth.
(410) 376-8209 View (410) 376-8209
Photo of One Heartt, Inc. Mental Health Services in Baltimore, MD
One Heartt, Inc. Mental Health Services
PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21202
Therapy can be a challenging journey of self awareness and processing. This path becomes increasingly difficulty when you don't feel seen and heard. We are black female identifying mental health providers offering a wide range of mental health services. Our goal is to be a one-stop shop for culturally sensitive mental health treatment for all. Our patients come from a range of backgrounds, and participate in services such as medication management, psychological assessment, therapy, and PRP. At One Heartt, Inc. we specialize in providing holistic healthcare in a soothing indoor/outdoor environment.
Therapy can be a challenging journey of self awareness and processing. This path becomes increasingly difficulty when you don't feel seen and heard. We are black female identifying mental health providers offering a wide range of mental health services. Our goal is to be a one-stop shop for culturally sensitive mental health treatment for all. Our patients come from a range of backgrounds, and participate in services such as medication management, psychological assessment, therapy, and PRP. At One Heartt, Inc. we specialize in providing holistic healthcare in a soothing indoor/outdoor environment.
(410) 936-3361 x1 View (410) 936-3361 x1
Photo of Victoria D Stubbs, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Victoria D Stubbs
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21210
If you are reading this, then you have already made the courageous decision to do something different. Step forward with me into a safe space where I will guide you through the journey of transforming your mind, freeing yourself from old patterns of behavior and standing in your own truth. I specialize in helping people who feel generally out of balance-emotionally, spiritually, mentally-as well as those feeling disconnected from their authentic selves. I offer an empathic welcoming space for personal exploration with an affinity for working with people of color and members of the LGBTQ community.
If you are reading this, then you have already made the courageous decision to do something different. Step forward with me into a safe space where I will guide you through the journey of transforming your mind, freeing yourself from old patterns of behavior and standing in your own truth. I specialize in helping people who feel generally out of balance-emotionally, spiritually, mentally-as well as those feeling disconnected from their authentic selves. I offer an empathic welcoming space for personal exploration with an affinity for working with people of color and members of the LGBTQ community.
(240) 249-7509 View (240) 249-7509
Photo of Arthur Chen, Psychologist in Baltimore, MD
Arthur Chen
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21210
Dr. Chen has extensive experience working w/ substance use, eating disorders, PTSD, and mood disorders. Dr. Chen completed his clinical training at mutiple clinics and also specializes in self-esteem and confidence development. The first goal is to understand why a person is struggling. Then, work with the patient to build resiliency and strength to adapt and overcome life's challenges. Dr. Chen incorporates real-world experiences/exposures with CBT/DBT and social skills training into his therapies to maximize the therapy gains. A focus of therapy is also on the development of happiness and finding the purpose/meaning for life.
Dr. Chen has extensive experience working w/ substance use, eating disorders, PTSD, and mood disorders. Dr. Chen completed his clinical training at mutiple clinics and also specializes in self-esteem and confidence development. The first goal is to understand why a person is struggling. Then, work with the patient to build resiliency and strength to adapt and overcome life's challenges. Dr. Chen incorporates real-world experiences/exposures with CBT/DBT and social skills training into his therapies to maximize the therapy gains. A focus of therapy is also on the development of happiness and finding the purpose/meaning for life.
(443) 234-0583 View (443) 234-0583
Photo of Rose Wellness, Counselor in Baltimore, MD
Rose Wellness
Counselor, MS, ACRPS, LCPC
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21224  (Online Only)
At Rose Wellness, our clinicians have a variety of specialties which include depression & anxiety, relationships, substance use, LGBTQIA+ and gender affirming care, and who are trauma-informed, trained in EMDR, and treat children, adolescents, teenagers, and adults. We currently have 17 amazing therapists, and most are in network with Carefirst, United, Aetna, Cigna, and Medicaid.
At Rose Wellness, our clinicians have a variety of specialties which include depression & anxiety, relationships, substance use, LGBTQIA+ and gender affirming care, and who are trauma-informed, trained in EMDR, and treat children, adolescents, teenagers, and adults. We currently have 17 amazing therapists, and most are in network with Carefirst, United, Aetna, Cigna, and Medicaid.
(443) 323-2059 View (443) 323-2059
Photo of Marianna Mujica Holistic Coach And Psychotherapist, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Marianna Mujica Holistic Coach And Psychotherapist
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LMSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21230  (Online Only)
Enrolling for Online ADHD Coaching Body Doubling Support Six Week Series Saturday mornings starting May 18th. Are you a creative talented person whose executive functioning challenges are limiting your success? Need real talk and guidance from an empathic laser focused direct down-to-earth coach (and licensed psychotherapist) who will maintain your confidentiality, genuinely care about you and teach strategies for quick relief? Let's work together to create positive changes. FYI, I have daytime online self-pay therapy openings.
Enrolling for Online ADHD Coaching Body Doubling Support Six Week Series Saturday mornings starting May 18th. Are you a creative talented person whose executive functioning challenges are limiting your success? Need real talk and guidance from an empathic laser focused direct down-to-earth coach (and licensed psychotherapist) who will maintain your confidentiality, genuinely care about you and teach strategies for quick relief? Let's work together to create positive changes. FYI, I have daytime online self-pay therapy openings.
(410) 983-3687 View (410) 983-3687
Photo of Nini Gomes, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Nini Gomes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21211  (Online Only)
Are you a young intuitive woman struggling to envision your future? Are you feeling anxious or stuck? Have you been hurt or traumatized? Feel like your full potential is unreachable? Or frustrated with life itself? Be still. Exhale. Seek deep within, for you have the power to change things! Are you ready to transform your life, by feeling fulfilled in life and your relationships? Are you ready to explore and journey into your own unique expression of self? Are you ready to tap into your magick and blessings? Become a new radiant you with my support and guidance! All of you is welcome.
Are you a young intuitive woman struggling to envision your future? Are you feeling anxious or stuck? Have you been hurt or traumatized? Feel like your full potential is unreachable? Or frustrated with life itself? Be still. Exhale. Seek deep within, for you have the power to change things! Are you ready to transform your life, by feeling fulfilled in life and your relationships? Are you ready to explore and journey into your own unique expression of self? Are you ready to tap into your magick and blessings? Become a new radiant you with my support and guidance! All of you is welcome.
(443) 241-6635 View (443) 241-6635
Photo of Lyndsay Soeder, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Lyndsay Soeder
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MS, MSW, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21210
We all face experiences that are often difficult, painful, and even traumatic. So many of us face these situations feeling alone, overwhelmed, ashamed, and vulnerable. I believe healing and transformation comes from within, by reconnecting with our inner wisdom, becoming more self-aware, and growing more in self-love and compassion. Pain and vulnerability can also teach us a lot about ourselves and be incredibly healing. If you are struggling with relationship problems, life transitions, depression, anxiety, past traumas, feel stuck, or grieving the loss of a loved one, I can help you face these challenges.
We all face experiences that are often difficult, painful, and even traumatic. So many of us face these situations feeling alone, overwhelmed, ashamed, and vulnerable. I believe healing and transformation comes from within, by reconnecting with our inner wisdom, becoming more self-aware, and growing more in self-love and compassion. Pain and vulnerability can also teach us a lot about ourselves and be incredibly healing. If you are struggling with relationship problems, life transitions, depression, anxiety, past traumas, feel stuck, or grieving the loss of a loved one, I can help you face these challenges.
(707) 741-6065 View (707) 741-6065
Photo of Stephen Clarke, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Baltimore, MD
Stephen Clarke
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, PhD, LCPC
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21286
We all suffer, but most suffering is not necessary. We develop habits to cope with suffering, but then find we are stuck repeating patterns that no longer serve us. Creating a safe, stable, and trusting environment, we can non-judgementally perceive where we are stuck and have the courage to let go of unhealthy thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. We are then able to grow in new ways that allow for gentleness, peace, and joy.
We all suffer, but most suffering is not necessary. We develop habits to cope with suffering, but then find we are stuck repeating patterns that no longer serve us. Creating a safe, stable, and trusting environment, we can non-judgementally perceive where we are stuck and have the courage to let go of unhealthy thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. We are then able to grow in new ways that allow for gentleness, peace, and joy.
(410) 538-2597 View (410) 538-2597
Michael Leo Boyle
Psychologist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21210
I continue to derive immense satisfaction from becoming a psychologist and exploring many paths and points of view about the nature of "reality", personally in my own work on myself and with others in psychotherapy (from physical/behavioral/external levels to non-physical/subjective/internal levels). People who have participated in psychotherapy with me often describe deriving value from increased awareness, insight and understanding about their past and present circumstances, both internal and external. These results have led to resolving external behavioral issues and increasing their level of internal satisfaction about their life experiences.
I continue to derive immense satisfaction from becoming a psychologist and exploring many paths and points of view about the nature of "reality", personally in my own work on myself and with others in psychotherapy (from physical/behavioral/external levels to non-physical/subjective/internal levels). People who have participated in psychotherapy with me often describe deriving value from increased awareness, insight and understanding about their past and present circumstances, both internal and external. These results have led to resolving external behavioral issues and increasing their level of internal satisfaction about their life experiences.
(410) 317-8092 View (410) 317-8092
Photo of Emily Samuelson, Psychologist in Baltimore, MD
Emily Samuelson
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Baltimore, MD 21212  (Online Only)
Starting therapy can be a scary thing. You have to talk with a stranger about your most private worries. But somehow, if we make a connection, the therapy space feels like a safe place to talk and feel and be curious about your anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, trauma or whatever nudges you to seek extra support. To me, therapy is all about exploring your inner landscape, finding helpful ways to soothe yourself, developing self-compassion, untangling old stuff that still gets in the way, and becoming empowered to make healthy choices. As hard as we work, we can laugh together, too! Laughter is good medicine.
Starting therapy can be a scary thing. You have to talk with a stranger about your most private worries. But somehow, if we make a connection, the therapy space feels like a safe place to talk and feel and be curious about your anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, trauma or whatever nudges you to seek extra support. To me, therapy is all about exploring your inner landscape, finding helpful ways to soothe yourself, developing self-compassion, untangling old stuff that still gets in the way, and becoming empowered to make healthy choices. As hard as we work, we can laugh together, too! Laughter is good medicine.
(667) 206-3558 View (667) 206-3558
Photo of Erin Elizabeth McCarthy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Baltimore, MD
Erin Elizabeth McCarthy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21201
People of all ages and walks of life have felt comfortable opening up in my presence, and many find our work together to be the foundation and structure for new areas of self knowledge and profound emotional growth. I connect with people that are in pain or who have been hurt, people that are confused, overwhelmed or just feeling bad. Through our work, we will facilitate a stronger sense of who you are and a greater ability for relational engagement -- discovering and building a full, desired life. I balance softness and smiles with challenge, deep curiosity and playfulness.
People of all ages and walks of life have felt comfortable opening up in my presence, and many find our work together to be the foundation and structure for new areas of self knowledge and profound emotional growth. I connect with people that are in pain or who have been hurt, people that are confused, overwhelmed or just feeling bad. Through our work, we will facilitate a stronger sense of who you are and a greater ability for relational engagement -- discovering and building a full, desired life. I balance softness and smiles with challenge, deep curiosity and playfulness.
(202) 796-7585 View (202) 796-7585
Photo of Brianne Nolan, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Baltimore, MD
Brianne Nolan
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC, CCATP, CTMH
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Baltimore, MD 21201
Bree has a passion for working with adults in overcoming fear, anxiety, depression, anger, disordered eating, and working through distress from life changes. She utilizes mindfulness-based interventions to cultivate balance and overall wellness to a client's life, emphasizing curiosity and flexibility to unblock the strengths that are already there. Bree provides a safe space for a client to explore the many pieces of their identity and she believes in using the individual's personal values, like a GPS, to find a path toward meaningful and lasting change.
Bree has a passion for working with adults in overcoming fear, anxiety, depression, anger, disordered eating, and working through distress from life changes. She utilizes mindfulness-based interventions to cultivate balance and overall wellness to a client's life, emphasizing curiosity and flexibility to unblock the strengths that are already there. Bree provides a safe space for a client to explore the many pieces of their identity and she believes in using the individual's personal values, like a GPS, to find a path toward meaningful and lasting change.
(443) 222-8593 View (443) 222-8593
Attachment-based Therapists

Is attachment-based therapy the same as attachment therapy?

Attachment-based therapy may be confused with what is called “attachment therapy” (sometimes called “holding therapy”), a discredited and dangerous approach to treating children with attachment disorders, autism, or other mental health concerns. Attachment therapy—not attachment-based therapy—may involve restraining a child, forcing eye contact, and other coercive or abusive techniques. None of these practices are used in attachment-based therapy and the two modalities are in no way related.

What should I expect from attachment-based therapy?

Attachment-based therapy is based on attachment theory, which posits that children’s early relationships with their caregivers strongly influence their ability to navigate the world later in life. Thus, adults who seek attachment-based therapy should expect to deeply explore their childhood, identifying the dynamics or experiences that disrupted their attachment and the steps necessary to overcome challenges that arose as a result. Parents and children should expect to explore the possible factors that disrupted the parent-child relationship and work toward restoring trust and connection.

How long does attachment-based therapy last?

Certain forms of attachment-based therapy, especially those designed for parents and children, last for a set number of sessions; for example, Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up, a specific attachment-based approach for young children who have undergone early adversity, unfolds over 10 one-hour sessions. When attachment-based therapy is practiced on adults or combined with other modalities, it may not last a specific length of time; clients may wish to ask prospective therapists how long they expect treatment to take.

Does attachment-based therapy work?

Most of the research on attachment-based therapy focuses on children and adolescents. Some of this research shows a positive effect, especially for attachment-based family therapy (ABFT). Other studies, however, have found that attachment-based therapy is no more effective than other approaches to childhood depression, anxiety, or suicidality. Less is known about the therapy’s efficacy on adult populations.