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Check out therapists located nearby or offering teletherapy in Massachusetts below.

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Sarah Lukens, Psychologist in Sunderland, MA
Sarah Lukens
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Amherst, MA 01002
Accepting New Clients. I provide individual and couples therapy, and specialize in treating anxiety, relationship difficulties, trauma, and depression. I am committed to creating a therapeutic space that fosters bravery and invites people to reveal their authentic selves. Because I believe that therapy is most beneficial when it is lively and collaborative, I use a direct and open manner in treatment. I will work with you to create a therapy that is effective for you as an individual. I am licensed in Massachusetts and Colorado; at this time, I offer in-person therapy in Colorado and telehealth for clients in both states.
Accepting New Clients. I provide individual and couples therapy, and specialize in treating anxiety, relationship difficulties, trauma, and depression. I am committed to creating a therapeutic space that fosters bravery and invites people to reveal their authentic selves. Because I believe that therapy is most beneficial when it is lively and collaborative, I use a direct and open manner in treatment. I will work with you to create a therapy that is effective for you as an individual. I am licensed in Massachusetts and Colorado; at this time, I offer in-person therapy in Colorado and telehealth for clients in both states.
(720) 573-0415 View (720) 573-0415
Photo of Cailin Qualliotine, Psychologist in Sunderland, MA
Cailin Qualliotine
Psychologist, PsyD, LMHC, ATR
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01062  (Online Only)
I bring a strengths-based perspective to counseling that emphasizes an understanding of the whole person within their cultural and relational contexts, seeking to support people to make meaningful insights during sessions. I invite curiosity and self-compassion during the work in order to help individuals to strengthen their experience of well-being, as they grow through both challenges and discoveries. My approach is to support individuals as they deepen their sense of personal meaning and purpose, collaborating on problem-solving, life-transitions and development of an increased sense of connection .
I bring a strengths-based perspective to counseling that emphasizes an understanding of the whole person within their cultural and relational contexts, seeking to support people to make meaningful insights during sessions. I invite curiosity and self-compassion during the work in order to help individuals to strengthen their experience of well-being, as they grow through both challenges and discoveries. My approach is to support individuals as they deepen their sense of personal meaning and purpose, collaborating on problem-solving, life-transitions and development of an increased sense of connection .
(413) 216-9057 View (413) 216-9057
Photo of Advance Psychotherapy Practice, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sunderland, MA
Advance Psychotherapy Practice
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Amherst, MA 01002
We have immediate openings, across the lifespan, for the following insurances: Blue Cross Blue Shield Optum and Optum products: Allways, Harvard Pilgrim, Oxford, Connecticare TUFTS Medicare Private Pay ($100/session) Become a client on our website: www.advancepsychotherapy.org. Those who are interested in receiving services from us should fill out the following form:
We have immediate openings, across the lifespan, for the following insurances: Blue Cross Blue Shield Optum and Optum products: Allways, Harvard Pilgrim, Oxford, Connecticare TUFTS Medicare Private Pay ($100/session) Become a client on our website: www.advancepsychotherapy.org. Those who are interested in receiving services from us should fill out the following form:
(413) 259-0478 View (413) 259-0478

Online Therapists

Photo of Jennifer McLean, Psychologist in Sunderland, MA
Jennifer McLean
Psychologist, EdM, PsyD
Verified Verified
Natick, MA 01760
Waitlist for new clients
I am a licensed clinical psychologist dedicated to providing compassionate, effective services for children, teens, parents, families, and adults. Every client is unique, bringing distinct strengths and vulnerabilities, a singular set of life experiences, and individual perspectives and goals. Using a flexible, creative approach to therapy and assessment, I offer tailored support designed to be responsive to each client's needs. I bring clinical experience from a wide range of settings (outpatient clinics, therapeutic/residential schools, inpatient/hospital facilities) and an extensive background as an educator/administrator in elementary and middle schools to my practice.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist dedicated to providing compassionate, effective services for children, teens, parents, families, and adults. Every client is unique, bringing distinct strengths and vulnerabilities, a singular set of life experiences, and individual perspectives and goals. Using a flexible, creative approach to therapy and assessment, I offer tailored support designed to be responsive to each client's needs. I bring clinical experience from a wide range of settings (outpatient clinics, therapeutic/residential schools, inpatient/hospital facilities) and an extensive background as an educator/administrator in elementary and middle schools to my practice.
(617) 607-4441 View (617) 607-4441
Photo of Megan M Kavanagh, Psychologist in Sunderland, MA
Megan M Kavanagh
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Marblehead, MA 01945
Dr. Kavanagh is the owner and founder of North Shore Children's Neuropsychology, which offer neuropsychological assessment, counseling, and consultation to children, adolescents, young adults, and their families in Boston's North Shore. Dr. Kavanagh earned her doctoral degree in Clinical Psychology from the Massachusetts School of Professional Psychology, her master's degree in Developmental and Educational Psychology from Boston College, and her undergraduate degree in Psychology at the University of Virginia. She has extensive training and experience working with children as young as 2, and can offer services across the lifespan
Dr. Kavanagh is the owner and founder of North Shore Children's Neuropsychology, which offer neuropsychological assessment, counseling, and consultation to children, adolescents, young adults, and their families in Boston's North Shore. Dr. Kavanagh earned her doctoral degree in Clinical Psychology from the Massachusetts School of Professional Psychology, her master's degree in Developmental and Educational Psychology from Boston College, and her undergraduate degree in Psychology at the University of Virginia. She has extensive training and experience working with children as young as 2, and can offer services across the lifespan
(781) 850-2708 View (781) 850-2708
Photo of Charles Tyson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sunderland, MA
Charles Tyson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, LCSW, BCD
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02109  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Deeply passionate about social justice and facilitating and guiding positive change and development in the lives of others, I am thrilled to connect with you as you begin your journey inward. Healing is truly the risk of showing up for yourself and your resistance to temptation to go back to unsilenced needs, numbing out, disconnection, and erasure. As a black, gender non-binary Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LICSW), I have a personal stake and insight into the work I do. My clinical practice aims to empower and heal individuals, families & communities through therapy, consulting, case management, training, & community outreach.
Deeply passionate about social justice and facilitating and guiding positive change and development in the lives of others, I am thrilled to connect with you as you begin your journey inward. Healing is truly the risk of showing up for yourself and your resistance to temptation to go back to unsilenced needs, numbing out, disconnection, and erasure. As a black, gender non-binary Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LICSW), I have a personal stake and insight into the work I do. My clinical practice aims to empower and heal individuals, families & communities through therapy, consulting, case management, training, & community outreach.
(267) 323-4833 View (267) 323-4833
Photo of Dr. Katsiaryna Aniskovich, Counselor in Sunderland, MA
Dr. Katsiaryna Aniskovich
Counselor, PhD, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02132
Hello, I'm Katerina Aniskovich, a dual-licensed school psychologist and mental health counselor. With a wealth of experience across various settings, such as clinical, outpatient, and school, I specialize in working with children, adolescents, and young adults with neurodiverse backgrounds. Together, we work on enhancing coping strategies, learning style, executive functioning, and resiliency skills, so my clients can become more successful problem solvers, learners, and team players. While in session I offer a supportive environment where you can feel safe to share your thoughts and ready to learn new skills.
Hello, I'm Katerina Aniskovich, a dual-licensed school psychologist and mental health counselor. With a wealth of experience across various settings, such as clinical, outpatient, and school, I specialize in working with children, adolescents, and young adults with neurodiverse backgrounds. Together, we work on enhancing coping strategies, learning style, executive functioning, and resiliency skills, so my clients can become more successful problem solvers, learners, and team players. While in session I offer a supportive environment where you can feel safe to share your thoughts and ready to learn new skills.
(781) 512-7451 View (781) 512-7451
Photo of Devlin Jackson, Psychologist in Sunderland, MA
Devlin Jackson
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02110
Welcome to my practice! I'm Dr. Devlin Jackson, a compassionate and dedicated clinical psychologist with a focus on supporting individuals of all ages through life's challenges. With a deep understanding of human behavior and emotions, I specialize in helping children, adolescents, and adults navigate anxiety, depression, trauma, life transitions, and learning differences, such as attention deficit disorder.
Welcome to my practice! I'm Dr. Devlin Jackson, a compassionate and dedicated clinical psychologist with a focus on supporting individuals of all ages through life's challenges. With a deep understanding of human behavior and emotions, I specialize in helping children, adolescents, and adults navigate anxiety, depression, trauma, life transitions, and learning differences, such as attention deficit disorder.
(978) 942-6464 View (978) 942-6464
Photo of Careful Counseling, Inc, Psychologist in Sunderland, MA
Careful Counseling, Inc
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Brookline, MA 02446  (Online Only)
Welcome to Careful Counseling, a small, community-oriented, holistic psychotherapy practice where we provide comprehensive mental health support tailored to individuals seeking effective and evidence-based solutions to various psychological challenges. At our facility, we serve a diverse range of clients, each with unique backgrounds, experiences, and concerns. Our clients come from all walks of life, encompassing individuals of different ages, genders, cultural backgrounds, and socioeconomic statuses. They may be struggling with a multitude of issues, including anxiety disorders, depression, trauma and PTSD, stress management, and sleep disorders. Our approach is client-centered, collaborative, and goal-oriented. Through the application of evidence-based CBT techniques, such as cognitive restructuring, behavioral activation, exposure therapy, and mindfulness-based interventions, we empower our clients to develop practical skills and coping strategies to address their challenges effectively.
Welcome to Careful Counseling, a small, community-oriented, holistic psychotherapy practice where we provide comprehensive mental health support tailored to individuals seeking effective and evidence-based solutions to various psychological challenges. At our facility, we serve a diverse range of clients, each with unique backgrounds, experiences, and concerns. Our clients come from all walks of life, encompassing individuals of different ages, genders, cultural backgrounds, and socioeconomic statuses. They may be struggling with a multitude of issues, including anxiety disorders, depression, trauma and PTSD, stress management, and sleep disorders. Our approach is client-centered, collaborative, and goal-oriented. Through the application of evidence-based CBT techniques, such as cognitive restructuring, behavioral activation, exposure therapy, and mindfulness-based interventions, we empower our clients to develop practical skills and coping strategies to address their challenges effectively.
(857) 422-6701 View (857) 422-6701
Photo of New Hope Psychotherapy LCSW, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sunderland, MA
New Hope Psychotherapy LCSW, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02114  (Online Only)
Hi, I'm Genesis Urena, founder of New Hope Psychotherapy. We are dedicated to working with clients seeking transformative experiences of self-discovery. We specialize in supporting individuals, families and couples struggling with relationship conflicts, stress management, anxiety, depressive moods, and traumatic experiences. It’s hard to feel motivated when you’re feeling stressed about work assignments, a spouse’s expectations, or those awful things you went through. With a relationship built on compassion, we will help you uncover what is and isn’t working, while helping you reach your goals.
Hi, I'm Genesis Urena, founder of New Hope Psychotherapy. We are dedicated to working with clients seeking transformative experiences of self-discovery. We specialize in supporting individuals, families and couples struggling with relationship conflicts, stress management, anxiety, depressive moods, and traumatic experiences. It’s hard to feel motivated when you’re feeling stressed about work assignments, a spouse’s expectations, or those awful things you went through. With a relationship built on compassion, we will help you uncover what is and isn’t working, while helping you reach your goals.
(781) 604-1247 View (781) 604-1247
Photo of North Star Guidance Center, Inc., Counselor in Sunderland, MA
North Star Guidance Center, Inc.
Counselor, LMFT, LMHC
Verified Verified
Chelmsford, MA 01824
At North Star Guidance Center, we believe in a family centered, community focused practice. We maintain an unwavering commitment to building strong, healthy relationships between caretakers, supportive community resources and service providers. Our group provides individual, group, couples, family counseling and neurofeedback in the Greater Lowell area. We work collaboratively to provide a comprehensive continuum of care that will best serve both individuals and families. As a group, we encourage integrated approaches to healing and offer a variety of trauma informed services to match particular needs.
At North Star Guidance Center, we believe in a family centered, community focused practice. We maintain an unwavering commitment to building strong, healthy relationships between caretakers, supportive community resources and service providers. Our group provides individual, group, couples, family counseling and neurofeedback in the Greater Lowell area. We work collaboratively to provide a comprehensive continuum of care that will best serve both individuals and families. As a group, we encourage integrated approaches to healing and offer a variety of trauma informed services to match particular needs.
(978) 769-9233 View (978) 769-9233
Photo of Elizabeth Bernstein, Psychologist in Sunderland, MA
Elizabeth Bernstein
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02139
*I REGRET THAT I AM NOT ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS AT THIS TIME* As a psychodynamic psychologist, I approach the therapeutic relationship as a powerful medium for exploring and reworking longstanding problematic relationship patterns. At the same time, I am committed to working flexibly and pragmatically, and frequently draw upon cognitive-behavioral, cultural, and neuropsychological perspectives relevant for individual clients. I am committed to addressing issues of class, race, gender, sexual orientation and ethnicity which may be relevant for my clients.
*I REGRET THAT I AM NOT ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS AT THIS TIME* As a psychodynamic psychologist, I approach the therapeutic relationship as a powerful medium for exploring and reworking longstanding problematic relationship patterns. At the same time, I am committed to working flexibly and pragmatically, and frequently draw upon cognitive-behavioral, cultural, and neuropsychological perspectives relevant for individual clients. I am committed to addressing issues of class, race, gender, sexual orientation and ethnicity which may be relevant for my clients.
(617) 299-7071 View (617) 299-7071
Photo of Sophia Sgarlat, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sunderland, MA
Sophia Sgarlat
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02141
Do you think you may have ADHD or Autism? Have you struggled to assert boundaries at work, with family, & partners? Have you felt curious about exploring different pronouns and gender identity? Do you feel bad that you have a disability and don't know how to tell your friends that you can't do certain activities? You may have goals to tell your friends your preferred pronouns. Goals to get a diagnosis for your disability & curious about medication, goals to reevaluate your relationship with cannabis/alcohol. You may feel shame & anger about your childhood & the way your parents handled your behavior.
Do you think you may have ADHD or Autism? Have you struggled to assert boundaries at work, with family, & partners? Have you felt curious about exploring different pronouns and gender identity? Do you feel bad that you have a disability and don't know how to tell your friends that you can't do certain activities? You may have goals to tell your friends your preferred pronouns. Goals to get a diagnosis for your disability & curious about medication, goals to reevaluate your relationship with cannabis/alcohol. You may feel shame & anger about your childhood & the way your parents handled your behavior.
(857) 520-2905 View (857) 520-2905
Photo of Mary Calabrese, Psychologist in Sunderland, MA
Mary Calabrese
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Concord, MA 01742
Waitlist for new clients
Mary Calabrese is an experienced clinical psychologist and neuropsychologist practicing in Concord, Massachusetts. She conducts neuropsychological evaluations through testing of cognitive and learning issues such as ADHD and dyslexia. She also provides guidance for parents struggling to connect with their children. She takes a warm, problem solving approach to you and your concerns. Her goal is to identify blocks you put in your way, provide the tools to take control of your own life, and develop lifelong strategies to foster your independence. Adults, college students, adolescents, and children are welcome.
Mary Calabrese is an experienced clinical psychologist and neuropsychologist practicing in Concord, Massachusetts. She conducts neuropsychological evaluations through testing of cognitive and learning issues such as ADHD and dyslexia. She also provides guidance for parents struggling to connect with their children. She takes a warm, problem solving approach to you and your concerns. Her goal is to identify blocks you put in your way, provide the tools to take control of your own life, and develop lifelong strategies to foster your independence. Adults, college students, adolescents, and children are welcome.
(617) 500-0748 View (617) 500-0748
Photo of Diane Marie Vankevich, Counselor in Sunderland, MA
Diane Marie Vankevich
Counselor, MS, LMHC, ATR-P, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Franklin, MA 02038  (Online Only)
I enjoy working in person and via telehealth. I am particularly interested in facilitating a compassionate therapeutic environment. I prioritize my client’s health and well-being. I utilize a client-centered approach in all of my techniques. My goal is to work with individuals who need caring treatment. I have been working in the field as a Masters Level Clinician for about five years. I have the LMHC credentials. I have the ATR-P and completed the EMDR training. I have professional experience as an in-home therapist and substance use clinician. I look forward to hearing from you about your mental health needs! Ask about my webinar!
I enjoy working in person and via telehealth. I am particularly interested in facilitating a compassionate therapeutic environment. I prioritize my client’s health and well-being. I utilize a client-centered approach in all of my techniques. My goal is to work with individuals who need caring treatment. I have been working in the field as a Masters Level Clinician for about five years. I have the LMHC credentials. I have the ATR-P and completed the EMDR training. I have professional experience as an in-home therapist and substance use clinician. I look forward to hearing from you about your mental health needs! Ask about my webinar!
(508) 812-9822 View (508) 812-9822
Photo of Sophia Sgarlat, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sunderland, MA
Sophia Sgarlat
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02114
Do you think you may have ADHD or Autism? Have you struggled to assert boundaries at work, with family, & partners? Have you felt curious about exploring different pronouns and gender identity? Do you feel bad that you have a disability and don't know how to tell your friends that you can't do certain activities? You may have goals to tell your friends your preferred pronouns. Goals to get a diagnosis for your disability & curious about medication, goals to reevaluate your relationship with cannabis/alcohol. You may feel shame & anger about your childhood & the way your parents handled your behavior.
Do you think you may have ADHD or Autism? Have you struggled to assert boundaries at work, with family, & partners? Have you felt curious about exploring different pronouns and gender identity? Do you feel bad that you have a disability and don't know how to tell your friends that you can't do certain activities? You may have goals to tell your friends your preferred pronouns. Goals to get a diagnosis for your disability & curious about medication, goals to reevaluate your relationship with cannabis/alcohol. You may feel shame & anger about your childhood & the way your parents handled your behavior.
(617) 958-6340 View (617) 958-6340
Photo of Sophia Sgarlat, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sunderland, MA
Sophia Sgarlat
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Burlington, MA 01803
Do you think you may have ADHD or Autism? Have you struggled to assert boundaries at work, with family, & partners? Have you felt curious about exploring different pronouns and gender identity? Do you feel bad that you have a disability and don't know how to tell your friends that you can't do certain activities? You may have goals to tell your friends your preferred pronouns. Goals to get a diagnosis for your disability & curious about medication, goals to reevaluate your relationship with cannabis/alcohol. You may feel shame & anger about your childhood & the way your parents handled your behavior.
Do you think you may have ADHD or Autism? Have you struggled to assert boundaries at work, with family, & partners? Have you felt curious about exploring different pronouns and gender identity? Do you feel bad that you have a disability and don't know how to tell your friends that you can't do certain activities? You may have goals to tell your friends your preferred pronouns. Goals to get a diagnosis for your disability & curious about medication, goals to reevaluate your relationship with cannabis/alcohol. You may feel shame & anger about your childhood & the way your parents handled your behavior.
(339) 220-2993 View (339) 220-2993
Photo of Silke Plesch - Mind-Body Counseling, Counselor in Sunderland, MA
Silke Plesch - Mind-Body Counseling
Counselor, LMHC, MA
Verified Verified
Waltham, MA 02453  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Do you sometimes feel overwhelmed and stressed? Want to find out what your body has to tell you? Sometimes our past experiences might get in the way to develop our full potential. Together we will focus on the whole person using mind and body interventions to relieve tension and stress. I am inviting you to relate to your mind/body in more beneficial ways.
Do you sometimes feel overwhelmed and stressed? Want to find out what your body has to tell you? Sometimes our past experiences might get in the way to develop our full potential. Together we will focus on the whole person using mind and body interventions to relieve tension and stress. I am inviting you to relate to your mind/body in more beneficial ways.
(617) 379-2106 View (617) 379-2106
Photo of Emily Murcko in Sunderland, MA
Emily Murcko
MEd
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02130  (Online Only)
Accepting NEW patients as of February/ March 2024! Emily Murcko is a Boston-based clinical psychotherapist specializing in the holistic treatment of trauma-related disorders. Emily is passionate about providing empathetic, trauma-informed care to all of her patients, utilizing a wide variety of techniques, with a primarily person-centered approach. Above all, Emily believes the quality of connection between therapist and patient is critical, and is dedicated to creating strong interpersonal bonds in the therapeutic milieu.
Accepting NEW patients as of February/ March 2024! Emily Murcko is a Boston-based clinical psychotherapist specializing in the holistic treatment of trauma-related disorders. Emily is passionate about providing empathetic, trauma-informed care to all of her patients, utilizing a wide variety of techniques, with a primarily person-centered approach. Above all, Emily believes the quality of connection between therapist and patient is critical, and is dedicated to creating strong interpersonal bonds in the therapeutic milieu.
(857) 376-5477 View (857) 376-5477
Photo of Susan Marie Luscomb, Occupational Therapist in Sunderland, MA
Susan Marie Luscomb
Occupational Therapist, OTR/L
Verified Verified
Methuen, MA 01844
Welcome to OT Integrations. I am an Occupational Therapist with over 35 years experience. My specialty is Assessment and treatment of children and adolescents who experience sensory processing issues and have a history of complex trauma. It is clear that sensory strategies integrated with Trauma-Informed treatment provides the most successful intervention. Youth engage in fun sensory motor activities and develop an understanding of their bodies and the integration of their sensory systems. This promotes growth in developing the skills necessary for self-regulation and building competency in activities of daily living.
Welcome to OT Integrations. I am an Occupational Therapist with over 35 years experience. My specialty is Assessment and treatment of children and adolescents who experience sensory processing issues and have a history of complex trauma. It is clear that sensory strategies integrated with Trauma-Informed treatment provides the most successful intervention. Youth engage in fun sensory motor activities and develop an understanding of their bodies and the integration of their sensory systems. This promotes growth in developing the skills necessary for self-regulation and building competency in activities of daily living.
(978) 506-0136 View (978) 506-0136

See more therapy options for Sunderland

Attachment-based Therapists

Is attachment-based therapy the same as attachment therapy?

Attachment-based therapy may be confused with what is called “attachment therapy” (sometimes called “holding therapy”), a discredited and dangerous approach to treating children with attachment disorders, autism, or other mental health concerns. Attachment therapy—not attachment-based therapy—may involve restraining a child, forcing eye contact, and other coercive or abusive techniques. None of these practices are used in attachment-based therapy and the two modalities are in no way related.

What should I expect from attachment-based therapy?

Attachment-based therapy is based on attachment theory, which posits that children’s early relationships with their caregivers strongly influence their ability to navigate the world later in life. Thus, adults who seek attachment-based therapy should expect to deeply explore their childhood, identifying the dynamics or experiences that disrupted their attachment and the steps necessary to overcome challenges that arose as a result. Parents and children should expect to explore the possible factors that disrupted the parent-child relationship and work toward restoring trust and connection.

How long does attachment-based therapy last?

Certain forms of attachment-based therapy, especially those designed for parents and children, last for a set number of sessions; for example, Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up, a specific attachment-based approach for young children who have undergone early adversity, unfolds over 10 one-hour sessions. When attachment-based therapy is practiced on adults or combined with other modalities, it may not last a specific length of time; clients may wish to ask prospective therapists how long they expect treatment to take.

Does attachment-based therapy work?

Most of the research on attachment-based therapy focuses on children and adolescents. Some of this research shows a positive effect, especially for attachment-based family therapy (ABFT). Other studies, however, have found that attachment-based therapy is no more effective than other approaches to childhood depression, anxiety, or suicidality. Less is known about the therapy’s efficacy on adult populations.