Therapists in Cambridge, MA

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Photo of Leah Driscoll García, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cambridge, MA
Leah Driscoll García
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02138  (Online Only)
My approach to psychotherapy is integrative, combining elements of psychodynamic and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), as well as mindfulness-based techniques and motivational interviewing. My therapeutic style is non-judgmental, respectful, and adaptable. I always strive to create a therapeutic experience that feels relevant and custom-tailored to my clients. I also hold certifications as a Financial Wellness Facilitator and am a Certified Wellness Practitioner with the National Wellness Institute.
My approach to psychotherapy is integrative, combining elements of psychodynamic and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), as well as mindfulness-based techniques and motivational interviewing. My therapeutic style is non-judgmental, respectful, and adaptable. I always strive to create a therapeutic experience that feels relevant and custom-tailored to my clients. I also hold certifications as a Financial Wellness Facilitator and am a Certified Wellness Practitioner with the National Wellness Institute.
(857) 763-4971 View (857) 763-4971
Photo of Brighter Life Therapy, PLLC, Psychologist in Cambridge, MA
Brighter Life Therapy, PLLC
Psychologist
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02138
*NOW ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS* Brighter Life Therapy practice just hired additional highly talented and compassionate therapists who have availability. We are happy to work with your financial needs, as we offer a sliding scale fee while we wait for the newly hired therapists to be paneled with insurances.
*NOW ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS* Brighter Life Therapy practice just hired additional highly talented and compassionate therapists who have availability. We are happy to work with your financial needs, as we offer a sliding scale fee while we wait for the newly hired therapists to be paneled with insurances.
(857) 597-2190 View (857) 597-2190
Photo of Alicia Ziegler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cambridge, MA
Alicia Ziegler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02139  (Online Only)
Alicia Ziegler is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker in the Greater Boston area who has experience working with a variety of individuals facing challenges with unemployment, trauma, substance use disorders, mental health, violence including intimate partner violence, gun violence, gang violence, and race-based violence.
Alicia Ziegler is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker in the Greater Boston area who has experience working with a variety of individuals facing challenges with unemployment, trauma, substance use disorders, mental health, violence including intimate partner violence, gun violence, gang violence, and race-based violence.
(857) 598-9553 View (857) 598-9553
Photo of Rebecca Austin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cambridge, MA
Rebecca Austin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02141
I am a Licensed Social Worker with a passion for decreasing the stigma surrounding mental health and promoting the health and well being of my clients. For my undergraduate degree, I moved from Central Jersey (Yes! It exists!) to South Jersey to attend Stockton University. I received a Bachelor of Science Degree in Social Work with a Minor in Behavioral Neuroscience from Stockton, and then moved on to attend graduate school in Philadelphia. I received my Master of Social Work Degree with a clinical concentration from the University of Pennsylvania’s School of Social Policy and Practice in May of 2020.
I am a Licensed Social Worker with a passion for decreasing the stigma surrounding mental health and promoting the health and well being of my clients. For my undergraduate degree, I moved from Central Jersey (Yes! It exists!) to South Jersey to attend Stockton University. I received a Bachelor of Science Degree in Social Work with a Minor in Behavioral Neuroscience from Stockton, and then moved on to attend graduate school in Philadelphia. I received my Master of Social Work Degree with a clinical concentration from the University of Pennsylvania’s School of Social Policy and Practice in May of 2020.
(857) 675-3336 View (857) 675-3336
Photo of Tal Astrachan, Psychologist in Cambridge, MA
Tal Astrachan
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02139
People often relate to emotions as obstacles. Research shows emotions can give us valuable information to help guide our actions and to make good decisions. To make use of emotions, we must learn how to identify them, to experience them without becoming too overwhelmed, and to transform emotions that are not useful. I believe this type of learning happens most effectively in the context of a trusting relationship, and that a good psychotherapy relationship can provide an excellent opportunity for this. I help people learn how to relate to their emotions in ways that can be life-enhancing, rather than frightening or overwhelming.
People often relate to emotions as obstacles. Research shows emotions can give us valuable information to help guide our actions and to make good decisions. To make use of emotions, we must learn how to identify them, to experience them without becoming too overwhelmed, and to transform emotions that are not useful. I believe this type of learning happens most effectively in the context of a trusting relationship, and that a good psychotherapy relationship can provide an excellent opportunity for this. I help people learn how to relate to their emotions in ways that can be life-enhancing, rather than frightening or overwhelming.
(617) 981-7917 View (617) 981-7917
Photo of Robyn Migliorini, Psychologist in Cambridge, MA
Robyn Migliorini
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02140  (Online Only)
I specialize in telehealth therapy for adult ADHD, executive functioning concerns, and anxiety. As a neuropsychologist, I appreciate the complex interactions between our brains, our behaviors, and our environments. I view symptoms and their potential remedies through a scientific lens, with a focus on evidence-based strategies -- practical tools that can make a difference in your everyday life. I also believe treatment should be collaborative, creative, and tailored for your specific needs. I try to approach therapy with curiosity, determination, openness, and humor.
I specialize in telehealth therapy for adult ADHD, executive functioning concerns, and anxiety. As a neuropsychologist, I appreciate the complex interactions between our brains, our behaviors, and our environments. I view symptoms and their potential remedies through a scientific lens, with a focus on evidence-based strategies -- practical tools that can make a difference in your everyday life. I also believe treatment should be collaborative, creative, and tailored for your specific needs. I try to approach therapy with curiosity, determination, openness, and humor.
(781) 288-5141 View (781) 288-5141
Photo of Cynthia Berman, Psychologist in Cambridge, MA
Cynthia Berman
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02139  (Online Only)
As a classically trained psychologist, I view my work as a blend of art and science. My patients are generally competent, loving people who are struggling with painful issues related to relationships, sexuality, life changes, work and other stressful situations. Many also suffer from situational or long-standing feelings of depression, anxiety or inadequacy. All are motivated to make meaningful change. My style is open, relational, and collaborative, and my approach is based on decades of experience and a fundamental understanding that no two people are alike. Therapy focuses on both on symptom relief and personal growth.
As a classically trained psychologist, I view my work as a blend of art and science. My patients are generally competent, loving people who are struggling with painful issues related to relationships, sexuality, life changes, work and other stressful situations. Many also suffer from situational or long-standing feelings of depression, anxiety or inadequacy. All are motivated to make meaningful change. My style is open, relational, and collaborative, and my approach is based on decades of experience and a fundamental understanding that no two people are alike. Therapy focuses on both on symptom relief and personal growth.
(617) 682-9055 View (617) 682-9055
Photo of Jenna Hanson, Psychologist in Cambridge, MA
Jenna Hanson
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02140
Not accepting new clients
Not accepting new patients right now. With so much pressure to put our heads down, produce and consume, to fall in line and do what we’re ‘supposed to do,’ it can be hard to stop and calibrate. Therapy is a place to pause and to question, to take stock of what is causing suffering in your life and identify changes you may want to make, and to better understand yourself and your experience in the world.
Not accepting new patients right now. With so much pressure to put our heads down, produce and consume, to fall in line and do what we’re ‘supposed to do,’ it can be hard to stop and calibrate. Therapy is a place to pause and to question, to take stock of what is causing suffering in your life and identify changes you may want to make, and to better understand yourself and your experience in the world.
(628) 230-4667 View (628) 230-4667
Photo of Chanelle Dow, Counselor in Cambridge, MA
Chanelle Dow
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02138  (Online Only)
My integrative treatment approach is designed to fit my clients’ unique and varying needs. The treatment I provide is culturally-informed and identity-affirming with the intent of building a trusting and open therapeutic relationship. My work is heavily influenced by relational, psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral treatment modalities.
My integrative treatment approach is designed to fit my clients’ unique and varying needs. The treatment I provide is culturally-informed and identity-affirming with the intent of building a trusting and open therapeutic relationship. My work is heavily influenced by relational, psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral treatment modalities.
(617) 468-7080 View (617) 468-7080
Photo of Sandra M. Kim, Counselor in Cambridge, MA
Sandra M. Kim
Counselor, MA, EdM, LMHC
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02139  (Online Only)
I provide individual counseling to young adults/adults in transition with a warm, easy-going and compassionate style. I've lived in countries including Kenya, Germany, France, Korea, China and all over the U.S. (NYC, DC, LA, Boston) and incorporate a more multi-cultural, sensitive approach. I focus on the client's desire to feel better overall. Just as one injures themselves and sees a doctor for help, I view counseling as a way to feel better, after emotional, mental, and spiritual injury and/or pain. I also focus on overall health&wellness, including mindfulness, the arts, spirituality& faith, food/nutrition, & physical fitness.
I provide individual counseling to young adults/adults in transition with a warm, easy-going and compassionate style. I've lived in countries including Kenya, Germany, France, Korea, China and all over the U.S. (NYC, DC, LA, Boston) and incorporate a more multi-cultural, sensitive approach. I focus on the client's desire to feel better overall. Just as one injures themselves and sees a doctor for help, I view counseling as a way to feel better, after emotional, mental, and spiritual injury and/or pain. I also focus on overall health&wellness, including mindfulness, the arts, spirituality& faith, food/nutrition, & physical fitness.
(617) 682-7566 View (617) 682-7566
Photo of Latifa Buxamusa, Psychologist in Cambridge, MA
Latifa Buxamusa
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02139
Dr. Latifa Buxamusa is a Licensed Clinical Psychologist in Massachusetts who specializes in neuropsychological and personality testing and has been practicing since 2017. Dr. Buxamusa received her undergraduate degree in Psychology from Brandeis University before earning her Doctoral degree in Clinical Psychology from William James College. In her spare time, Dr. Buxamusa enjoys reading and baking.
Dr. Latifa Buxamusa is a Licensed Clinical Psychologist in Massachusetts who specializes in neuropsychological and personality testing and has been practicing since 2017. Dr. Buxamusa received her undergraduate degree in Psychology from Brandeis University before earning her Doctoral degree in Clinical Psychology from William James College. In her spare time, Dr. Buxamusa enjoys reading and baking.
(978) 574-9715 View (978) 574-9715
Photo of Jasmine Akinsulire, Pre-Licensed Professional in Cambridge, MA
Jasmine Akinsulire
Pre-Licensed Professional, QMHP, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02138  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I help those struggling with anxiety, depression, autism, ADHD, gender dysphoria, eating disorders, and/or trauma. I bring an integrative, strength-based approach using solution-focused therapy and CBT in order to help you manage the challenges you face. As a neurodivergent therapist, I know how hard it can be to live in a world where you do not always feel accepted. To feel like no one gets you or how your brain works. There can be a lot of shame associated with neurodivergence and I teach others how to focus on appreciating the unique wiring of their brain. I also help parents through these concerns.
I help those struggling with anxiety, depression, autism, ADHD, gender dysphoria, eating disorders, and/or trauma. I bring an integrative, strength-based approach using solution-focused therapy and CBT in order to help you manage the challenges you face. As a neurodivergent therapist, I know how hard it can be to live in a world where you do not always feel accepted. To feel like no one gets you or how your brain works. There can be a lot of shame associated with neurodivergence and I teach others how to focus on appreciating the unique wiring of their brain. I also help parents through these concerns.
(617) 553-6134 View (617) 553-6134
Photo of Pedro M Barbosa, Psychologist in Cambridge, MA
Pedro M Barbosa
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02138
Not accepting new clients
I provide psychotherapy to adults with a variety of issues including intimacy, work/study inhibitions and dealing with loss. I am an active, engaged therapist who believes warmth, curiosity and a non-judgmental stance are key to helping you to explore the nature of your problem and to collaboratively identify achievable goals. A careful review of emotional, medical and family history forms the basis of evaluating the scope of one's challenges and guides the best approach. Lasting change includes learning how past experience has shaped relationships, ways of managing stress, strengths and your capacity to confront current dilemmas.
I provide psychotherapy to adults with a variety of issues including intimacy, work/study inhibitions and dealing with loss. I am an active, engaged therapist who believes warmth, curiosity and a non-judgmental stance are key to helping you to explore the nature of your problem and to collaboratively identify achievable goals. A careful review of emotional, medical and family history forms the basis of evaluating the scope of one's challenges and guides the best approach. Lasting change includes learning how past experience has shaped relationships, ways of managing stress, strengths and your capacity to confront current dilemmas.
(617) 870-6460 View (617) 870-6460
Photo of Jennifer Burns, Counselor in Cambridge, MA
Jennifer Burns
Counselor, LMHC, CAGCS
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02140  (Online Only)
I’ve been a mental health counselor for 20 years and I am also a Certified Grief Specialist. I have a passion for helping people experiencing grief and loss. Loss can be concrete or abstract. Many major life changes can lead to the feeling of grief, including the death of a family member, friend or pet; or the loss of relationship or a job. The journey of grief is an individual one, and can be lonely, but you don’t need to walk it alone. I am here to help you navigate the difficult journey you are on. I am here to witness, support and work with you around the grief. I am here to walk beside you.
I’ve been a mental health counselor for 20 years and I am also a Certified Grief Specialist. I have a passion for helping people experiencing grief and loss. Loss can be concrete or abstract. Many major life changes can lead to the feeling of grief, including the death of a family member, friend or pet; or the loss of relationship or a job. The journey of grief is an individual one, and can be lonely, but you don’t need to walk it alone. I am here to help you navigate the difficult journey you are on. I am here to witness, support and work with you around the grief. I am here to walk beside you.
(857) 227-9125 View (857) 227-9125
Photo of Caroline Sheahan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cambridge, MA
Caroline Sheahan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02139
Waitlist for new clients
I am a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker offering therapy to help individuals gain greater understanding of themselves. I approach therapy through a humanistic anti-oppressive lens, with a focus on how systems and relationships impact our everyday functioning. I have previous experience working with individuals impacted by carceral systems and other systems of power and oppression. I believe in treating everyone with respect, sensitivity, and compassion, and enjoy building on clients' existing strengths and interests to help them develop skills to better advocate for themselves. I welcome creativity in treatment!
I am a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker offering therapy to help individuals gain greater understanding of themselves. I approach therapy through a humanistic anti-oppressive lens, with a focus on how systems and relationships impact our everyday functioning. I have previous experience working with individuals impacted by carceral systems and other systems of power and oppression. I believe in treating everyone with respect, sensitivity, and compassion, and enjoy building on clients' existing strengths and interests to help them develop skills to better advocate for themselves. I welcome creativity in treatment!
(617) 676-0009 View (617) 676-0009
Photo of Maria Mandalos in Cambridge, MA
Maria Mandalos
MA, LMHC, MT-BC
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02139
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor and a Board-Certified Music Therapist, who has experience working with infants, children, adolescents, adults, and their families. I specialize in diagnoses related to neurological disorders, including traumatic brain injuries, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, autism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, learning disabilities, developmental and speech delays. My areas of interest also include: post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, social-emotional challenges, grief, low self-esteem, conflicts related to major life transitions, life threatening diseases, and chronic pain.
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor and a Board-Certified Music Therapist, who has experience working with infants, children, adolescents, adults, and their families. I specialize in diagnoses related to neurological disorders, including traumatic brain injuries, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, autism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, learning disabilities, developmental and speech delays. My areas of interest also include: post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, social-emotional challenges, grief, low self-esteem, conflicts related to major life transitions, life threatening diseases, and chronic pain.
(857) 763-3553 View (857) 763-3553
Photo of Audrey Tolman, Psychologist in Cambridge, MA
Audrey Tolman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02140
Not accepting new clients
I have been a psychologist in private practice in North Cambridge since 1996. I work with a wide range of individuals, from college students to older adults, who seek relief from painful and life-disrupting depression and anxiety. I also work with people who struggle with disordered eating and body image, with a focus on challenging diet culture and fostering self-acceptance and a healthy relationship with food and exercise. Many of the people I see are looking for help with difficulties during life transitions and in their relationships with romantic partners, parents, children, friends, and co-workers.
I have been a psychologist in private practice in North Cambridge since 1996. I work with a wide range of individuals, from college students to older adults, who seek relief from painful and life-disrupting depression and anxiety. I also work with people who struggle with disordered eating and body image, with a focus on challenging diet culture and fostering self-acceptance and a healthy relationship with food and exercise. Many of the people I see are looking for help with difficulties during life transitions and in their relationships with romantic partners, parents, children, friends, and co-workers.
(617) 682-9150 View (617) 682-9150
Photo of Hannah Burford, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cambridge, MA
Hannah Burford
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02142  (Online Only)
Hi! I'm a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker. I have worked with children for years and it is my passion in life.
Hi! I'm a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker. I have worked with children for years and it is my passion in life.
(617) 398-4125 View (617) 398-4125
Photo of Kara E Harlow, Counselor in Cambridge, MA
Kara E Harlow
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02138
With all the obstacles life presents it is often easy to feel stuck. Unfortunately, the process of getting "unstuck" is not always as simple. That's when additional support is needed. With a genuine, empathic and down to earth style of therapy we can work towards your goals of feeling happier, healthier and more empowered. Together we will explore patterns and choices that contribute to your accomplishments and struggles. We will work towards self-awareness while remaining solution-focused, and will use the strengths you already possess to build more skills for managing the challenges that life brings.
With all the obstacles life presents it is often easy to feel stuck. Unfortunately, the process of getting "unstuck" is not always as simple. That's when additional support is needed. With a genuine, empathic and down to earth style of therapy we can work towards your goals of feeling happier, healthier and more empowered. Together we will explore patterns and choices that contribute to your accomplishments and struggles. We will work towards self-awareness while remaining solution-focused, and will use the strengths you already possess to build more skills for managing the challenges that life brings.
(617) 606-9461 View (617) 606-9461
Photo of Elizabeth Paronich, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cambridge, MA
Elizabeth Paronich
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02142  (Online Only)
Are you high-functioning at work and wish you could apply those same skills to your relationship issues or struggles with recent life changes? Do you wish you could find that same level of motivation and confidence you experience professionally when it comes to making changes in your personal life? Do you find yourself taking care of everyone else, but have a hard time being kind to yourself?
Are you high-functioning at work and wish you could apply those same skills to your relationship issues or struggles with recent life changes? Do you wish you could find that same level of motivation and confidence you experience professionally when it comes to making changes in your personal life? Do you find yourself taking care of everyone else, but have a hard time being kind to yourself?
(617) 533-0836 View (617) 533-0836

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Cambridge, MA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Cambridge, MA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
69% Trauma and PTSD
64% Coping Skills
64% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

80% BlueCross and BlueShield
49% Aetna
49% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Cambridge, MA see their clients

54% In Person and Online
46% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Cambridge?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.