Therapists in Apple Valley, MN

Photo of Judith Ann Richardson-Mahre, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Apple Valley, MN
Judith Ann Richardson-Mahre
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Apple Valley, MN 55124
Are you going through a tough time, struggling with long-term mental illness, out-of-control kids, floundering relationships, or personal struggles that are affecting you and those around you? I can help! I can fully relate to the stress and joy of parenting and partnering in unique family situations. I’m passionate about working with individuals and families to identify their strengths and struggles and then expanding & exploiting those strengths to help you navigate through to happiness and joy.
Are you going through a tough time, struggling with long-term mental illness, out-of-control kids, floundering relationships, or personal struggles that are affecting you and those around you? I can help! I can fully relate to the stress and joy of parenting and partnering in unique family situations. I’m passionate about working with individuals and families to identify their strengths and struggles and then expanding & exploiting those strengths to help you navigate through to happiness and joy.
(651) 240-2878 View (651) 240-2878
Photo of Mackenzie Erickson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Apple Valley, MN
Mackenzie Erickson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LGSW
Verified Verified
Apple Valley, MN 55124
I will begin accepting new clients beginning February 28, 2024. I see clients for individual therapy both in-person and telehealth.
I will begin accepting new clients beginning February 28, 2024. I see clients for individual therapy both in-person and telehealth.
(952) 243-5011 View (952) 243-5011
Photo of BalanZen Clinic in Apple Valley, MN
BalanZen Clinic
DNP, APRN
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Apple Valley, MN 55124
Are you grappling with trauma, emotional challenges, or enduring mental health issues? Are you open to delving into your feelings and thoughts within a non-judgmental setting, committed to effecting positive change? Do you aspire to develop emotional management skills and foster healthier relationships with yourself and others? At BalanZen, we offer tailored treatment plans utilizing evidence-based practices for individuals, children, and loved ones.
Are you grappling with trauma, emotional challenges, or enduring mental health issues? Are you open to delving into your feelings and thoughts within a non-judgmental setting, committed to effecting positive change? Do you aspire to develop emotional management skills and foster healthier relationships with yourself and others? At BalanZen, we offer tailored treatment plans utilizing evidence-based practices for individuals, children, and loved ones.
(651) 615-0621 View (651) 615-0621
Photo of Mary VanAlstine, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Apple Valley, MN
Mary VanAlstine
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Apple Valley, MN 55124  (Online Only)
Open to new telehealth only clients! (2/21/24) I'm ready to meet your needs as the client no matter how diverse your needs are. I want to know your pronouns and make sure I say your name correctly. I have experience with acute symptoms including suicidal thoughts, self-harming behaviors, and severe depression and anxiety. I have worked with adoptees and their families. I have worked extensively with complex childhood trauma. I want to help you determine how to make your life as satisfying as it can be and to reduce and shape your thoughts and behaviors which bring you distress.
Open to new telehealth only clients! (2/21/24) I'm ready to meet your needs as the client no matter how diverse your needs are. I want to know your pronouns and make sure I say your name correctly. I have experience with acute symptoms including suicidal thoughts, self-harming behaviors, and severe depression and anxiety. I have worked with adoptees and their families. I have worked extensively with complex childhood trauma. I want to help you determine how to make your life as satisfying as it can be and to reduce and shape your thoughts and behaviors which bring you distress.
(651) 867-4213 View (651) 867-4213
Photo of Heather Hartwig, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Apple Valley, MN
Heather Hartwig
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LGSW
Verified Verified
Apple Valley, MN 55124
I believe that every one of us is trying our best and sometimes we need help from a professional to offer us additional perspective. Each one of us is the expert in our own lives, but we do not always see the water we are swimming in that might be causing us distress. Therapy is a collaborative process where we explore what works best for you. I would love to partner with you to help you find your way forward.
I believe that every one of us is trying our best and sometimes we need help from a professional to offer us additional perspective. Each one of us is the expert in our own lives, but we do not always see the water we are swimming in that might be causing us distress. Therapy is a collaborative process where we explore what works best for you. I would love to partner with you to help you find your way forward.
(651) 564-9527 View (651) 564-9527
Photo of Joey Collins, Counselor in Apple Valley, MN
Joey Collins
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Apple Valley, MN 55124
Not accepting new clients
I specialize in working with children, teenagers, adults, and families through various problems that arise. I have experience working with anxiety, depression, ADHD, and anger management to name a few. Over 10 years working with Autism & Aspergers. Sometimes in life, we all can feel like we need an additional person to talk to. I am here to help provide a safe and positive environment for my clients to help encourage positive change from within themselves. Call or email to start your therapeutic journey. Board approved LPCC supervisor, taking on LPCC track clinicians for private supervision as well.
I specialize in working with children, teenagers, adults, and families through various problems that arise. I have experience working with anxiety, depression, ADHD, and anger management to name a few. Over 10 years working with Autism & Aspergers. Sometimes in life, we all can feel like we need an additional person to talk to. I am here to help provide a safe and positive environment for my clients to help encourage positive change from within themselves. Call or email to start your therapeutic journey. Board approved LPCC supervisor, taking on LPCC track clinicians for private supervision as well.
(855) 791-4532 View (855) 791-4532
Photo of Carnelia Mental Health LLC , Marriage & Family Therapist in Apple Valley, MN
Carnelia Mental Health LLC
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Apple Valley, MN 55124
We are a group of masters-level therapists that provide quality mental health care. We are passionate about helping in our work. Our compassionate and empathetic therapists have diverse specializations, ensuring that we can provide you with the best-suited care to meet your needs. Carnelia Mental Health LLC believes that anxiety does not need to stop you from living the life you want. Our mission is to help you find your courage to build a life full of love and creativity. Life is full of ups and downs, growing moments and unexpected changes. Let Carnelia Mental Health LLC guide you through it all.
We are a group of masters-level therapists that provide quality mental health care. We are passionate about helping in our work. Our compassionate and empathetic therapists have diverse specializations, ensuring that we can provide you with the best-suited care to meet your needs. Carnelia Mental Health LLC believes that anxiety does not need to stop you from living the life you want. Our mission is to help you find your courage to build a life full of love and creativity. Life is full of ups and downs, growing moments and unexpected changes. Let Carnelia Mental Health LLC guide you through it all.
(651) 327-5459 x1 View (651) 327-5459 x1
Photo of Nikki Gorman, Counselor in Apple Valley, MN
Nikki Gorman
Counselor, MA, LPCC, LMHC, LPC-MH
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Apple Valley, MN 55124  (Online Only)
Imagine a therapeutic alliance where the complexities of your thoughts and emotions are not only acknowledged but met with profound empathy. A space to share your story without the fear of judgment or invalidation. My deep commitment to your healing and empowerment fosters a warm and compassionate environment of acceptance, understanding, and transformation. Whether you find yourself contending with the relentless grip of anxiety, grappling with the shadows of depression, navigating the haunting echoes of past traumas, or unraveling the intricate nuances of interpersonal struggles, here, every facet of your experience is valued.
Imagine a therapeutic alliance where the complexities of your thoughts and emotions are not only acknowledged but met with profound empathy. A space to share your story without the fear of judgment or invalidation. My deep commitment to your healing and empowerment fosters a warm and compassionate environment of acceptance, understanding, and transformation. Whether you find yourself contending with the relentless grip of anxiety, grappling with the shadows of depression, navigating the haunting echoes of past traumas, or unraveling the intricate nuances of interpersonal struggles, here, every facet of your experience is valued.
(612) 364-0441 View (612) 364-0441
Photo of Venus Burney, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Apple Valley, MN
Venus Burney
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Apple Valley, MN 55124  (Online Only)
I provide a safe and confidential space to work through past and current experiences, traumas, and identify goals. I teach and model healthy coping skills to manage life stressors. My friends would describe me as attentive, a good listener, inciteful, direct, encouraging, and caring. I have 7+ years working in mental health, with the last 3 in a clinical office setting. I offer anyone who is looking for healing, the opportunity to take the first steps towards in by sharing your truth, and your story with the goal of finding meaning, and stepping into your purpose.
I provide a safe and confidential space to work through past and current experiences, traumas, and identify goals. I teach and model healthy coping skills to manage life stressors. My friends would describe me as attentive, a good listener, inciteful, direct, encouraging, and caring. I have 7+ years working in mental health, with the last 3 in a clinical office setting. I offer anyone who is looking for healing, the opportunity to take the first steps towards in by sharing your truth, and your story with the goal of finding meaning, and stepping into your purpose.
(651) 299-6327 View (651) 299-6327
Photo of Madison Simon (Hoffman), Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Apple Valley, MN
Madison Simon (Hoffman)
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Apple Valley, MN 55124
I understand that each person has a unique journey and I strive to meet people where they are at. My goal is to cultivate a nonjudgmental and comfortable space for people to feel understood and heard. I understand the importance of a collaborative relationship and encourage clients to feel empowered to take steps towards the change they are seeking.
I understand that each person has a unique journey and I strive to meet people where they are at. My goal is to cultivate a nonjudgmental and comfortable space for people to feel understood and heard. I understand the importance of a collaborative relationship and encourage clients to feel empowered to take steps towards the change they are seeking.
(651) 615-9437 View (651) 615-9437
Photo of Kristine Lynam, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Apple Valley, MN
Kristine Lynam
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, PMH-C
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Apple Valley, MN 55124
Kristine is a licensed clinical social worker with over twenty years of experience working with pregnant and postpartum parents. Nurturing Roots Mental Health was created to provide supportive, attuned perinatal mental health care with a personal approach. We believe therapy should be a calming space where you can breathe, feel, think and nurture the whole person just as you are.
Kristine is a licensed clinical social worker with over twenty years of experience working with pregnant and postpartum parents. Nurturing Roots Mental Health was created to provide supportive, attuned perinatal mental health care with a personal approach. We believe therapy should be a calming space where you can breathe, feel, think and nurture the whole person just as you are.
(651) 372-2284 View (651) 372-2284
Photo of Hosie Thurmond, Pre-Licensed Professional in Apple Valley, MN
Hosie Thurmond
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Apple Valley, MN 55124
I have worked with men suffering from substance abuse and mental health disorders at Park Avenue Treatment Center in Minneapolis, for approximately 10 years. I have over twenty years of experience working with the homeless populations in the Twin Cities. I believe in the Person Centered Therapy, and Adlerian Therapy philosophy approaches of community, optimism, and hope. This fosters my belief in the resiliency and the growth of individuals. I also use Cognitive Behavioral techniques for self-awareness.
I have worked with men suffering from substance abuse and mental health disorders at Park Avenue Treatment Center in Minneapolis, for approximately 10 years. I have over twenty years of experience working with the homeless populations in the Twin Cities. I believe in the Person Centered Therapy, and Adlerian Therapy philosophy approaches of community, optimism, and hope. This fosters my belief in the resiliency and the growth of individuals. I also use Cognitive Behavioral techniques for self-awareness.
(651) 571-8256 View (651) 571-8256
Photo of Joshua Olayiwola, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Apple Valley, MN
Joshua Olayiwola
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Apple Valley, MN 55124
I'm Josh Olayiwola. Hi there. I'm excited to see you visit my page and take a significant step in your health. I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC), having worked in both clinical and school settings. Further, I'm pursuing CMPC through the Association for Applied Sports Psychology (AASP). Do you anxioutime? Perhaps you are depressed more often than not? Maybe you have trouble focusing. Or maybe you suffer from sports performance anxiety as a high school or collegiate athlete. You've come to the correct page! As you journey through the highs and lows of life, I'm excited to walk alongside you.
I'm Josh Olayiwola. Hi there. I'm excited to see you visit my page and take a significant step in your health. I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC), having worked in both clinical and school settings. Further, I'm pursuing CMPC through the Association for Applied Sports Psychology (AASP). Do you anxioutime? Perhaps you are depressed more often than not? Maybe you have trouble focusing. Or maybe you suffer from sports performance anxiety as a high school or collegiate athlete. You've come to the correct page! As you journey through the highs and lows of life, I'm excited to walk alongside you.
(651) 615-9691 View (651) 615-9691
Photo of Sarah Comfort, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Apple Valley, MN
Sarah Comfort
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Apple Valley, MN 55124
My focus is on supporting children, adolescents and adults who are struggling with mental health issues as well as those going through life transitions. I am familiar with the challenges that students face, both socially and academically. I enjoy helping those who would like to work through their challenges with ADHD, depression, anxiety, adjustment disorders, relationship issues and mood disorders.
My focus is on supporting children, adolescents and adults who are struggling with mental health issues as well as those going through life transitions. I am familiar with the challenges that students face, both socially and academically. I enjoy helping those who would like to work through their challenges with ADHD, depression, anxiety, adjustment disorders, relationship issues and mood disorders.
(651) 370-9246 View (651) 370-9246
Photo of Jessica Parker, Marriage & Family Therapist in Apple Valley, MN
Jessica Parker
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Apple Valley, MN 55124
"The way out is through" - Robert Frost. As human beings navigating this complex world, we often avoid problems as a form of self-protection. In order to find more contentment in our lives, it is essential that we face our difficulties in a safe environment. I enjoy working with adults struggling with self-esteem, addictive behaviors, self-care, life-transitions, childhood trauma, parenting/step-parenting, relationship issues and more. I utilize an empathetic, genuine and kind approach in session creating a safe space for people to work through and explore their difficulties.
"The way out is through" - Robert Frost. As human beings navigating this complex world, we often avoid problems as a form of self-protection. In order to find more contentment in our lives, it is essential that we face our difficulties in a safe environment. I enjoy working with adults struggling with self-esteem, addictive behaviors, self-care, life-transitions, childhood trauma, parenting/step-parenting, relationship issues and more. I utilize an empathetic, genuine and kind approach in session creating a safe space for people to work through and explore their difficulties.
View
Photo of Denae Ruble, Marriage & Family Therapist in Apple Valley, MN
Denae Ruble
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Apple Valley, MN 55124
Relationships can be messy and sometimes lead to emotional, mental and behavioral issues. At the same time, relationships can also be a source of healing which is why a therapeutic relationship can help in overcoming these difficulties. I have extensive experience working with individuals (both adolescent and adult) and assisting couples and families with relational conflicts. I enjoy helping others gain insight to the causes of their struggles and empowering them to learn to cope with, accept and work through life struggles that would otherwise seem overwhelming and out of their control.
Relationships can be messy and sometimes lead to emotional, mental and behavioral issues. At the same time, relationships can also be a source of healing which is why a therapeutic relationship can help in overcoming these difficulties. I have extensive experience working with individuals (both adolescent and adult) and assisting couples and families with relational conflicts. I enjoy helping others gain insight to the causes of their struggles and empowering them to learn to cope with, accept and work through life struggles that would otherwise seem overwhelming and out of their control.
View
Photo of Lisa Thompson, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Apple Valley, MN
Lisa Thompson
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, LAMFT
Verified Verified
Apple Valley, MN 55124
I specialize in working with school-aged children, teens, adults, and parents struggling with depression, anxiety, grief, relationships, life transitions, parenting and relationship challenges, and trauma. My priority is for each person to feel deeply heard, understood, and supported in making positive changes toward a joy-filled life. I view people through a holistic lens and address all areas of life including body, mind, community, and spiritual orientation.
I specialize in working with school-aged children, teens, adults, and parents struggling with depression, anxiety, grief, relationships, life transitions, parenting and relationship challenges, and trauma. My priority is for each person to feel deeply heard, understood, and supported in making positive changes toward a joy-filled life. I view people through a holistic lens and address all areas of life including body, mind, community, and spiritual orientation.
(651) 412-1581 View (651) 412-1581
Photo of Mary L Bauer, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Apple Valley, MN
Mary L Bauer
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MA, MHP, LADC
Verified Verified
Apple Valley, MN 55124  (Online Only)
Hello, my name is Mary Bauer. I am Psychotherapist and Licensed Substance Use Professional who has been in the business for about 20 years. I specialize in depression, stress/anxiety, anger, alcohol and/or drug problems, individual, family, child/teen problems, and couple problems, or just feeling lonely. I have immediate openings in telehealth therapy and will do face to face as needed in Fridley where office is located. I take insurance and private pay. I would love to help you with your struggles.
Hello, my name is Mary Bauer. I am Psychotherapist and Licensed Substance Use Professional who has been in the business for about 20 years. I specialize in depression, stress/anxiety, anger, alcohol and/or drug problems, individual, family, child/teen problems, and couple problems, or just feeling lonely. I have immediate openings in telehealth therapy and will do face to face as needed in Fridley where office is located. I take insurance and private pay. I would love to help you with your struggles.
(651) 409-4079 View (651) 409-4079
Photo of Shannon Pollreis, Marriage & Family Therapist in Apple Valley, MN
Shannon Pollreis
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Apple Valley, MN 55124
Do you identify as LGBTQIA+ and/or have non-traditional relationship dynamics? Do you feel disconnected from your partner(s) or self? We can navigate the barriers which prevent you from having the connections you desire with others and yourself. Do you respond in ways that you just don't understand and feel out of your control at times? Let's work together to understand and change patterns which no longer serve you. Are you unsure of the path you are on and want to embark on a journey that matches with your authentic self, but first need to figure out what that means to you? I can help guide you in self exploration.
Do you identify as LGBTQIA+ and/or have non-traditional relationship dynamics? Do you feel disconnected from your partner(s) or self? We can navigate the barriers which prevent you from having the connections you desire with others and yourself. Do you respond in ways that you just don't understand and feel out of your control at times? Let's work together to understand and change patterns which no longer serve you. Are you unsure of the path you are on and want to embark on a journey that matches with your authentic self, but first need to figure out what that means to you? I can help guide you in self exploration.
(651) 615-2831 View (651) 615-2831
Photo of Living Whole and Holy Counseling, LLC, Marriage & Family Therapist in Apple Valley, MN
Living Whole and Holy Counseling, LLC
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Apple Valley, MN 55124  (Online Only)
Covid fatigue is heightening our stress and relation issues. Loss of what is familiar is challenging. It's time to talk to someone to get a different perspective, new coping method or help with a significant lifestyle change. Grief, anxiety and depression are increasing due to the stress of the pandemic. Issues you are experiencing for yourself, your relationship, marriage and family are heightened causing elevated emotional, spiritual and physical distress. I see you as an individual made of body, soul and spirit in God's image and beleive you are worthy of dignity. I'd like to help you live well through a systemic approach.
Covid fatigue is heightening our stress and relation issues. Loss of what is familiar is challenging. It's time to talk to someone to get a different perspective, new coping method or help with a significant lifestyle change. Grief, anxiety and depression are increasing due to the stress of the pandemic. Issues you are experiencing for yourself, your relationship, marriage and family are heightened causing elevated emotional, spiritual and physical distress. I see you as an individual made of body, soul and spirit in God's image and beleive you are worthy of dignity. I'd like to help you live well through a systemic approach.
(262) 710-1717 View (262) 710-1717

See more therapy options for Apple Valley

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Apple Valley, MN

100+

Average cost per session

$155

Therapists in Apple Valley, MN who prioritize treating:

96% Anxiety
93% Depression
85% Self Esteem
82% Relationship Issues
72% Coping Skills
68% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

83% BlueCross and BlueShield
71% Optum
70% Aetna

How Therapists in Apple Valley, MN see their clients

85% In Person and Online
15% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Apple Valley?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.