Therapists in Oakland, CA

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Photo of Leslie Hammer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Leslie Hammer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94602
Welcome! Are you drawn to the natural world when you need to feel more grounded, calm, or inspired? Are you looking to broaden your community of support? I work with people primarily outside in the natural world, engaging in ecotherapy practices. We would meet at a local park in the East Bay Area, where we would sit, walk, or explore the area while tending to whatever stresses, questions, or emotions are arising in you.
Welcome! Are you drawn to the natural world when you need to feel more grounded, calm, or inspired? Are you looking to broaden your community of support? I work with people primarily outside in the natural world, engaging in ecotherapy practices. We would meet at a local park in the East Bay Area, where we would sit, walk, or explore the area while tending to whatever stresses, questions, or emotions are arising in you.
(510) 726-7017 View (510) 726-7017
Photo of Shawn Polivoi, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Shawn Polivoi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94603
Hello, my name is Shawn Polivoi, a therapist licensed in California as a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) residing in Northern California. My approach to therapy is to meet people where they are at with the goal of helping them where they want to be. I have expertise and comfort working with all age groups, most recently having worked with adults and the elder population. I am experienced in working with people struggling with anxiety, depression, and trauma.
Hello, my name is Shawn Polivoi, a therapist licensed in California as a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) residing in Northern California. My approach to therapy is to meet people where they are at with the goal of helping them where they want to be. I have expertise and comfort working with all age groups, most recently having worked with adults and the elder population. I am experienced in working with people struggling with anxiety, depression, and trauma.
(341) 895-7646 View (341) 895-7646
Photo of Jennifer Lilly, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Jennifer Lilly
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609  (Online Only)
Do you have relationships in your life that are not working, and no matter what you do, it doesn't seem to get better? Are you looking for a partner, but find that it never seems to work out? Do you feel disconnected from others and are longing for relationships that are solid and fulfilling? Relationships take work and psychotherapy is an opportunity to understand who you are in relationship and how to create and healthy and supportive connections. I work with both individuals and couples to explore, cultivate and sustain intimacy.
Do you have relationships in your life that are not working, and no matter what you do, it doesn't seem to get better? Are you looking for a partner, but find that it never seems to work out? Do you feel disconnected from others and are longing for relationships that are solid and fulfilling? Relationships take work and psychotherapy is an opportunity to understand who you are in relationship and how to create and healthy and supportive connections. I work with both individuals and couples to explore, cultivate and sustain intimacy.
(415) 237-2667 View (415) 237-2667
Photo of Kathrina Peters, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Kathrina Peters
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94606  (Online Only)
Whether you're looking for short-term or long-term therapy, I provide a safe and caring place for you. Our sessions are focused on what is important to you, as well as what is important for you. I give special consideration to your cultural background, and work with you in a way that is respectful and effective. I don't just listen without commenting, but interact with you and help you express thoughts and feelings if that is what you need. Therapy can be painful and frustrating, but is almost always beneficial. I look forward to working together.
Whether you're looking for short-term or long-term therapy, I provide a safe and caring place for you. Our sessions are focused on what is important to you, as well as what is important for you. I give special consideration to your cultural background, and work with you in a way that is respectful and effective. I don't just listen without commenting, but interact with you and help you express thoughts and feelings if that is what you need. Therapy can be painful and frustrating, but is almost always beneficial. I look forward to working together.
(510) 403-1725 View (510) 403-1725
Photo of Stephanie McWoods, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Stephanie McWoods
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612  (Online Only)
Do you feel misunderstood and overwhelmed? Is people pleasing or code switching exhausting? Do you feel disconnected from YOU? Are you searching for a space that is safe to be YOU? Are you hyperaware of your melanin in white spaces? Are you searching for a therapist that understands the minority experience? I recognize the struggles of living while Black. And I champion disrupting White Supremacy and systemic racism. I am a firm believer in order to dismantle racism and White Supremacy we must individually address our trauma, unlearn internalized racism and develop skills to elevate our thinking and regulate our emotions.
Do you feel misunderstood and overwhelmed? Is people pleasing or code switching exhausting? Do you feel disconnected from YOU? Are you searching for a space that is safe to be YOU? Are you hyperaware of your melanin in white spaces? Are you searching for a therapist that understands the minority experience? I recognize the struggles of living while Black. And I champion disrupting White Supremacy and systemic racism. I am a firm believer in order to dismantle racism and White Supremacy we must individually address our trauma, unlearn internalized racism and develop skills to elevate our thinking and regulate our emotions.
(510) 491-0339 View (510) 491-0339
Photo of Mary Jane Weatherbee, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Mary Jane Weatherbee
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610
Not accepting new clients
You’ve had difficult things happen in your life. Sometimes you feel like it’s your fault that you feel this bad and that you should just be able to get over it. Or you worry you are making a big deal out of nothing. You’re tired of feeling so bad. And you think that it might never get better. You want to feel less overwhelmed. And you want to make sense of your life.
You’ve had difficult things happen in your life. Sometimes you feel like it’s your fault that you feel this bad and that you should just be able to get over it. Or you worry you are making a big deal out of nothing. You’re tired of feeling so bad. And you think that it might never get better. You want to feel less overwhelmed. And you want to make sense of your life.
(510) 768-8235 View (510) 768-8235
Photo of Eren Berkenkotter, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Eren Berkenkotter
Psychologist, RN, PhD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610
Are you a worrier? Overwhelmed? Anxious about challenges in your life? I offer individual talk therapy so you will feel better, find your strengths, and can be yourself. Therapy is a focused time, place, and person to think things through with. It helps you gain perspective, feel connected, and feel understood. I use warmth and creativity to help you find compassion and insight to draw upon, especially for when you are preoccupied by your worries and dilemmas.
Are you a worrier? Overwhelmed? Anxious about challenges in your life? I offer individual talk therapy so you will feel better, find your strengths, and can be yourself. Therapy is a focused time, place, and person to think things through with. It helps you gain perspective, feel connected, and feel understood. I use warmth and creativity to help you find compassion and insight to draw upon, especially for when you are preoccupied by your worries and dilemmas.
(510) 230-2762 View (510) 230-2762
Photo of Cecilia Froberg, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Cecilia Froberg
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
My main goal with providing therapy is for you to become free from the fears and secrets that might have brought you in. Many of us feel tormented by our anxieties and catastrophic thinking, which inevitably interferes with our relationships and ability to be the person we wish. Using an insight-oriented approach, I work with children and adults who often feel impending doom or have had a major trauma, such as early abandonment or sexual abuse in their life. I also see couples who struggle with common goals and intimacy.
My main goal with providing therapy is for you to become free from the fears and secrets that might have brought you in. Many of us feel tormented by our anxieties and catastrophic thinking, which inevitably interferes with our relationships and ability to be the person we wish. Using an insight-oriented approach, I work with children and adults who often feel impending doom or have had a major trauma, such as early abandonment or sexual abuse in their life. I also see couples who struggle with common goals and intimacy.
(510) 405-9799 View (510) 405-9799
Photo of Orlee R Karpel, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Orlee R Karpel
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94602
I work with individuals, couples and families. I love helping couples develop positive communication skills and develop a healthier relationship. I help individuals work on their social dynamics to help them achieve more happiness in their relationships. I am experienced in working with issues of stress, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, relationship difficulties, personal growth, anger management and other issues
I work with individuals, couples and families. I love helping couples develop positive communication skills and develop a healthier relationship. I help individuals work on their social dynamics to help them achieve more happiness in their relationships. I am experienced in working with issues of stress, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, relationship difficulties, personal growth, anger management and other issues
(424) 348-6475 View (424) 348-6475
Photo of Anna Kelleher, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Anna Kelleher
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612
My name is Anna Kelleher and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in Oakland, California and working with clients statewide via telehealth. I am also a Certified Iyengar Yoga Teacher (ID 2133). I work with adults 50+ and specialize in grief, parenting, and life transitions, using mindfulness-based cognitive behavioral and strength-based therapies to help my clients live in alignment with their goals and values. I have found my style is a good fit for adults who are facing life transitions and loss. This often takes the form of questioning how to cope, exploring identity, and a desire for new meaning and purpose.
My name is Anna Kelleher and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in Oakland, California and working with clients statewide via telehealth. I am also a Certified Iyengar Yoga Teacher (ID 2133). I work with adults 50+ and specialize in grief, parenting, and life transitions, using mindfulness-based cognitive behavioral and strength-based therapies to help my clients live in alignment with their goals and values. I have found my style is a good fit for adults who are facing life transitions and loss. This often takes the form of questioning how to cope, exploring identity, and a desire for new meaning and purpose.
(951) 724-3712 View (951) 724-3712
Photo of Grace Anna Eidman (Currier), Associate Professional Clinical Counselor in Oakland, CA
Grace Anna Eidman (Currier)
Associate Professional Clinical Counselor, APCC, #15438
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610  (Online Only)
Life can feel crazy, we can feel crazy ourselves, but you don't have to navigate it alone. I have particular experience with complex trauma, dissociation, depression, anxiety, neurodivergence, and religious trauma. After all, I've been there myself. Everyone's journey is different, yet I know from experience how hard, disorienting, and difficult it can be. Still, I believe life can be different when we travel together instead of carrying our burdens and pain alone. That's why I'm an online therapist practicing through the auspices of Grateful Heart Holistic Therapy Center, a nonprofit organization providing affordable counseling.
Life can feel crazy, we can feel crazy ourselves, but you don't have to navigate it alone. I have particular experience with complex trauma, dissociation, depression, anxiety, neurodivergence, and religious trauma. After all, I've been there myself. Everyone's journey is different, yet I know from experience how hard, disorienting, and difficult it can be. Still, I believe life can be different when we travel together instead of carrying our burdens and pain alone. That's why I'm an online therapist practicing through the auspices of Grateful Heart Holistic Therapy Center, a nonprofit organization providing affordable counseling.
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Photo of Jake Tomlitz, Associate Clinical Social Worker in Oakland, CA
Jake Tomlitz
Associate Clinical Social Worker, ASW, MSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94611
I create an experience tailored to your individualized needs and goals. Instead of sticking to a template, we’ll identify how to ensure you feel most comfortable expressing yourself. Therapy can deepen your awareness—which could mean welcoming back parts that you feel disconnected from, discovering new thoughts or ideas, or working with feelings that don’t seem to fit easily in your day-to-day life. As a result, you’ll start to better understand the unique factors that influence your relationships and behaviors: your strengths, values, intuition, and emotions. With new perspectives, you can prepare to live with greater authenticity.
I create an experience tailored to your individualized needs and goals. Instead of sticking to a template, we’ll identify how to ensure you feel most comfortable expressing yourself. Therapy can deepen your awareness—which could mean welcoming back parts that you feel disconnected from, discovering new thoughts or ideas, or working with feelings that don’t seem to fit easily in your day-to-day life. As a result, you’ll start to better understand the unique factors that influence your relationships and behaviors: your strengths, values, intuition, and emotions. With new perspectives, you can prepare to live with greater authenticity.
(415) 326-1949 View (415) 326-1949
Photo of Eleanor Ruckman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Eleanor Ruckman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, ATR
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610
Life is challenging. We all benefit from receiving support as we navigate transitions, relationships, and the constancy of change. I have 20 years' experience supporting people who span a diverse range of ages and cultural backgrounds. My approach integrates body and sensory awareness with relaxation practices. I offer information about how neurobiological processes impact functioning and experience. The therapeutic relationship is collaborative and dynamic as we observe and shift unhelpful patterns of thought and behavior. Some people choose to make art as part of most meetings; others prefer to mostly talk.
Life is challenging. We all benefit from receiving support as we navigate transitions, relationships, and the constancy of change. I have 20 years' experience supporting people who span a diverse range of ages and cultural backgrounds. My approach integrates body and sensory awareness with relaxation practices. I offer information about how neurobiological processes impact functioning and experience. The therapeutic relationship is collaborative and dynamic as we observe and shift unhelpful patterns of thought and behavior. Some people choose to make art as part of most meetings; others prefer to mostly talk.
(510) 257-9746 View (510) 257-9746
Photo of Cathy Swift Nagel, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Cathy Swift Nagel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94609  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker since 2001, I am deeply committed to supporting the well-being of each client, providing culturally competent services and helping clients improve their quality of life.  I see older and disabled adults, often dealing with chronic illness or a new diagnosis.  I have an extensive history working in medical settings and am also available to assist caregivers with navigating the health care system. I believe that positive change is possible at any age and at any juncture in a person's life.  I believe you can have a more fulfilling life, and I can help you.
As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker since 2001, I am deeply committed to supporting the well-being of each client, providing culturally competent services and helping clients improve their quality of life.  I see older and disabled adults, often dealing with chronic illness or a new diagnosis.  I have an extensive history working in medical settings and am also available to assist caregivers with navigating the health care system. I believe that positive change is possible at any age and at any juncture in a person's life.  I believe you can have a more fulfilling life, and I can help you.
(415) 715-1807 View (415) 715-1807
Photo of Neal Hailey, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Neal Hailey
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94611  (Online Only)
As a therapist, I am here to witness and support your process of transformation and growth. A large part of the benefit of therapy comes from your experience of the therapeutic relationship, for this reason I always strive to nurture, and explore this relationship with you through honest, open, and straightforward communication.
As a therapist, I am here to witness and support your process of transformation and growth. A large part of the benefit of therapy comes from your experience of the therapeutic relationship, for this reason I always strive to nurture, and explore this relationship with you through honest, open, and straightforward communication.
(510) 216-1886 View (510) 216-1886
Photo of Brittany N Allinger, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Brittany N Allinger
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610
I will accepting new clients as of January 2024- This is your journey, I am here to help you find your own way through it. With a dedication to putting your voice first, I will work with you to determine what healing looks like for you. Whether you’re struggling with anxiety, healing from trauma, coping with depression, or simply seeking to build your support network as you navigate the challenges of life, I am dedicated to working with you to shine from the inside out. As a queer therapist, I bring lived experience to my work with the LGBTQIA+ community.
I will accepting new clients as of January 2024- This is your journey, I am here to help you find your own way through it. With a dedication to putting your voice first, I will work with you to determine what healing looks like for you. Whether you’re struggling with anxiety, healing from trauma, coping with depression, or simply seeking to build your support network as you navigate the challenges of life, I am dedicated to working with you to shine from the inside out. As a queer therapist, I bring lived experience to my work with the LGBTQIA+ community.
(510) 395-8385 View (510) 395-8385
Photo of Shannel Benisano, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Shannel Benisano
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94619  (Online Only)
Have you ever been overwhelmed by the thoughts and feelings of the past? Are you having a hard time completing daily tasks without feeling irritated or sad? Is it difficult to motivate yourself to do things you enjoy? Is it easier to be alone than be with the people you love? Do you freeze when feeling overwhelmed? Whether you have been experiencing these feelings more recently or for a long period of time, it can be so hard to know what to do or where to go. That is where I can help you.
Have you ever been overwhelmed by the thoughts and feelings of the past? Are you having a hard time completing daily tasks without feeling irritated or sad? Is it difficult to motivate yourself to do things you enjoy? Is it easier to be alone than be with the people you love? Do you freeze when feeling overwhelmed? Whether you have been experiencing these feelings more recently or for a long period of time, it can be so hard to know what to do or where to go. That is where I can help you.
(925) 481-5287 View (925) 481-5287
Photo of Next Steps Neuropsychology, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Next Steps Neuropsychology
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610
We provide neuropsychological assessment and psychotherapy for adults. Common concerns for our clients include: Autism, ADHD, depression, anxiety, trauma, post-concussion syndrome, TBI, aging, and cognition. Specialty areas of competency include: neuropsychological assessment, gender diversity, gender affirming evaluations for medical care, veterans, and longstanding medical care.
We provide neuropsychological assessment and psychotherapy for adults. Common concerns for our clients include: Autism, ADHD, depression, anxiety, trauma, post-concussion syndrome, TBI, aging, and cognition. Specialty areas of competency include: neuropsychological assessment, gender diversity, gender affirming evaluations for medical care, veterans, and longstanding medical care.
(510) 602-2895 View (510) 602-2895
Photo of Lindsay Conner, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Lindsay Conner
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in the state of California. I have been working in this field since 2012, and I have expertise and experience treating depression, anxiety, adjustment issues, trauma, postpartum, marital issues including infidelity, and more. My clinical framework tends to be a Cognitive Behavioral approach as well as a solution focused approach. I believe that you are the driver of your life, and I am the passenger, providing direction, support and guidance.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in the state of California. I have been working in this field since 2012, and I have expertise and experience treating depression, anxiety, adjustment issues, trauma, postpartum, marital issues including infidelity, and more. My clinical framework tends to be a Cognitive Behavioral approach as well as a solution focused approach. I believe that you are the driver of your life, and I am the passenger, providing direction, support and guidance.
(510) 851-8893 View (510) 851-8893
Photo of Erin E Boyle, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Oakland, CA
Erin E Boyle
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94612  (Online Only)
I help people reconnect to their own needs and desires when they feel helpless, overwhelmed, or lost in their relationships—at home or at work. I work with developmental and relational trauma which impacts the way we show up in relation to others, particularly those we have intense attachments (family, partners) to or where power dynamics are at play (like work). In the safety of therapy, you can begin to make sense of your experiences and listen to what your body and emotions are trying to tell you. Over time and with practice, you will learn skills and techniques to become your own safe refuge.
I help people reconnect to their own needs and desires when they feel helpless, overwhelmed, or lost in their relationships—at home or at work. I work with developmental and relational trauma which impacts the way we show up in relation to others, particularly those we have intense attachments (family, partners) to or where power dynamics are at play (like work). In the safety of therapy, you can begin to make sense of your experiences and listen to what your body and emotions are trying to tell you. Over time and with practice, you will learn skills and techniques to become your own safe refuge.
(510) 973-4112 View (510) 973-4112

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Oakland, CA

2,000+

Average cost per session

$185

Therapists in Oakland, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
73% Trauma and PTSD
69% Grief
66% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

59% Aetna
48% Cigna and Evernorth
44% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Oakland, CA see their clients

62% In Person and Online
38% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
22% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Oakland?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.