Therapists in Berkeley, CA

Photo of Victoria Julita Spiers, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Victoria Julita Spiers
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
11 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705
Waitlist for new clients
As a non-pathologizing humanistic-existential Gestalt therapist, I will meet you exactly where you are. I recognize that you are the expert of your own experience and that you already possess the skills that will aid you in healing your pain. As your empathic witness, advocate, and guide, I will help you increase your self-awareness, self-acceptance, and sense of agency. Essentially, I will help you re-examine your life and re-experience yourself and others, in different as well as new meaningful and healing ways. My approach is mindful, intuitive, and tenderhearted.
As a non-pathologizing humanistic-existential Gestalt therapist, I will meet you exactly where you are. I recognize that you are the expert of your own experience and that you already possess the skills that will aid you in healing your pain. As your empathic witness, advocate, and guide, I will help you increase your self-awareness, self-acceptance, and sense of agency. Essentially, I will help you re-examine your life and re-experience yourself and others, in different as well as new meaningful and healing ways. My approach is mindful, intuitive, and tenderhearted.
(628) 888-6233 View (628) 888-6233
Photo of Letteria Fletcher, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Letteria Fletcher
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in California with over 12 years of counseling and community mental health experience. I have a Masters in Counseling Psychology and a Masters in Forensic psychology from Holy Names University. I combine my clinical counseling expertise with personal knowledge to offer clients a unique perspective for problem solving. Rather than focus on deficits, I prefer to focus on the client's resources, strength, and talents.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in California with over 12 years of counseling and community mental health experience. I have a Masters in Counseling Psychology and a Masters in Forensic psychology from Holy Names University. I combine my clinical counseling expertise with personal knowledge to offer clients a unique perspective for problem solving. Rather than focus on deficits, I prefer to focus on the client's resources, strength, and talents.
(510) 683-5931 View (510) 683-5931
Photo of Karen Yu, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Karen Yu
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705
Are you feeling overwhelmed by all of the urgency of life's to-do list? I specialize in working with Asian American professionals who grew up with demanding parents who caused them to have their feelings neglected. This caused a lot of indecisiveness and striving to be hard on yourself. It is easy to be overwhelmed when your love ones seem to rub you the wrong way. As a first generation Chinese American raised in the Bay Area, I am culturally sensitive to how to heal the childhood wounding that occurred when you felt neglected by your parents. Isn't it time that you start knowing your own voice and return to self-approval?
Are you feeling overwhelmed by all of the urgency of life's to-do list? I specialize in working with Asian American professionals who grew up with demanding parents who caused them to have their feelings neglected. This caused a lot of indecisiveness and striving to be hard on yourself. It is easy to be overwhelmed when your love ones seem to rub you the wrong way. As a first generation Chinese American raised in the Bay Area, I am culturally sensitive to how to heal the childhood wounding that occurred when you felt neglected by your parents. Isn't it time that you start knowing your own voice and return to self-approval?
(341) 444-2227 View (341) 444-2227
Photo of Sharon Gregory, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Sharon Gregory
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705
Since 1989, I have been helping people uncover, explore, and work through barriers to authenticity and aliveness. Together, we bring into awareness the thoughts and feelings that can interfere with being more fully engaged with yourself or others. You may feel that you don't know yourself or can't be yourself; that decisions are difficult to make or impossible to follow through on; or that connections with others are empty or unsatisfying. Taking a closer look at what's getting in the way can make a difference.
Since 1989, I have been helping people uncover, explore, and work through barriers to authenticity and aliveness. Together, we bring into awareness the thoughts and feelings that can interfere with being more fully engaged with yourself or others. You may feel that you don't know yourself or can't be yourself; that decisions are difficult to make or impossible to follow through on; or that connections with others are empty or unsatisfying. Taking a closer look at what's getting in the way can make a difference.
(510) 540-4870 View (510) 540-4870
Photo of Monika Scott, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Monika Scott
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704
I would like to welcome you to my private practice Abundant Life Therapy Center. I see a person’s choice to engage in the process of therapy as the beginning of a new journey. The journey may be motivated by an exercise in self- discovery, acquiring new skills, or working though past life events. Should you decide to peruse therapy I want to walk beside you on this journey. I have 10 years of experience in the field of psychotherapy working with families and individuals in the age demographics from youth to seniors. I use a variety of treatment modalities but I pride myself working with the client to develop an individualized trea
I would like to welcome you to my private practice Abundant Life Therapy Center. I see a person’s choice to engage in the process of therapy as the beginning of a new journey. The journey may be motivated by an exercise in self- discovery, acquiring new skills, or working though past life events. Should you decide to peruse therapy I want to walk beside you on this journey. I have 10 years of experience in the field of psychotherapy working with families and individuals in the age demographics from youth to seniors. I use a variety of treatment modalities but I pride myself working with the client to develop an individualized trea
(510) 876-9943 View (510) 876-9943
Photo of Zoe Machado, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Zoe Machado
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94710
My approach aims to celebrate and encourage open exploration of the self while identifying achievable, concrete goals. The essence of my work is informed by DBT philosophies of balancing acceptance and change in order to build a life more worth living. I believe in the therapeutic relationship being the grounding force for healing and work very collaboratively with my clients to find that anchor. I have worked in a wide range of settings (community mental health, residential, private practice) and use these varying experiences to tailor treatment needs to the client.
My approach aims to celebrate and encourage open exploration of the self while identifying achievable, concrete goals. The essence of my work is informed by DBT philosophies of balancing acceptance and change in order to build a life more worth living. I believe in the therapeutic relationship being the grounding force for healing and work very collaboratively with my clients to find that anchor. I have worked in a wide range of settings (community mental health, residential, private practice) and use these varying experiences to tailor treatment needs to the client.
(650) 750-0618 View (650) 750-0618
Photo of Cathy Carr, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Cathy Carr
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704
I have been fortunate to spend the past 29 years working with children and their families-initially as a middle school teacher and now as a LMFT. I'm dedicated to helping my clients have the tools they need to successfully navigate the challenges in their lives. I work with families and individuals struggling with unhealthy communication patterns, major life transitions, grief, trauma, anxiety/depression, defiance, and sibling rivalry. I believe in the power of relationships to heal, so my main focus is on creating a strong working alliance with my clients. Parenting classes, consultations, and new moms' groups offered.
I have been fortunate to spend the past 29 years working with children and their families-initially as a middle school teacher and now as a LMFT. I'm dedicated to helping my clients have the tools they need to successfully navigate the challenges in their lives. I work with families and individuals struggling with unhealthy communication patterns, major life transitions, grief, trauma, anxiety/depression, defiance, and sibling rivalry. I believe in the power of relationships to heal, so my main focus is on creating a strong working alliance with my clients. Parenting classes, consultations, and new moms' groups offered.
(510) 496-2725 View (510) 496-2725
Photo of Anna Maurice, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Anna Maurice
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, JD, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94707  (Online Only)
Life is filled with decisions, unexpected turns neither predicted nor guaranteed, and experiences that shape our individual stories. Therapy can be a window into these narratives, allowing exploration into past and present. It can forge a future lived with more intention, fulfillment and balance. I utilize an approach to psychotherapy that aims to present a fuller picture of who we are, individualizing my practice based on my clients and their needs. A safe, supportive environment can make space for clarity and growth as you navigate life transitions, both big and small, chosen or uncertain.
Life is filled with decisions, unexpected turns neither predicted nor guaranteed, and experiences that shape our individual stories. Therapy can be a window into these narratives, allowing exploration into past and present. It can forge a future lived with more intention, fulfillment and balance. I utilize an approach to psychotherapy that aims to present a fuller picture of who we are, individualizing my practice based on my clients and their needs. A safe, supportive environment can make space for clarity and growth as you navigate life transitions, both big and small, chosen or uncertain.
(818) 293-2223 View (818) 293-2223
Photo of Marisa Gordon, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Marisa Gordon
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94704
Are you seeking therapy because you feel stuck, overwhelmed, or lonely? Are you having issues in your relationships, finding it difficult to make connections, or suffering from loss? Are you struggling with issues of identity, racial identity, sex, or sexuality? You are not alone. Whether it’s working through anxiety, depression, trauma, or just seeking personal growth and depth, many of us need support with these normal human challenges, and I can offer you help.
Are you seeking therapy because you feel stuck, overwhelmed, or lonely? Are you having issues in your relationships, finding it difficult to make connections, or suffering from loss? Are you struggling with issues of identity, racial identity, sex, or sexuality? You are not alone. Whether it’s working through anxiety, depression, trauma, or just seeking personal growth and depth, many of us need support with these normal human challenges, and I can offer you help.
(510) 988-5091 View (510) 988-5091
Photo of Angela Vincent Polk, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Angela Vincent Polk
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705
Not accepting new clients
I work with clients virtually, in nature, or in person. I prefer to work with a client who will come to sessions even when it is challenging. I allow the therapy relationship to open up space for safe exploration of the realities of life, ways to cope with reality and improve spiritual and mental strength. Therefore, my client would demonstrate commitment to the therapy relationship, whether for brief therapy or long-term work, by doing the work necessary to understand the self and make necessary life decisions to maximize the availability of life energy.
I work with clients virtually, in nature, or in person. I prefer to work with a client who will come to sessions even when it is challenging. I allow the therapy relationship to open up space for safe exploration of the realities of life, ways to cope with reality and improve spiritual and mental strength. Therefore, my client would demonstrate commitment to the therapy relationship, whether for brief therapy or long-term work, by doing the work necessary to understand the self and make necessary life decisions to maximize the availability of life energy.
(510) 876-4753 View (510) 876-4753
Photo of Rebecca Rothberg, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Rebecca Rothberg
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94704
You may feel stuck, drained, or overwhelmed. Perhaps you have a sense that life could feel different, better, or somehow more enlivened than it currently does. I strive to create a safe container to help you access the parts of you that are innately whole, connected, and oriented toward the North Star in your night sky. I believe that under the right conditions, with the right tools, and through the right relationships, each of us is capable of the healing, growing, and thriving that we seek. Through empathic attunement and active collaboration, I hope to help you learn to experience, explore, and nurture your most authentic self.
You may feel stuck, drained, or overwhelmed. Perhaps you have a sense that life could feel different, better, or somehow more enlivened than it currently does. I strive to create a safe container to help you access the parts of you that are innately whole, connected, and oriented toward the North Star in your night sky. I believe that under the right conditions, with the right tools, and through the right relationships, each of us is capable of the healing, growing, and thriving that we seek. Through empathic attunement and active collaboration, I hope to help you learn to experience, explore, and nurture your most authentic self.
(510) 983-7687 View (510) 983-7687
Photo of Matt R Garrett, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Matt R Garrett
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, BCBA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705
I tend to work with and help those that are impacted by anxiety and/or depression on a daily basis, hindering overall well-being but also in specific areas of life as well. I look to support, educate, guide and collaboratively work with my clients of any age, aiming to help them get to where they want to be in their lives. I focus on helping you determine which goals you'd like to focus on that uses your own core values in your life to help bring more meaning to the the thoughts you have and the things you do each day.
I tend to work with and help those that are impacted by anxiety and/or depression on a daily basis, hindering overall well-being but also in specific areas of life as well. I look to support, educate, guide and collaboratively work with my clients of any age, aiming to help them get to where they want to be in their lives. I focus on helping you determine which goals you'd like to focus on that uses your own core values in your life to help bring more meaning to the the thoughts you have and the things you do each day.
(510) 405-3838 View (510) 405-3838
Photo of Peninsula Counseling and Consulting, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Peninsula Counseling and Consulting
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MBA, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705
Let’s be honest: you’ve always been responsible, and now you’ve got a lot to manage! Between a demanding career, school, and family needs, you’re feeling stressed, and life feels out of balance. It’s impossible to do it all, and nothing ever seems good enough. You feel alone and worried, and your social network isn’t able to provide you with the support that you need. Perhaps your sleep is problematic, or your energy is low. Maybe you’re feeling anxious, depressed, irritable, or having difficulty concentrating. You might be troubled by feeling that you're an ineffective partner or parent. Things will get better soon, right?
Let’s be honest: you’ve always been responsible, and now you’ve got a lot to manage! Between a demanding career, school, and family needs, you’re feeling stressed, and life feels out of balance. It’s impossible to do it all, and nothing ever seems good enough. You feel alone and worried, and your social network isn’t able to provide you with the support that you need. Perhaps your sleep is problematic, or your energy is low. Maybe you’re feeling anxious, depressed, irritable, or having difficulty concentrating. You might be troubled by feeling that you're an ineffective partner or parent. Things will get better soon, right?
(855) 964-3150 View (855) 964-3150
Photo of Adam Chase Kahn, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Adam Chase Kahn
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705
I support people of various ethnic groups, sexual orientations, gender identities, and socioeconomic backgrounds to bring meaning to their lives, connect with their aliveness, and expand their sense of personal choice and freedom.
I support people of various ethnic groups, sexual orientations, gender identities, and socioeconomic backgrounds to bring meaning to their lives, connect with their aliveness, and expand their sense of personal choice and freedom.
(510) 661-3478 View (510) 661-3478
Photo of Gabriela Sanchez, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Gabriela Sanchez
Marriage & Family Therapist, License, IFS, Leve II, Spanish, English
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704  (Online Only)
We all go through life learning by trial and error and that's good. But when we feel stuck, we need to pause. It's time to address whatever challenges are in front of us instead of continuing to push them away where they affect us without our awareness. When we pause, we are able to listen to what's inside of us. This is how we learn and become more aware of how we came to be where we are. When we pay attention, we understand, and with that comes self knowledge and self acceptance. This compassionate presence brings us to a new level of connection with ourselves, others, and the world at large.
We all go through life learning by trial and error and that's good. But when we feel stuck, we need to pause. It's time to address whatever challenges are in front of us instead of continuing to push them away where they affect us without our awareness. When we pause, we are able to listen to what's inside of us. This is how we learn and become more aware of how we came to be where we are. When we pay attention, we understand, and with that comes self knowledge and self acceptance. This compassionate presence brings us to a new level of connection with ourselves, others, and the world at large.
(510) 241-4494 View (510) 241-4494
Photo of Marcia Banks, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Marcia Banks
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94703
Since 2011, my passion has been helping people connect with their innate ability to heal, their inner wisdom and their beautiful authentic selves. I specialize in utilizing the brilliance of Internal Family Systems therapy, mindfulness practices, therapeutic yoga and somatic awareness to assist people with creating their own internal maps for healing and transformation. Together, we work through obstacles, wounds and old patterns to revitalize one’s true expression of self. My pyschotherapy practice offers a place to work with / move through life transitions, grief, trauma, anxiety, depression and stressful life events.
Since 2011, my passion has been helping people connect with their innate ability to heal, their inner wisdom and their beautiful authentic selves. I specialize in utilizing the brilliance of Internal Family Systems therapy, mindfulness practices, therapeutic yoga and somatic awareness to assist people with creating their own internal maps for healing and transformation. Together, we work through obstacles, wounds and old patterns to revitalize one’s true expression of self. My pyschotherapy practice offers a place to work with / move through life transitions, grief, trauma, anxiety, depression and stressful life events.
(510) 983-7142 View (510) 983-7142
Photo of Alice Cary, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Alice Cary
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705  (Online Only)
You don’t have to look like someone with an eating disorder (ED) to have one. Eating disorders not only affect: young, white, cisgender, middle-upper class women; it affects all races, genders, and socioeconomic backgrounds. As a QTPOC, you have likely been discouraged by stereotypes, lack of access to treatment, and lack of support within the ED community. If you are ready to change, but unsure how. If you feel alone, or doubt your capacity to change. You are NOT alone. I know how difficult the first step can seem. Know you are not walking this path alone. We will walk together on your journey to true transformation.
You don’t have to look like someone with an eating disorder (ED) to have one. Eating disorders not only affect: young, white, cisgender, middle-upper class women; it affects all races, genders, and socioeconomic backgrounds. As a QTPOC, you have likely been discouraged by stereotypes, lack of access to treatment, and lack of support within the ED community. If you are ready to change, but unsure how. If you feel alone, or doubt your capacity to change. You are NOT alone. I know how difficult the first step can seem. Know you are not walking this path alone. We will walk together on your journey to true transformation.
(510) 257-9557 View (510) 257-9557
Photo of Susan Wilde, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Susan Wilde
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94704
I am bilingual in Spanish, and offer therapy for individual adults, couples, families, teens, and children 6 and older. My specialties include trauma, interpersonal violence (IPV), and loss, especially for human beings who have experienced displacement and/migration. I offer services for expecting and new mothers to aid in the transitions and attachment issues that arise. Also I am interested in bridging periods in human development. I embrace a culturally humble stance, and am LBGT welcoming.
I am bilingual in Spanish, and offer therapy for individual adults, couples, families, teens, and children 6 and older. My specialties include trauma, interpersonal violence (IPV), and loss, especially for human beings who have experienced displacement and/migration. I offer services for expecting and new mothers to aid in the transitions and attachment issues that arise. Also I am interested in bridging periods in human development. I embrace a culturally humble stance, and am LBGT welcoming.
(510) 401-3958 View (510) 401-3958
Photo of Barbara Hart, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Barbara Hart
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94703
I have over 20 years of experience with a individuals, couples and families. I also have a background in chemical dependency and codependency.
I have over 20 years of experience with a individuals, couples and families. I also have a background in chemical dependency and codependency.
(510) 240-1838 View (510) 240-1838
Photo of Samar Warmerdam, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Samar Warmerdam
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94707
I believe that change happens through building a trusting relationship between client and therapist. My style is gentle, supportive, and collaborative. I want to support you in identifying your needs, gaining insight into yourself, and making changes in order to feel more fulfilled in your life and relationships.
I believe that change happens through building a trusting relationship between client and therapist. My style is gentle, supportive, and collaborative. I want to support you in identifying your needs, gaining insight into yourself, and making changes in order to feel more fulfilled in your life and relationships.
(628) 250-4768 View (628) 250-4768

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Berkeley, CA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$190

Therapists in Berkeley, CA who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
75% Trauma and PTSD
72% Grief
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

50% Aetna
38% Cigna and Evernorth
38% Other

How Therapists in Berkeley, CA see their clients

64% In Person and Online
36% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
22% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Berkeley?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.