Therapists in Saint Paul, MN

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Photo of Tenbit Etafa, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Paul, MN
Tenbit Etafa
Licensed Professional Counselor, Tenbit, Etafa, LPCC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55116  (Online Only)
I am committed to creating a non-judgmental and compassionate environment where you can feel safe to share your thoughts and emotions. Together, we will work towards developing coping mechanisms and strategies that can help you manage your mental health needs and improve your overall well-being. In therapy, I utilize a combination of evidence-based practices, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Motivational Interviewing (MI), and Mindfulness techniques. These approaches are tailored to your individual needs and can help you gain insight into your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, as well as develop healthier patterns.
I am committed to creating a non-judgmental and compassionate environment where you can feel safe to share your thoughts and emotions. Together, we will work towards developing coping mechanisms and strategies that can help you manage your mental health needs and improve your overall well-being. In therapy, I utilize a combination of evidence-based practices, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Motivational Interviewing (MI), and Mindfulness techniques. These approaches are tailored to your individual needs and can help you gain insight into your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, as well as develop healthier patterns.
(612) 261-1251 View (612) 261-1251
Holly A Smart
Psychologist, MA, LP, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55102
Waitlist for new clients
I am a Licensed Psychologist and Registered Art Therapist with over 20 years in private practice.  My practice focuses primarily on grief and loss, life transitions and relationship issues.  I strive toward an approach which is creative, collaborative and compassionate.  My work is informed by trauma and attachment research, including recent developments in the field of trauma therapy.  I am excited to incorporate both verbal and non-verbal approaches for healing trauma and loss.
I am a Licensed Psychologist and Registered Art Therapist with over 20 years in private practice.  My practice focuses primarily on grief and loss, life transitions and relationship issues.  I strive toward an approach which is creative, collaborative and compassionate.  My work is informed by trauma and attachment research, including recent developments in the field of trauma therapy.  I am excited to incorporate both verbal and non-verbal approaches for healing trauma and loss.
(651) 615-4426 View (651) 615-4426
Photo of Sarah Souder Johnson in Saint Paul, MN
Sarah Souder Johnson
MEd, LPCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55118
Adolescents and young adults often endure complicated transitions and unexpected challenges while learning to navigate the world. I enjoy working with people during dynamic times of life like middle school, high school, and college, and I also specialize in work with creative individuals. Clients are warmly accepted in my practice for who they are today. My goal is to provide a stable environment that is both supportive and challenging. Together, we explore what that person values, where they want to go, what they would like to change, and who they want to become.
Adolescents and young adults often endure complicated transitions and unexpected challenges while learning to navigate the world. I enjoy working with people during dynamic times of life like middle school, high school, and college, and I also specialize in work with creative individuals. Clients are warmly accepted in my practice for who they are today. My goal is to provide a stable environment that is both supportive and challenging. Together, we explore what that person values, where they want to go, what they would like to change, and who they want to become.
(763) 280-7935 View (763) 280-7935
Photo of Paige Kahleck, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Paul, MN
Paige Kahleck
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55102
Paige Kahleck is a Marriage and Family Therapist in process with experience working with depression, anxiety, and ADD/ADHD. Paige works with individuals, families and couples. Paige treats children to adults utilizing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Narrative therapy in her approach with clients. In her clinical work, Paige is well versed in both traditional therapeutic techniques as well as creative modalities such as play therapy, role play and skills work. In her free time Paige enjoys being outside hiking and biking. Paige has a Master of Arts in Marriage and Family Therapy from Saint Mary's University.
Paige Kahleck is a Marriage and Family Therapist in process with experience working with depression, anxiety, and ADD/ADHD. Paige works with individuals, families and couples. Paige treats children to adults utilizing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Narrative therapy in her approach with clients. In her clinical work, Paige is well versed in both traditional therapeutic techniques as well as creative modalities such as play therapy, role play and skills work. In her free time Paige enjoys being outside hiking and biking. Paige has a Master of Arts in Marriage and Family Therapy from Saint Mary's University.
(651) 349-6623 View (651) 349-6623
Photo of Erica Lee, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Paul, MN
Erica Lee
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW, LGSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55114
Not accepting new clients
I work to collaborate with folks in their healing journeys that is grounded in intersectionality and nuance. I strive to foster a therapeutic environment that is non-judgmental, affirming and take a client-centered, holistic, strengths-based approach where we can learn with and from one another. I hope to support folks in exploring their identities, experiences, and living more aligned to their truths, values, and whole selves. I am also trained in Brainspotting to support folks who want another/different way to process their experiences and work towards their healing journeys.
I work to collaborate with folks in their healing journeys that is grounded in intersectionality and nuance. I strive to foster a therapeutic environment that is non-judgmental, affirming and take a client-centered, holistic, strengths-based approach where we can learn with and from one another. I hope to support folks in exploring their identities, experiences, and living more aligned to their truths, values, and whole selves. I am also trained in Brainspotting to support folks who want another/different way to process their experiences and work towards their healing journeys.
(651) 615-3588 View (651) 615-3588
Photo of Hannah Hinds, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Paul, MN
Hannah Hinds
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55116
Hannah loves to come alongside individuals and families that desire healing, change and growth in their lives. She is ready to hear your story and help you move towards the next chapter in your life. Faith can be integrated if you desire, but whatever your faith background, you will be welcomed, valued and respected. Hannah has training and experience working with children with trauma and has a heart for families or individuals that have been touched by adoption.
Hannah loves to come alongside individuals and families that desire healing, change and growth in their lives. She is ready to hear your story and help you move towards the next chapter in your life. Faith can be integrated if you desire, but whatever your faith background, you will be welcomed, valued and respected. Hannah has training and experience working with children with trauma and has a heart for families or individuals that have been touched by adoption.
(612) 482-2647 View (612) 482-2647
Photo of Jeffrey Raich, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Jeffrey Raich
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55101
Life is hard. That’s pretty clear. But it’s made all the more difficult for those who are autistic, carry trauma, or are within the LGBTQIA+ community. The difficulty is unique. Whether it’s having an invisible disability, not being able to trust others, or fighting for acceptance, the ability to navigate life can be challenging. There’s hope. And I can help. Together we will work through the stories you’ve been taught, the expectations you’ve had to meet, and the experiences that brought you further and further from yourself.
Life is hard. That’s pretty clear. But it’s made all the more difficult for those who are autistic, carry trauma, or are within the LGBTQIA+ community. The difficulty is unique. Whether it’s having an invisible disability, not being able to trust others, or fighting for acceptance, the ability to navigate life can be challenging. There’s hope. And I can help. Together we will work through the stories you’ve been taught, the expectations you’ve had to meet, and the experiences that brought you further and further from yourself.
(651) 615-4686 View (651) 615-4686
Photo of Ian P McLoone, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Saint Paul, MN
Ian P McLoone
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC, LADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55102
Are you or a loved one thinking about making a change to your drinking or substance use? I can help. Some of my clients have been in and out of rehab many times and were looking for an alternative-someone with deep expertise who can provide a new way of looking at their problem and identify a pathway out of their suffering. Still other clients came to me because they did not feel that they needed something as intensive as rehab and wanted to work on their substance use while still taking care of their career, family, home and other obligations. I would be honored to be of assistance.
Are you or a loved one thinking about making a change to your drinking or substance use? I can help. Some of my clients have been in and out of rehab many times and were looking for an alternative-someone with deep expertise who can provide a new way of looking at their problem and identify a pathway out of their suffering. Still other clients came to me because they did not feel that they needed something as intensive as rehab and wanted to work on their substance use while still taking care of their career, family, home and other obligations. I would be honored to be of assistance.
(651) 390-1238 View (651) 390-1238
Photo of Lisa Eimers, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Paul, MN
Lisa Eimers
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55104
I am a licensed professional counselor specializing in trauma, perinatal mental health, and attachment issues. I work with acute and complex traumas, with the understanding trauma is truly in the eye of the beholder. Trauma can be overwhelming. We can find ourselves stuck in the same patterns. Sometimes we may even feel trapped in our own bodies or frozen in fear. Bad memories can refuse to shrink or fade. You may find yourself coping in ways that just make things worse. I have worked with individuals who have childhood abuse/neglect, sexual assault, medical trauma, trauma from being a first responder, and traumatic loss.
I am a licensed professional counselor specializing in trauma, perinatal mental health, and attachment issues. I work with acute and complex traumas, with the understanding trauma is truly in the eye of the beholder. Trauma can be overwhelming. We can find ourselves stuck in the same patterns. Sometimes we may even feel trapped in our own bodies or frozen in fear. Bad memories can refuse to shrink or fade. You may find yourself coping in ways that just make things worse. I have worked with individuals who have childhood abuse/neglect, sexual assault, medical trauma, trauma from being a first responder, and traumatic loss.
(612) 682-1757 View (612) 682-1757
Photo of Kelly Karels, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Kelly Karels
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, LADC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55105  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Waitlist. I believe that we are all story tellers of our own lives. The story evolves based on our past experiences, which in turn, may be how we view the world and our place in it. A few key ingredients people need to thrive are safety, significance and a sense of belonging. We need to be seen and heard. I offer a space that is safe for that to happen.
Waitlist. I believe that we are all story tellers of our own lives. The story evolves based on our past experiences, which in turn, may be how we view the world and our place in it. A few key ingredients people need to thrive are safety, significance and a sense of belonging. We need to be seen and heard. I offer a space that is safe for that to happen.
(651) 661-3649 View (651) 661-3649
Photo of Mai Ko Xiong, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Mai Ko Xiong
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55103  (Online Only)
I create a safe space for individuals to tell their story, express theirselves, explore and find healing at their own pace, free from judgment.
I create a safe space for individuals to tell their story, express theirselves, explore and find healing at their own pace, free from judgment.
(651) 419-5452 View (651) 419-5452
Photo of Chiara Mesia Doig, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Chiara Mesia Doig
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55114
Waitlist for new clients
I am originally from Peru but I have lived in MN since 2004. Spanish is my native language. I also speak English fluently. I identify as a cis, straight, immigrant, Latina or Latinx woman & social worker. My work focuses on offering empathy, support, promoting insight, and working collaboratively to achieve goals. I strive to understand people's experiences within their own unique context and take into account larger community and social issues, and how they impact our experience.
I am originally from Peru but I have lived in MN since 2004. Spanish is my native language. I also speak English fluently. I identify as a cis, straight, immigrant, Latina or Latinx woman & social worker. My work focuses on offering empathy, support, promoting insight, and working collaboratively to achieve goals. I strive to understand people's experiences within their own unique context and take into account larger community and social issues, and how they impact our experience.
(651) 504-8933 View (651) 504-8933
Photo of Abby Munsterteiger, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Paul, MN
Abby Munsterteiger
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55104
I have immediate openings for both in-person and Telehealth appointments! I enjoy working with children, adolescents, and young adults on managing mental health symptoms. I work with clients on learning therapeutic devices such as coping skills, symptom management, emotion identification, cognitive restructuring, and self-care.
I have immediate openings for both in-person and Telehealth appointments! I enjoy working with children, adolescents, and young adults on managing mental health symptoms. I work with clients on learning therapeutic devices such as coping skills, symptom management, emotion identification, cognitive restructuring, and self-care.
(651) 615-5023 View (651) 615-5023
Photo of Anne O'Connor, Licensed Social Worker in Saint Paul, MN
Anne O'Connor
Licensed Social Worker, LGSW, RYT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55104  (Online Only)
I have immediate virtual openings. My work is with couples, families, and groups of people committed to learning and development. I also help individuals. Together, we'll improve communication patterns and relationships skills; deepen or build your purpose and joy for living; create a life that is more in alignment with your desires and values; foster the care and respect you want; consider and support your identity and its full expression; and manage challenges with more skill and confidence. Living intentionally, including being in therapy, isn't always easy. But it's often far more satisfying than repeating our outdated habits.
I have immediate virtual openings. My work is with couples, families, and groups of people committed to learning and development. I also help individuals. Together, we'll improve communication patterns and relationships skills; deepen or build your purpose and joy for living; create a life that is more in alignment with your desires and values; foster the care and respect you want; consider and support your identity and its full expression; and manage challenges with more skill and confidence. Living intentionally, including being in therapy, isn't always easy. But it's often far more satisfying than repeating our outdated habits.
(651) 538-2641 View (651) 538-2641
Photo of Jason Weegmann, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Jason Weegmann
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LGSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55104
Oftentimes, coming into therapy can feel daunting, intimidating, and can bring up a lot of uncertainty. Having this ambivalence is normal, and starting with the first therapy session, Jason aims to help clients feel at ease. Jason completed his Masters in Clinical Social Work degree from St. Catherine’s University in 2021 and is a Licensed Graduate Social Worker (LGSW), who has over ten years working in the helping profession. His experience ranges from working as an Associate Director in a treatment center for adults struggling with substance use disorders, to individual and group therapy for youth.
Oftentimes, coming into therapy can feel daunting, intimidating, and can bring up a lot of uncertainty. Having this ambivalence is normal, and starting with the first therapy session, Jason aims to help clients feel at ease. Jason completed his Masters in Clinical Social Work degree from St. Catherine’s University in 2021 and is a Licensed Graduate Social Worker (LGSW), who has over ten years working in the helping profession. His experience ranges from working as an Associate Director in a treatment center for adults struggling with substance use disorders, to individual and group therapy for youth.
(612) 682-0355 View (612) 682-0355
Photo of Savira Kambhu, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Paul, MN
Savira Kambhu
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55114  (Online Only)
Some of the issues I work with often include anxiety, depression, anger, lack of motivation, career-related stress, parental issues, sex and gender-related issues, and addiction. I work to create an environment that feels supportive, respectful, and collaborative. Together we will explore your challenges and find ways to get unstuck. Sometimes our goal may be to decrease the severity of symptoms, and sometimes it may be to understand what is missing in your life.
Some of the issues I work with often include anxiety, depression, anger, lack of motivation, career-related stress, parental issues, sex and gender-related issues, and addiction. I work to create an environment that feels supportive, respectful, and collaborative. Together we will explore your challenges and find ways to get unstuck. Sometimes our goal may be to decrease the severity of symptoms, and sometimes it may be to understand what is missing in your life.
(651) 661-3672 View (651) 661-3672
Photo of Olivia Fesser, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Paul, MN
Olivia Fesser
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55115
The process of finding a therapist can feel overwhelming! If you’re reading this, you have officially taken the first step in finding a therapist that is right for you. Im proud of you! The clients that I work with are ready to show up to continue their pursuit towards awareness and change through therapy. Together, we will explore the narratives that have been helpful as well the narratives that are not serving you anymore. I provide an approach that is flexible and adaptable. I recognize that you may need to be challenged and validated all in one session.
The process of finding a therapist can feel overwhelming! If you’re reading this, you have officially taken the first step in finding a therapist that is right for you. Im proud of you! The clients that I work with are ready to show up to continue their pursuit towards awareness and change through therapy. Together, we will explore the narratives that have been helpful as well the narratives that are not serving you anymore. I provide an approach that is flexible and adaptable. I recognize that you may need to be challenged and validated all in one session.
(651) 728-7155 View (651) 728-7155
Photo of Janet T Thomas, Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
Janet T Thomas
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55104
I have been in private practice since 1991 and have previously worked in medical, rehabilitation, college counseling, and community mental health settings. I know that asking for help is not easy. Trusting someone you don't know with very personal information requires a leap of faith. Understandably, you may want to know what to expect, should you decide to work with me. Initially, I will work to identify the particular issues that you want to address and then collaborate with you to develop goals and strategies. Throughout the process, I will listen carefully, drawing out particular material for discussion and presenting new information to help you see yourself and your choices with a new perspective. I will suggest possible courses of action, recognizing that only you can decide whether to follow any suggestions that come from the counseling process.
I have been in private practice since 1991 and have previously worked in medical, rehabilitation, college counseling, and community mental health settings. I know that asking for help is not easy. Trusting someone you don't know with very personal information requires a leap of faith. Understandably, you may want to know what to expect, should you decide to work with me. Initially, I will work to identify the particular issues that you want to address and then collaborate with you to develop goals and strategies. Throughout the process, I will listen carefully, drawing out particular material for discussion and presenting new information to help you see yourself and your choices with a new perspective. I will suggest possible courses of action, recognizing that only you can decide whether to follow any suggestions that come from the counseling process.
(651) 291-2737 View (651) 291-2737
Photo of Ryan Peterson, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Saint Paul, MN
Ryan Peterson
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55114
My style is to support you in connecting with and understanding your deepest agendas and to facilitate the expansion of your capacity to live authentically, with all the parts of yourself. Many people have an intuition of when it's time to make changes, but are uncertain about how to do this, or where to begin. I'll help you generate the right conditions for change by first working to thoroughly understand your inner landscape, and what it’s like to be you. I'll assist you in refining your own instruction manual, find a useful balance between self-acceptance and self-discipline, and live a life with more self-compassion.
My style is to support you in connecting with and understanding your deepest agendas and to facilitate the expansion of your capacity to live authentically, with all the parts of yourself. Many people have an intuition of when it's time to make changes, but are uncertain about how to do this, or where to begin. I'll help you generate the right conditions for change by first working to thoroughly understand your inner landscape, and what it’s like to be you. I'll assist you in refining your own instruction manual, find a useful balance between self-acceptance and self-discipline, and live a life with more self-compassion.
(612) 255-1842 View (612) 255-1842
Photo of Stefanie Bauer, Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
Stefanie Bauer
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55104
Do you feel lost, lonely, or disconnected and ready to find growth? I have worked with a variety of clients in different settings with ranging issues. I find the uniqueness of each client a pleasant experience. I believe in the quote I use as a tagline "Life is change. Growth is optional. Choose wisely." It brings up the circumstance as a fact, but also the power to create change in how we look at it and grow from our experiences. My goal is to guide my clients who are looking to make positive changes in their lives, need empathy, and guidance, to aid them get to a safe and secure place.
Do you feel lost, lonely, or disconnected and ready to find growth? I have worked with a variety of clients in different settings with ranging issues. I find the uniqueness of each client a pleasant experience. I believe in the quote I use as a tagline "Life is change. Growth is optional. Choose wisely." It brings up the circumstance as a fact, but also the power to create change in how we look at it and grow from our experiences. My goal is to guide my clients who are looking to make positive changes in their lives, need empathy, and guidance, to aid them get to a safe and secure place.
(651) 370-8561 View (651) 370-8561

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Saint Paul, MN

1,000+

Average cost per session

$170

Therapists in Saint Paul, MN who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
75% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% BlueCross and BlueShield
73% UCare
68% HealthPartners of MN and WI

How Therapists in Saint Paul, MN see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
21% Male
3% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Saint Paul?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.