Therapists in Scottsdale, AZ

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Photo of Catherine Cisar, Pre-Licensed Professional in Scottsdale, AZ
Catherine Cisar
Pre-Licensed Professional, EdD, LAC, CCST-I
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85260
In this moment take a deep breath, acknowledge your strength to begin your journey in finding your inner peace. Through therapy, we will build a relationship of trust where there is support and encouragement to reach your goals. Therapy is a process and each individual is unique in their treatment. I support adults, adolescents, and children with anxiety, depression, relational distress, complex trauma and PTSD, grief and loss, narcissistic personality disorder, life adjustments, and general mental health issues. Thank you for considering me to join you in your journey!
In this moment take a deep breath, acknowledge your strength to begin your journey in finding your inner peace. Through therapy, we will build a relationship of trust where there is support and encouragement to reach your goals. Therapy is a process and each individual is unique in their treatment. I support adults, adolescents, and children with anxiety, depression, relational distress, complex trauma and PTSD, grief and loss, narcissistic personality disorder, life adjustments, and general mental health issues. Thank you for considering me to join you in your journey!
(623) 343-8671 x732 View (623) 343-8671 x732
Photo of Kelly Ontiveros, Marriage & Family Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Kelly Ontiveros
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85258
As a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, I understand the importance of creating a safe and non-judgmental space for you to find your best self. I specialize in treating issues in marital connection and intimacy, affair recovery, trauma, anxiety, depression, grief and loss. After completing my master's work, I gained extensive training in psychodynamic therapy, which addresses family of origin issues, wounding messages from childhood, and attachment styles expressed in relationships.
As a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, I understand the importance of creating a safe and non-judgmental space for you to find your best self. I specialize in treating issues in marital connection and intimacy, affair recovery, trauma, anxiety, depression, grief and loss. After completing my master's work, I gained extensive training in psychodynamic therapy, which addresses family of origin issues, wounding messages from childhood, and attachment styles expressed in relationships.
(602) 544-6044 View (602) 544-6044
Photo of Tabitha Martin, Counselor in Scottsdale, AZ
Tabitha Martin
Counselor, MSc, LAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85255  (Online Only)
Are you feeling overwhelmed, unheard, worried about every little thing, or unable to cope? Together we can work toward healing and growth. I am passionate about working with parents, families, adolescents, and children in areas including trauma processing, grief and loss, anxiety, and depression. I am LGBTQ+ and neurodiversity affirming. I understand that navigating through life stages can be a struggle, and I know that you do not have to go through it alone.
Are you feeling overwhelmed, unheard, worried about every little thing, or unable to cope? Together we can work toward healing and growth. I am passionate about working with parents, families, adolescents, and children in areas including trauma processing, grief and loss, anxiety, and depression. I am LGBTQ+ and neurodiversity affirming. I understand that navigating through life stages can be a struggle, and I know that you do not have to go through it alone.
(520) 335-9239 View (520) 335-9239
Photo of Jack Register, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Jack Register
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85260
Who we have had to be in the past, has no bearing on who we become in the future. We all deserve the space to grow and become. Jack is a guide through the transformation process of change. Through holistic therapies including Mindfulness, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Family Systems, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Gestalt, Narrative Therapy, Psychodynamic Therapy, and Post-Induction Therapy (PIT), the goal of treatment is to bring our nervous system into a place of balance, give it space to grow, and create a life that is intentional and forward-looking.
Who we have had to be in the past, has no bearing on who we become in the future. We all deserve the space to grow and become. Jack is a guide through the transformation process of change. Through holistic therapies including Mindfulness, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Family Systems, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Gestalt, Narrative Therapy, Psychodynamic Therapy, and Post-Induction Therapy (PIT), the goal of treatment is to bring our nervous system into a place of balance, give it space to grow, and create a life that is intentional and forward-looking.
(602) 960-8539 View (602) 960-8539
Photo of Jadi Gray, Counselor in Scottsdale, AZ
Jadi Gray
Counselor, MA, LAC
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85260
My work with clients is centered in resolving what is missing, or has been left unmet, for whatever reason. Unmet relational and emotional needs can interfere with a loving relationship with oneself, and with those we care about. Both EFT and EMDR provide wonderful tools for this work of emotional and relational repair. Your story matters to me, and so does the pace that feels best for you. Together we will explore and repair what has been missing so you can enjoy your relationships more deeply. Whether you are new to therapy or coming back to it for a deeper layer of work, I would love to meet you and hear your story.
My work with clients is centered in resolving what is missing, or has been left unmet, for whatever reason. Unmet relational and emotional needs can interfere with a loving relationship with oneself, and with those we care about. Both EFT and EMDR provide wonderful tools for this work of emotional and relational repair. Your story matters to me, and so does the pace that feels best for you. Together we will explore and repair what has been missing so you can enjoy your relationships more deeply. Whether you are new to therapy or coming back to it for a deeper layer of work, I would love to meet you and hear your story.
(480) 906-4298 View (480) 906-4298
Andrew Erlich
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85251
I view therapy as a transformative vehicle to empower people to deal with and overcome the challenges we all, at some time or another, face in life. Towards that end, I have been working as a Clinical Psychologist for 32 years. During that time I have treated adults, adolescents, children and couples. Although, I have particular expertise working with Depression and Anxiety I also have extensive experience working with a wide array of psychological difficulties including Bipolar Disorder, Schizoaffective Disorder and Attention Deficit Disorder.
I view therapy as a transformative vehicle to empower people to deal with and overcome the challenges we all, at some time or another, face in life. Towards that end, I have been working as a Clinical Psychologist for 32 years. During that time I have treated adults, adolescents, children and couples. Although, I have particular expertise working with Depression and Anxiety I also have extensive experience working with a wide array of psychological difficulties including Bipolar Disorder, Schizoaffective Disorder and Attention Deficit Disorder.
(480) 426-8488 View (480) 426-8488
Photo of Tara S Verhagen, Marriage & Family Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Tara S Verhagen
Marriage & Family Therapist, MAS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85258
I provide a safe, non-judgmental space for individuals, families, and couples to strengthen their relationships with others and themselves. I take a collaborative approach with you to understand your experience and guide you toward personal growth, emotional awareness, and healthy relationships. I have 10 years experience working with individuals who struggle with mental health and families who have children that require special care including autism, mental, and physical disabilities.
I provide a safe, non-judgmental space for individuals, families, and couples to strengthen their relationships with others and themselves. I take a collaborative approach with you to understand your experience and guide you toward personal growth, emotional awareness, and healthy relationships. I have 10 years experience working with individuals who struggle with mental health and families who have children that require special care including autism, mental, and physical disabilities.
(480) 771-8868 View (480) 771-8868
Photo of Carrie Turco, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Carrie Turco
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, MA
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85251
Now accepting new clients and couples. Sometimes life can be overwhelming, overbearing, and downright difficult. You’re not alone in your struggle. It’s helpful to have a professional with you to figure it all out. Everyone's life has a purpose, meaning, and a capacity for joy. I strive to create a compassionate environment that inspires hope. Where people feel important, valued, understood, and welcomed. Then we can work together to challenge the thought patterns and emotional limitations we may put on ourselves.
Now accepting new clients and couples. Sometimes life can be overwhelming, overbearing, and downright difficult. You’re not alone in your struggle. It’s helpful to have a professional with you to figure it all out. Everyone's life has a purpose, meaning, and a capacity for joy. I strive to create a compassionate environment that inspires hope. Where people feel important, valued, understood, and welcomed. Then we can work together to challenge the thought patterns and emotional limitations we may put on ourselves.
(623) 323-3872 View (623) 323-3872
Photo of Bonnie Lewis, Marriage & Family Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Bonnie Lewis
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85258
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist at Therapy with Heart. I have a passion for empowering people to grow and make changes in their life. My style of therapy is unique because it focuses on working with you to find YOUR answers...whatever they may be. It takes courage to decide to enter therapy and until you feel safe and comfortable, it is challenging to create change. Therefore, I structure the session around mindfulness, emphasizing strengths, and collaborating together on the work.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist at Therapy with Heart. I have a passion for empowering people to grow and make changes in their life. My style of therapy is unique because it focuses on working with you to find YOUR answers...whatever they may be. It takes courage to decide to enter therapy and until you feel safe and comfortable, it is challenging to create change. Therefore, I structure the session around mindfulness, emphasizing strengths, and collaborating together on the work.
(928) 460-5089 View (928) 460-5089
Photo of Neurofeedback in Scottsdale, Counseling Online, Marriage & Family Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Neurofeedback in Scottsdale, Counseling Online
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, LMFT
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85254
Anxiety? ADHD? Men. Change your life! Athletes, entrepreneurs, husbands, fathers seeking a richer, fuller life and relationships. Men who have played contact sports in the past and are experiencing focus, concentration, or self-control issues today - let Dr. Cowan give you the tools, technologies, wisdom and strategies to work through these issues!
Anxiety? ADHD? Men. Change your life! Athletes, entrepreneurs, husbands, fathers seeking a richer, fuller life and relationships. Men who have played contact sports in the past and are experiencing focus, concentration, or self-control issues today - let Dr. Cowan give you the tools, technologies, wisdom and strategies to work through these issues!
(602) 806-9018 View (602) 806-9018
Photo of Dr. Rosalie R Hydock, Psychologist in Scottsdale, AZ
Dr. Rosalie R Hydock
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85260
Do you need help dealing with life transitions? Are you trying to cope with relationship conflicts and getting nowhere? Have you been struggling with feelings of anxiety or depression created by the stresses in your life? Do you feel as though your usual coping strategies just aren't working for you anymore? Ready to deal with these in better ways? I can help. I have more than 25 years of experience dealing with human behavior, development, and performance issues, and work with adults, couples, and groups--helping them deal more effectively with life transitions, relationship issues, and other psychological concerns.
Do you need help dealing with life transitions? Are you trying to cope with relationship conflicts and getting nowhere? Have you been struggling with feelings of anxiety or depression created by the stresses in your life? Do you feel as though your usual coping strategies just aren't working for you anymore? Ready to deal with these in better ways? I can help. I have more than 25 years of experience dealing with human behavior, development, and performance issues, and work with adults, couples, and groups--helping them deal more effectively with life transitions, relationship issues, and other psychological concerns.
(480) 788-7931 View (480) 788-7931
Photo of Jaylen Moore, Pre-Licensed Professional in Scottsdale, AZ
Jaylen Moore
Pre-Licensed Professional, BA
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85251
Life is filled with a plethora of emotions and experiences. These emotions can be tough to navigate on your own sometimes. Admitting this does not make you weak, it makes you human. I am here to be a guide for you on your journey toward better mental health. I offer individual, couples, family, and neurofeedback therapy to help you reach your goals. Whether you're struggling with overwhelming emotions, navigating a major life transition, or simply seeking personal growth, I am here to support you every step of the way.
Life is filled with a plethora of emotions and experiences. These emotions can be tough to navigate on your own sometimes. Admitting this does not make you weak, it makes you human. I am here to be a guide for you on your journey toward better mental health. I offer individual, couples, family, and neurofeedback therapy to help you reach your goals. Whether you're struggling with overwhelming emotions, navigating a major life transition, or simply seeking personal growth, I am here to support you every step of the way.
(480) 933-4322 View (480) 933-4322
Photo of Speak Your Peace Inc., Licensed Professional Counselor in Scottsdale, AZ
Speak Your Peace Inc.
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LMHC, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85260  (Online Only)
I provide teletherapy support and skills development to clients that are experiencing relationship issues, LGBTQIA issues, and life transitions (i.e. divorce, grief, career transitions).
I provide teletherapy support and skills development to clients that are experiencing relationship issues, LGBTQIA issues, and life transitions (i.e. divorce, grief, career transitions).
(317) 676-6015 View (317) 676-6015
Photo of Renee Williams, Marriage & Family Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Renee Williams
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, SEP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85258
Have you tried traditional talk therapy before but are now looking for something that goes deeper? Maybe life has forced you to slow down due to the loss of a loved one or another significant change. Perhaps you’ve just come to realize that despite all this go-go-go, you actually feel like you’re still lacking direction, purpose, and deep connection with yourself and those close to you. You don’t want to have to “rehash” the past or revisit every detail of what you’ve experienced, but you know that life can feel different than it does today. You believe long-term change is possible…you just need some help getting there.
Have you tried traditional talk therapy before but are now looking for something that goes deeper? Maybe life has forced you to slow down due to the loss of a loved one or another significant change. Perhaps you’ve just come to realize that despite all this go-go-go, you actually feel like you’re still lacking direction, purpose, and deep connection with yourself and those close to you. You don’t want to have to “rehash” the past or revisit every detail of what you’ve experienced, but you know that life can feel different than it does today. You believe long-term change is possible…you just need some help getting there.
(480) 470-0718 View (480) 470-0718
Photo of Dr. Anne McGill, Psychologist in Scottsdale, AZ
Dr. Anne McGill
Psychologist, PsyD, MPA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85260
Most people are unsure of what they can do to improve their lives or work through stress, sadness, nervousness or change. Although transitions in life are constant and real, growth and improved lifestyle, relationships and overall satisfaction are possible. Dealing constantly with racing thoughts, nervousness or feeling fidgety, hopeless or depressed is time consuming and you deserve better. Do you want to express yourself more confidently, connect with others and have a better future outlook?
Most people are unsure of what they can do to improve their lives or work through stress, sadness, nervousness or change. Although transitions in life are constant and real, growth and improved lifestyle, relationships and overall satisfaction are possible. Dealing constantly with racing thoughts, nervousness or feeling fidgety, hopeless or depressed is time consuming and you deserve better. Do you want to express yourself more confidently, connect with others and have a better future outlook?
(480) 712-4168 View (480) 712-4168
Photo of Heather Hillenbrand, Marriage & Family Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Heather Hillenbrand
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85253
As a Sex and Relationship Therapist, I believe it is each person's birthright to have the knowledge, understanding, and support to achieve freedom of sexual expression. By offering a safe, collaborative, welcoming space, I provide support to individuals, couples, and relationships of all types for challenges within the area of sexuality. I provide a sex-positive therapy room affirming all sexual orientations and relationship types.
As a Sex and Relationship Therapist, I believe it is each person's birthright to have the knowledge, understanding, and support to achieve freedom of sexual expression. By offering a safe, collaborative, welcoming space, I provide support to individuals, couples, and relationships of all types for challenges within the area of sexuality. I provide a sex-positive therapy room affirming all sexual orientations and relationship types.
(480) 637-2185 View (480) 637-2185
Photo of John Peters, Marriage & Family Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
John Peters
Marriage & Family Therapist, LAMFT, MAS-MFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85260
Back to school can mean increased stress, especially for atypical learners. I work best with children that are having difficulty fitting into settings such as school, extracurricular activities, and/or even at home. I have had success working with children that have not been successful during past experiences with therapy, or are reluctant to participate. Our practice specializes in working with atypical development so I have experience working with clients that have been diagnosed with ADHD, dyslexia, and Autism as well as those that have been identified as being gifted.
Back to school can mean increased stress, especially for atypical learners. I work best with children that are having difficulty fitting into settings such as school, extracurricular activities, and/or even at home. I have had success working with children that have not been successful during past experiences with therapy, or are reluctant to participate. Our practice specializes in working with atypical development so I have experience working with clients that have been diagnosed with ADHD, dyslexia, and Autism as well as those that have been identified as being gifted.
(480) 508-7571 View (480) 508-7571
Photo of Dr. Diana Medina at Balanced Life Psychology LLC, Psychologist in Scottsdale, AZ
Dr. Diana Medina at Balanced Life Psychology LLC
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85255  (Online Only)
Accepting new patients! Schedule directly online at www.balancedlifepsychology.com. I specialize in three main areas: 1. psychotherapy/counseling for adults (stress, anxiety, depression), 2. gender identity issues (self-discovery, transition journey, coming out, referral letters for hormones & surgeries) and 3. consultations (for individuals and other professionals). If you have any questions, please contact Dr. Medina through her website www.balancedlifepsychology.com or via email. Dr. Medina sees patients via Telehealth only. Dr. Medina is bilingual (English and Spanish) and offers services in both languages.
Accepting new patients! Schedule directly online at www.balancedlifepsychology.com. I specialize in three main areas: 1. psychotherapy/counseling for adults (stress, anxiety, depression), 2. gender identity issues (self-discovery, transition journey, coming out, referral letters for hormones & surgeries) and 3. consultations (for individuals and other professionals). If you have any questions, please contact Dr. Medina through her website www.balancedlifepsychology.com or via email. Dr. Medina sees patients via Telehealth only. Dr. Medina is bilingual (English and Spanish) and offers services in both languages.
(602) 900-9550 View (602) 900-9550
Photo of Rose Psychotherapy, PLLC , Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Rose Psychotherapy, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85251  (Online Only)
Rose Psychotherapy: Where Healing Begins and Positive Change Unfolds. Discover the compassionate support you’ve been seeking from the first contact through all phases of treatment with our caring, empathetic highly trained clinicians. Licensed in New York, Arizona and Texas, we are currently offering online and limited individual and group therapy. Clinical Director Michelle Sicignano will respond quickly to all requests. We serve diverse clients with a wide range of needs such as anxiety, depression, trauma, phase of life, self-esteem, mood, personality and more. Michelle is available as a Clinical Supervisor in Arizona.
Rose Psychotherapy: Where Healing Begins and Positive Change Unfolds. Discover the compassionate support you’ve been seeking from the first contact through all phases of treatment with our caring, empathetic highly trained clinicians. Licensed in New York, Arizona and Texas, we are currently offering online and limited individual and group therapy. Clinical Director Michelle Sicignano will respond quickly to all requests. We serve diverse clients with a wide range of needs such as anxiety, depression, trauma, phase of life, self-esteem, mood, personality and more. Michelle is available as a Clinical Supervisor in Arizona.
(480) 553-9640 View (480) 553-9640
Photo of Fit Mind Wellness, Licensed Professional Counselor in Scottsdale, AZ
Fit Mind Wellness
Licensed Professional Counselor, DBH, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85260
** Accepting new clients both virtually and in person at both our North Scottsdale and North Phoenix offices. Emergent appointments available!" ** Treatment for Relationships/Couples Therapy, Individual, Family, Children, Depression, Anxiety, Trauma, Grief & Loss, Life Changes, Work/Life Balance, Family Issues, Substance Abuse, Mental Health Evaluations.
** Accepting new clients both virtually and in person at both our North Scottsdale and North Phoenix offices. Emergent appointments available!" ** Treatment for Relationships/Couples Therapy, Individual, Family, Children, Depression, Anxiety, Trauma, Grief & Loss, Life Changes, Work/Life Balance, Family Issues, Substance Abuse, Mental Health Evaluations.
(480) 525-7091 View (480) 525-7091

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Scottsdale, AZ

1,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Scottsdale, AZ who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
85% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
74% Trauma and PTSD
69% Coping Skills
69% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Aetna
63% BlueCross and BlueShield
58% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Scottsdale, AZ see their clients

72% In Person and Online
28% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Scottsdale?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.