Therapists in Tacoma, WA

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Photo of Sorya Pao, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tacoma, WA
Sorya Pao
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tacoma, WA 98408  (Online Only)
I believe that therapy is one of the best tools for self-exploration and healing. I aim to cultivate a genuine relationship with you so that we can safely discuss challenges in your life. I believe in an approach that is strengths-based and culturally-sensitive as we work together. I honor you as the expert in your life and I am here to be alongside you on this journey to the life you envision for yourself.
I believe that therapy is one of the best tools for self-exploration and healing. I aim to cultivate a genuine relationship with you so that we can safely discuss challenges in your life. I believe in an approach that is strengths-based and culturally-sensitive as we work together. I honor you as the expert in your life and I am here to be alongside you on this journey to the life you envision for yourself.
(253) 893-6176 View (253) 893-6176
Photo of Maureen Coley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tacoma, WA
Maureen Coley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Tacoma, WA 98406  (Online Only)
Navigating life's challenges can be overwhelming and we can all use some help and support along the way. Over the past 30 years I have helped people dealing with Depression, Anxiety; HIV and other Chronic Illness; Childhood Trauma; Gender and Sexual Identity Issues; and Substance Use. I specialize in working with the LGBTQ+ community from a place of inclusion, support and empowerment.
Navigating life's challenges can be overwhelming and we can all use some help and support along the way. Over the past 30 years I have helped people dealing with Depression, Anxiety; HIV and other Chronic Illness; Childhood Trauma; Gender and Sexual Identity Issues; and Substance Use. I specialize in working with the LGBTQ+ community from a place of inclusion, support and empowerment.
(253) 649-2765 View (253) 649-2765
Photo of Melanie Winskill, Counselor in Tacoma, WA
Melanie Winskill
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Tacoma, WA 98407  (Online Only)
I treat adults (18+) that need support, guidance and insight into their mental health challenges while actively engaging in the work. I work collaboratively with my clients and take a person-centered approach as I believe the therapeutic relationship is a critical component to success in the therapeutic work. Dual engagement in the the therapeutic process leads to clients learning to apply techniques independently and better manage mental health symptoms.
I treat adults (18+) that need support, guidance and insight into their mental health challenges while actively engaging in the work. I work collaboratively with my clients and take a person-centered approach as I believe the therapeutic relationship is a critical component to success in the therapeutic work. Dual engagement in the the therapeutic process leads to clients learning to apply techniques independently and better manage mental health symptoms.
(253) 364-1542 x1 View (253) 364-1542 x1
Photo of Janna Bushaw, Counselor in Tacoma, WA
Janna Bushaw
Counselor, MBA, MA, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tacoma, WA 98406
Waitlist for new clients
There are universal experiences that can cause us to question everything we have learned about who we are within ourselves and in connection to others. It’s in these times it can be difficult to meet life on life’s terms; when looking on the bright side, persistence and grit no longer get us through the day. This has been especially true this past couple of years. The most profound change being our ability to be connected to each other and having shared experiences to look forward to.
There are universal experiences that can cause us to question everything we have learned about who we are within ourselves and in connection to others. It’s in these times it can be difficult to meet life on life’s terms; when looking on the bright side, persistence and grit no longer get us through the day. This has been especially true this past couple of years. The most profound change being our ability to be connected to each other and having shared experiences to look forward to.
(253) 262-0681 View (253) 262-0681
Photo of David B Ward, Marriage & Family Therapist in Tacoma, WA
David B Ward
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Tacoma, WA 98447
Not accepting new clients
I am not accepting new clients at this time.
I am not accepting new clients at this time.
(253) 343-0811 View (253) 343-0811
Photo of Bowersock Counseling and Psychotherapy, Counselor in Tacoma, WA
Bowersock Counseling and Psychotherapy
Counselor, CMHC
Verified Verified
Tacoma, WA 98407  (Online Only)
I meet clients where the are at in their personal process: your needs guide the counseling session. My depth of experience and personal explorations underpin my word as a clinician. My goal is for you to feel heard and understood, which allows you to make positive lasting changes. Conditions treated with success in working with younger to older adults include life dissatisfaction, anxiety, depression, grief, social isolation, relationship concerns, panic attacks, compulsive and addictive behaviors and identity struggles. As well, I have additional training in treating women and their families impacted by postpartum depression.
I meet clients where the are at in their personal process: your needs guide the counseling session. My depth of experience and personal explorations underpin my word as a clinician. My goal is for you to feel heard and understood, which allows you to make positive lasting changes. Conditions treated with success in working with younger to older adults include life dissatisfaction, anxiety, depression, grief, social isolation, relationship concerns, panic attacks, compulsive and addictive behaviors and identity struggles. As well, I have additional training in treating women and their families impacted by postpartum depression.
(253) 447-6872 View (253) 447-6872
Photo of Sandy Logan, Mental Health Counselor in Tacoma, WA
Sandy Logan
Mental Health Counselor, MA, LMHC, MHP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tacoma, WA 98405  (Online Only)
It is my passion to share in the process of another's life journey, and I consider it a great honor to be present for the healing and growth that therapy can bring. I work with individuals and couples on myriad issues, ranging from anxiety, depression, self-esteem, trauma, and relationship difficulties, to working toward personal growth, self-exploration, and healthy relationship development. I am particularly interested in helping women find their voices and personal power, and encouraging them to live more satisfying, empowered lives.
It is my passion to share in the process of another's life journey, and I consider it a great honor to be present for the healing and growth that therapy can bring. I work with individuals and couples on myriad issues, ranging from anxiety, depression, self-esteem, trauma, and relationship difficulties, to working toward personal growth, self-exploration, and healthy relationship development. I am particularly interested in helping women find their voices and personal power, and encouraging them to live more satisfying, empowered lives.
(253) 242-6886 View (253) 242-6886
Photo of Quyen B. Nguyen, Psychologist in Tacoma, WA
Quyen B. Nguyen
Psychologist, PhD, MPH
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Tacoma, WA 98409
Not accepting new clients
Does any of this sound / look / feel like you? Maybe you're feeling down, overwhelmed, anxious, panicky, or stressed. Or dealing with a chronic health condition like irritable bowel syndrome, other GI issues, or fibromyalgia. Or struggling to get rid of obsessions or compulsions. Or picking skin or pulling hair. Plus we live in tough, uncertain times with the (post-)pandemic, -isms, and so on. You want to be seen, to be heard, to be accepted, to be helped. We can talk story. We can build on your strengths.
Does any of this sound / look / feel like you? Maybe you're feeling down, overwhelmed, anxious, panicky, or stressed. Or dealing with a chronic health condition like irritable bowel syndrome, other GI issues, or fibromyalgia. Or struggling to get rid of obsessions or compulsions. Or picking skin or pulling hair. Plus we live in tough, uncertain times with the (post-)pandemic, -isms, and so on. You want to be seen, to be heard, to be accepted, to be helped. We can talk story. We can build on your strengths.
(253) 289-6067 View (253) 289-6067
Photo of Bethany Lynn Davis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tacoma, WA
Bethany Lynn Davis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Tacoma, WA 98402  (Online Only)
I work with individuals that experience anxiety, depression and codependency. You may be experiencing struggles in relationships with others or yourself. You may feel like life is chaotic and you are not sure why certain feelings are coming to the surface as they are. It is my sincere desire for you to cultivate and maintain healthy relationships and experience calm within yourself and with others. I use Inner Child Work, Somatic Therapy and CBT to explore unhelpful thought patterns/behaviors and equip you with the skills to manage uncomfortable emotions.
I work with individuals that experience anxiety, depression and codependency. You may be experiencing struggles in relationships with others or yourself. You may feel like life is chaotic and you are not sure why certain feelings are coming to the surface as they are. It is my sincere desire for you to cultivate and maintain healthy relationships and experience calm within yourself and with others. I use Inner Child Work, Somatic Therapy and CBT to explore unhelpful thought patterns/behaviors and equip you with the skills to manage uncomfortable emotions.
(253) 367-3289 View (253) 367-3289
Photo of Ian Callahan, Counselor in Tacoma, WA
Ian Callahan
Counselor
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tacoma, WA 98402  (Online Only)
It’s a pleasure to meet you. I am a licensed mental health counselor in Washington State with over 25 years of experience in the behavioral health field. Change is difficult, change is scary, change is not undertaken lightly, but change is necessary, and it can be achieved. Therapy and counseling are an individualized process, and it is my responsibility to create an individualized approach that values the uniqueness of who you are. Working together we will create a safe, supportive, and non-judgmental environment for you to talk about that change and what that looks like for you.
It’s a pleasure to meet you. I am a licensed mental health counselor in Washington State with over 25 years of experience in the behavioral health field. Change is difficult, change is scary, change is not undertaken lightly, but change is necessary, and it can be achieved. Therapy and counseling are an individualized process, and it is my responsibility to create an individualized approach that values the uniqueness of who you are. Working together we will create a safe, supportive, and non-judgmental environment for you to talk about that change and what that looks like for you.
(360) 295-9132 x1 View (360) 295-9132 x1
Photo of Jenifer Nazarowski, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tacoma, WA
Jenifer Nazarowski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, CMC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Tacoma, WA 98444  (Online Only)
I take a ‘client-centered’ approach to therapy and believe therapy is a partnership between the client and the therapist. I take the time to build a trusting, mutually-respectful client/therapist relationship. I provide guidance and support for clients to reach their full potential and make their own choices based on what is best for them. I strive to honor God in all that I do, which includes helping his children along life’s journey. I incorporate spiritual themes, tailored to the client’s personal belief system.
I take a ‘client-centered’ approach to therapy and believe therapy is a partnership between the client and the therapist. I take the time to build a trusting, mutually-respectful client/therapist relationship. I provide guidance and support for clients to reach their full potential and make their own choices based on what is best for them. I strive to honor God in all that I do, which includes helping his children along life’s journey. I incorporate spiritual themes, tailored to the client’s personal belief system.
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Photo of Shenika Williams- Integrated Family Medicine in Tacoma, WA
Shenika Williams- Integrated Family Medicine
MSN, ARNP, FNP-C
Verified Verified
Tacoma, WA 98408
I am a medication prescriber & Ketamine treatment Provider. Exceptional care is provided to clients struggling with Depression, Anxiety, ADHD, Eating Disorders, Mood Disorder, PTSD and Schizophrenia - their mental health, in need of a listening, non judgmental, empathetic, compassionate, supportive prescribing provider with whom they can build a lasting rapport with and who helps them achieve positive life experiences and outcomes. I offer Ketamine Therapy, management of chronic psychiatric and medically complex conditions with and without the utilization of medication.
I am a medication prescriber & Ketamine treatment Provider. Exceptional care is provided to clients struggling with Depression, Anxiety, ADHD, Eating Disorders, Mood Disorder, PTSD and Schizophrenia - their mental health, in need of a listening, non judgmental, empathetic, compassionate, supportive prescribing provider with whom they can build a lasting rapport with and who helps them achieve positive life experiences and outcomes. I offer Ketamine Therapy, management of chronic psychiatric and medically complex conditions with and without the utilization of medication.
(253) 559-1880 View (253) 559-1880
Photo of Heart to Heart Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tacoma, WA
Heart to Heart Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, MSW, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Tacoma, WA 98403
I believe that each person holds a unique essence and recipe for happiness within. Feeling confused about the direction of your life, "stuck" in the same patterns, same "mistakes" even though you "know better"? You are not alone. It happens because we can't just think our way out of patterns, blocks, and imprints of trauma. My clients report significant, tangible improvements in the quality of their lives and relationships. While the time it takes for changes to take hold varies, all clients report feeling better after the very first session. Sessions are non-intimidating, compassionate, supportive, and inspiring.
I believe that each person holds a unique essence and recipe for happiness within. Feeling confused about the direction of your life, "stuck" in the same patterns, same "mistakes" even though you "know better"? You are not alone. It happens because we can't just think our way out of patterns, blocks, and imprints of trauma. My clients report significant, tangible improvements in the quality of their lives and relationships. While the time it takes for changes to take hold varies, all clients report feeling better after the very first session. Sessions are non-intimidating, compassionate, supportive, and inspiring.
(206) 504-3044 View (206) 504-3044
Photo of Baobab Psychology LLC, Psychologist in Tacoma, WA
Baobab Psychology LLC
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Tacoma, WA 98409
Currently accepting new clients - Hello! If you have found yourself here it is likely you have set an intention of working psychologically to reduce distress, consider your traumatic experiences and/or understand yourself better. I believe that there's often a number of factors that contribute to people struggling with mental health. The things we experience shape us all, in many ways, affecting how we feel, the things we do, and/or our relationships with others. As such, I view mental wellbeing as something we all need to take the time to invest in, although this is not always easy!
Currently accepting new clients - Hello! If you have found yourself here it is likely you have set an intention of working psychologically to reduce distress, consider your traumatic experiences and/or understand yourself better. I believe that there's often a number of factors that contribute to people struggling with mental health. The things we experience shape us all, in many ways, affecting how we feel, the things we do, and/or our relationships with others. As such, I view mental wellbeing as something we all need to take the time to invest in, although this is not always easy!
(360) 641-7154 View (360) 641-7154
Photo of Elizabeth Marshall, Counselor in Tacoma, WA
Elizabeth Marshall
Counselor, BSW, MFT, LMHC, EMDR
Verified Verified
Tacoma, WA 98407  (Online Only)
It takes courage to ask for help. Do you struggle with anxiety, depression, loneliness, cPTSD, or trauma? Are you at a crossroads in life or feeling stuck? I specialize in helping people through these times to transitions to lead fulfilling lives. My approach is person centered and tailored to your unique needs and goals. Together, we will work to identify root causes and core beliefs. I'm skilled in EMDR, Brainspotting, DBT, TF-CBT, family systems, and Inner child work. I will teach you skills to decrease and overcome these symptoms. Together, we will increase emotional regulation and feelings of safety. Teens and parents love me!
It takes courage to ask for help. Do you struggle with anxiety, depression, loneliness, cPTSD, or trauma? Are you at a crossroads in life or feeling stuck? I specialize in helping people through these times to transitions to lead fulfilling lives. My approach is person centered and tailored to your unique needs and goals. Together, we will work to identify root causes and core beliefs. I'm skilled in EMDR, Brainspotting, DBT, TF-CBT, family systems, and Inner child work. I will teach you skills to decrease and overcome these symptoms. Together, we will increase emotional regulation and feelings of safety. Teens and parents love me!
(253) 262-0294 View (253) 262-0294
Photo of Courtney Putnam, Counselor in Tacoma, WA
Courtney Putnam
Counselor, MA, MFA, LMHCA, LMT, RM
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Tacoma, WA 98406
4/19/24 Accepting NEW clients! I support clients in managing the stressors in their lives, getting unstuck, expressing themselves, and deepening their relationships with themselves and others. I work with adults (18+) from all walks of life who may be struggling with self-esteem, identity, anxiety, depression, grief/loss, life transitions, chronic pain/illness, college stress, burnout, past trauma, and more. I am also an LGBTQ+ affirming therapist and offer gender-affirming care. I hold an inclusive and anti-oppressive lens and invite clients’ intersecting cultural identities to be acknowledged, respected, and celebrated.
4/19/24 Accepting NEW clients! I support clients in managing the stressors in their lives, getting unstuck, expressing themselves, and deepening their relationships with themselves and others. I work with adults (18+) from all walks of life who may be struggling with self-esteem, identity, anxiety, depression, grief/loss, life transitions, chronic pain/illness, college stress, burnout, past trauma, and more. I am also an LGBTQ+ affirming therapist and offer gender-affirming care. I hold an inclusive and anti-oppressive lens and invite clients’ intersecting cultural identities to be acknowledged, respected, and celebrated.
(253) 243-8345 View (253) 243-8345
Photo of Kelly Peck, Counselor in Tacoma, WA
Kelly Peck
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Tacoma, WA 98402
Everyone goes through challenging situations in life, and while you may have successfully navigated through other difficulties you've faced, there's nothing wrong with seeking out extra support when you need it. I believe that children, adolescents, adults, couples and families can and deserve symptom relief, peace, harmony and greater satisfaction in their personal life, marriage, job, school, and interpersonal relationships. I provide a safe, warm and confidential therapeutic environment to achieve these goals with you.
Everyone goes through challenging situations in life, and while you may have successfully navigated through other difficulties you've faced, there's nothing wrong with seeking out extra support when you need it. I believe that children, adolescents, adults, couples and families can and deserve symptom relief, peace, harmony and greater satisfaction in their personal life, marriage, job, school, and interpersonal relationships. I provide a safe, warm and confidential therapeutic environment to achieve these goals with you.
(253) 292-5139 View (253) 292-5139
Photo of Leslie Hendrix, Counselor in Tacoma, WA
Leslie Hendrix
Counselor, LMHCA
Verified Verified
Tacoma, WA 98409
Leslie Hendrix is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor Associate in Washington who has been practicing since 2023. Leslie provides bilingual sessions available in conversational Spanish. She is able to offer a multi-cultural lens to sessions. Outside of work, Leslie enjoys reading, crafting, and spending time with her four dogs and young son.
Leslie Hendrix is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor Associate in Washington who has been practicing since 2023. Leslie provides bilingual sessions available in conversational Spanish. She is able to offer a multi-cultural lens to sessions. Outside of work, Leslie enjoys reading, crafting, and spending time with her four dogs and young son.
(253) 553-2822 View (253) 553-2822
Photo of Brittany Ellmer, Counselor in Tacoma, WA
Brittany Ellmer
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Tacoma, WA 98402  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Have you had experiences that have changed you? Are you wondering how you can heal? Let’s work together to find meaning in your suffering and heal the broken spaces within you. My aim is not to put a bandaid over your wound, let's get down to the roots. This enables us to really heal the wound, though you will be left with a scar. We'll explore the origin of your pain, see how this impacts you currently, and help you better understand your body’s response to adversity. We can also work to resolve common symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress that are so prevalent among us.
Have you had experiences that have changed you? Are you wondering how you can heal? Let’s work together to find meaning in your suffering and heal the broken spaces within you. My aim is not to put a bandaid over your wound, let's get down to the roots. This enables us to really heal the wound, though you will be left with a scar. We'll explore the origin of your pain, see how this impacts you currently, and help you better understand your body’s response to adversity. We can also work to resolve common symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress that are so prevalent among us.
(253) 262-0612 View (253) 262-0612
Photo of David Hodel, Counselor in Tacoma, WA
David Hodel
Counselor, MA, LMHC, EMDR
Verified Verified
Tacoma, WA 98402
My goal is to help each of my clients experience self-acceptance, growth and healing in their particular context. I specialize in treating relationships and communication issues, anxiety, depression, grief, and emotional trauma, but welcome other areas of focus as well. My clients can expect to find a safe, judgement-free atmosphere where we can journey together toward lasting solutions. I take cues from my clients to determine how quickly we move forward and in which manner. Together, we can better understand the internal structures driving behavior, and chart a course toward growth and health.
My goal is to help each of my clients experience self-acceptance, growth and healing in their particular context. I specialize in treating relationships and communication issues, anxiety, depression, grief, and emotional trauma, but welcome other areas of focus as well. My clients can expect to find a safe, judgement-free atmosphere where we can journey together toward lasting solutions. I take cues from my clients to determine how quickly we move forward and in which manner. Together, we can better understand the internal structures driving behavior, and chart a course toward growth and health.
(253) 523-2774 View (253) 523-2774

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Tacoma, WA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Tacoma, WA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
76% Trauma and PTSD
75% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
70% Stress
67% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Premera
66% Regence
61% Aetna

How Therapists in Tacoma, WA see their clients

50% In Person and Online
50% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
21% Male
4% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Tacoma?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.