Therapists in Toms River, NJ

Photo of Danielle Rees, Licensed Professional Counselor in Toms River, NJ
Danielle Rees
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Toms River, NJ 08753
I'm Danielle Rees, a Licensed Professional Counselor with nine years of experience. My journey includes providing therapy across outpatient, school, and hospital settings, catering to clients of all ages. Let's collaborate to establish a secure environment for your growth. Whether you're grappling with anxiety, depression, or challenges in managing stress, I'm here to impart techniques that can assist you. I believe in integrating mindfulness, yoga, art, and evidence-based interventions to aid you in managing your symptoms effectively.
I'm Danielle Rees, a Licensed Professional Counselor with nine years of experience. My journey includes providing therapy across outpatient, school, and hospital settings, catering to clients of all ages. Let's collaborate to establish a secure environment for your growth. Whether you're grappling with anxiety, depression, or challenges in managing stress, I'm here to impart techniques that can assist you. I believe in integrating mindfulness, yoga, art, and evidence-based interventions to aid you in managing your symptoms effectively.
(848) 301-1495 View (848) 301-1495
Photo of Elisabeth Kvalo-Savino, Licensed Professional Counselor in Toms River, NJ
Elisabeth Kvalo-Savino
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, ACS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toms River, NJ 08753
I am a licensed professional counselor with over 30 years of experience working with children, adolescents, individuals and families . I am very passionate about helping others. I provide a warm, empathetic, non-judgmental environment where a trusting relationship is built so we can begin to do the work to help bring about positive change in your life. I use a multi-modal approach, taking each client's individual needs into consideration.
I am a licensed professional counselor with over 30 years of experience working with children, adolescents, individuals and families . I am very passionate about helping others. I provide a warm, empathetic, non-judgmental environment where a trusting relationship is built so we can begin to do the work to help bring about positive change in your life. I use a multi-modal approach, taking each client's individual needs into consideration.
(732) 783-5106 View (732) 783-5106
Photo of Judy Derosena, Counselor in Toms River, NJ
Judy Derosena
Counselor, LAC
Verified Verified
Toms River, NJ 08755  (Online Only)
My name is Judy Derosena and I am a Licensed Associate Counselor (LAC) in New Jersey, a National Certified Counselor (NCC) and a Certified School Counselor. I obtained my bachelor’s degree with a dual major in Political Science and Sociology from William Paterson University. Thereafter, I went on to earn my master’s degree in Professional Counseling at William Paterson University. I have significant experience working with adults, young adults and adolescents experiencing a range of problems from anxiety to depression; OCD, trauma related stress, couples counseling and I also provide crisis-centered counseling.
My name is Judy Derosena and I am a Licensed Associate Counselor (LAC) in New Jersey, a National Certified Counselor (NCC) and a Certified School Counselor. I obtained my bachelor’s degree with a dual major in Political Science and Sociology from William Paterson University. Thereafter, I went on to earn my master’s degree in Professional Counseling at William Paterson University. I have significant experience working with adults, young adults and adolescents experiencing a range of problems from anxiety to depression; OCD, trauma related stress, couples counseling and I also provide crisis-centered counseling.
(732) 889-5730 View (732) 889-5730
Photo of Michelle Bonilla, Licensed Professional Counselor in Toms River, NJ
Michelle Bonilla
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Toms River, NJ 08753
Hello, I'm Michelle Bonilla, a licensed professional counselor with extensive experience across various clinical settings, including inpatient detoxification units and outpatient substance use disorder treatment programs. Are you constantly overwhelmed by anxiety and worry, despite your efforts to manage them? Does your depression leave you feeling stagnant, unsatisfied, and discontented? Perhaps you're weary of incessant overthinking or the weight of numerous responsibilities. Maybe you're frustrated with feelings of isolation or a lack of motivation. It's possible you can't recall a time when things weren't this challenging.
Hello, I'm Michelle Bonilla, a licensed professional counselor with extensive experience across various clinical settings, including inpatient detoxification units and outpatient substance use disorder treatment programs. Are you constantly overwhelmed by anxiety and worry, despite your efforts to manage them? Does your depression leave you feeling stagnant, unsatisfied, and discontented? Perhaps you're weary of incessant overthinking or the weight of numerous responsibilities. Maybe you're frustrated with feelings of isolation or a lack of motivation. It's possible you can't recall a time when things weren't this challenging.
(848) 253-6493 x1 View (848) 253-6493 x1
Photo of Hypnosis for Women in Toms River, NJ
Hypnosis for Women
CH, ACH
Verified Verified
Toms River, NJ 08753
Nationally Certified HypnoCounselor with 19+ years' experience empowering adults, teens, and children to eliminate negative habits, release fear, reduce stress and build confidence, through professional hypnosis and coaching. Overcome challenges and improve your life by tapping into the power of your subconscious mind. Using hypnosis / coaching techniques, reinforcement recordings, and self-hypnosis, most motivated clients see progress in a few sessions. This approach is different than psychotherapy. In-person sessions are held in my Toms River office. Remote sessions are available when appropriate.
Nationally Certified HypnoCounselor with 19+ years' experience empowering adults, teens, and children to eliminate negative habits, release fear, reduce stress and build confidence, through professional hypnosis and coaching. Overcome challenges and improve your life by tapping into the power of your subconscious mind. Using hypnosis / coaching techniques, reinforcement recordings, and self-hypnosis, most motivated clients see progress in a few sessions. This approach is different than psychotherapy. In-person sessions are held in my Toms River office. Remote sessions are available when appropriate.
(848) 251-0779 View (848) 251-0779
Photo of Angela Del Russo, Counselor in Toms River, NJ
Angela Del Russo
Counselor, MA, LPC, CCTP
Verified Verified
Toms River, NJ 08753
In my practice I take a collaborative approach with adult clients. Together we seek balance, change and acceptance. These factors contribute to achievement of pleasure and fulfillment in life and relationships. My strength is that I incorporate the theory of cognitive therapy with the concept that past experiences and interactions have an influence on current beliefs and behavioral patterns. Through this approach, I am able to come to a more complete conceptualization and establish trust and rapport with my clients which enables them to engage in the therapeutic process more fully.
In my practice I take a collaborative approach with adult clients. Together we seek balance, change and acceptance. These factors contribute to achievement of pleasure and fulfillment in life and relationships. My strength is that I incorporate the theory of cognitive therapy with the concept that past experiences and interactions have an influence on current beliefs and behavioral patterns. Through this approach, I am able to come to a more complete conceptualization and establish trust and rapport with my clients which enables them to engage in the therapeutic process more fully.
(908) 349-0997 View (908) 349-0997
Photo of Eileen M Keegan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Toms River, NJ
Eileen M Keegan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Toms River, NJ 08753
Has life thrown you a curve ball?! Each new day can bring change or challenges that we may not always feel prepared to deal with. Please allow me to use my 20 + years of experience to assist you and/ or your family! I am a licensed clinical social worker with specialization working with children and families. I provide individual, family and group counseling for those persons experiencing mental health diagnosis(anxiety, depression, trauma, ADHD), separation, divorce, parenting, behavioral, school and work related issues. I utilize a multi-modal treatment approach designed specifically to meet your unique situation and needs.
Has life thrown you a curve ball?! Each new day can bring change or challenges that we may not always feel prepared to deal with. Please allow me to use my 20 + years of experience to assist you and/ or your family! I am a licensed clinical social worker with specialization working with children and families. I provide individual, family and group counseling for those persons experiencing mental health diagnosis(anxiety, depression, trauma, ADHD), separation, divorce, parenting, behavioral, school and work related issues. I utilize a multi-modal treatment approach designed specifically to meet your unique situation and needs.
(732) 587-6721 View (732) 587-6721
Edward V MacNish
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toms River, NJ 08755  (Online Only)
I am a licensed professional counselor since 2008 and working in the field since 1996. My ideal client ranges from adolescence through adulthood.
I am a licensed professional counselor since 2008 and working in the field since 1996. My ideal client ranges from adolescence through adulthood.
(908) 224-6975 View (908) 224-6975
Photo of Donna Francese, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Toms River, NJ
Donna Francese
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LCADC, CCS, CCTP
Verified Verified
Toms River, NJ 08756
Not accepting new clients
I provide individual therapy for both adults and teens across the spectrum of addiction including co-occurring health issues. I specialize in helping those who struggle with addiction that impact important areas in their personal lives.
I provide individual therapy for both adults and teens across the spectrum of addiction including co-occurring health issues. I specialize in helping those who struggle with addiction that impact important areas in their personal lives.
(732) 481-2605 View (732) 481-2605
Photo of Jill Powell, Licensed Professional Counselor in Toms River, NJ
Jill Powell
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Toms River, NJ 08753
I'm Jill, a licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with over a decade of experience in mental health. My mission is to empower adults at every stage of life, guiding them to unlock their strengths and live to their fullest potential. Clients often find solace in my calming demeanor, which fosters an immediate sense of ease. I specialize in assisting individuals dealing with mood disorders, anxiety, grief and loss, life transitions, chronic health issues, relationship challenges, and more.
I'm Jill, a licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with over a decade of experience in mental health. My mission is to empower adults at every stage of life, guiding them to unlock their strengths and live to their fullest potential. Clients often find solace in my calming demeanor, which fosters an immediate sense of ease. I specialize in assisting individuals dealing with mood disorders, anxiety, grief and loss, life transitions, chronic health issues, relationship challenges, and more.
(848) 301-1452 View (848) 301-1452
Photo of Melissa B. Citron, Licensed Professional Counselor in Toms River, NJ
Melissa B. Citron
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMHC
Verified Verified
Toms River, NJ 08754  (Online Only)
During these unusual times, are you feeling lost, stuck, confused? Do you feel you are not living out the most authentic and genuine version of yourself? Wellness is a balance of nurturing the mind, body and soul. We all deserve to live a meaningful, balanced and happy life.
During these unusual times, are you feeling lost, stuck, confused? Do you feel you are not living out the most authentic and genuine version of yourself? Wellness is a balance of nurturing the mind, body and soul. We all deserve to live a meaningful, balanced and happy life.
(609) 293-3103 View (609) 293-3103
Photo of Richard Joffe, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Toms River, NJ
Richard Joffe
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toms River, NJ 08755  (Online Only)
I am excited to speak with you because my passion is helping others. I have helped adolescents and adults overcome a variety of issues such as Anxiety, Depression, Addiction, Relationship Difficulties, Trauma, OCD, PTSD, ADHD, Anger and a lot more... I would be happy to aid you or your loved one in taking the first step towards mental wellness. Please call or email me and leave a message with the general issues you are facing and what insurance you have. I will get back to you as soon as possible. Let's do this together!
I am excited to speak with you because my passion is helping others. I have helped adolescents and adults overcome a variety of issues such as Anxiety, Depression, Addiction, Relationship Difficulties, Trauma, OCD, PTSD, ADHD, Anger and a lot more... I would be happy to aid you or your loved one in taking the first step towards mental wellness. Please call or email me and leave a message with the general issues you are facing and what insurance you have. I will get back to you as soon as possible. Let's do this together!
(848) 257-5188 View (848) 257-5188
Photo of Sand Path Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Toms River, NJ
Sand Path Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Toms River, NJ 08753  (Online Only)
I believe knowledge of our nervous systems with its attachment and stress response functions is important. The relationship we form in therapy can help you to move toward relief, understanding and the change you are hoping for. Knowledge of the nervous system also informs how we will specifically work to heal difficult or even traumatic experiences. We will build awareness, gain skills and ultimately heal mind and body. We will work on past traumas and difficulties, leaning on strengths and natural resilience, creating personalized solutions to develop gifts, find meaning and live according to your values.
I believe knowledge of our nervous systems with its attachment and stress response functions is important. The relationship we form in therapy can help you to move toward relief, understanding and the change you are hoping for. Knowledge of the nervous system also informs how we will specifically work to heal difficult or even traumatic experiences. We will build awareness, gain skills and ultimately heal mind and body. We will work on past traumas and difficulties, leaning on strengths and natural resilience, creating personalized solutions to develop gifts, find meaning and live according to your values.
(848) 257-5222 View (848) 257-5222
Photo of Maria Elana Cardillo, Licensed Professional Counselor in Toms River, NJ
Maria Elana Cardillo
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Toms River, NJ 08753
I'm Maria Cardillo, a Licensed Professional Counselor with extensive experience in clinical psychology. Whether you're navigating significant life transitions like shifts in relationships or careers, managing chronic illness, or grappling with recurring cycles of anxiety and depression, I'm here to offer assistance. Together, we'll collaborate on strategies tailored to help you effectively manage your emotions. I'm thrilled that you've embarked on this journey towards your wellness goals, and I'm committed to providing unwavering support and empowerment every step of the way. I eagerly anticipate the opportunity to work with you.
I'm Maria Cardillo, a Licensed Professional Counselor with extensive experience in clinical psychology. Whether you're navigating significant life transitions like shifts in relationships or careers, managing chronic illness, or grappling with recurring cycles of anxiety and depression, I'm here to offer assistance. Together, we'll collaborate on strategies tailored to help you effectively manage your emotions. I'm thrilled that you've embarked on this journey towards your wellness goals, and I'm committed to providing unwavering support and empowerment every step of the way. I eagerly anticipate the opportunity to work with you.
(848) 420-8059 View (848) 420-8059
Photo of Lindsay Dunnells, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Toms River, NJ
Lindsay Dunnells
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCADC
Verified Verified
Toms River, NJ 08753  (Online Only)
Lindsay Dunnells is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Licensed Clinical Alcohol and Drug Counselor (LCSW, LCADC) who has worked in the behavioral health field with a focus on substance use disorders, anger and stress management, anxiety and depression, and healthy relationships since graduating from Columbia University School of Social Work in 2007.
Lindsay Dunnells is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Licensed Clinical Alcohol and Drug Counselor (LCSW, LCADC) who has worked in the behavioral health field with a focus on substance use disorders, anger and stress management, anxiety and depression, and healthy relationships since graduating from Columbia University School of Social Work in 2007.
(848) 206-6790 View (848) 206-6790
Photo of Natalie Germoso Powell, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Toms River, NJ
Natalie Germoso Powell
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, LAMFT, NCC
Verified Verified
Toms River, NJ 08753  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Maintaining healthy relationships and boundaries can often be complicated. While we can't change difficult situations my goal is to help you navigate life's challenges in order to achieve and maintain healthy and balanced outcomes. As a therapist with over 11 years of real world experience I have gained valuable knowledge in working with both individuals and couples from a variety of backgrounds and different walks of life. I am familiar with concerns that commonly impact women including body issues, anxiety, depression, domestic violence, as well as post-partum, and low self-esteem.
Maintaining healthy relationships and boundaries can often be complicated. While we can't change difficult situations my goal is to help you navigate life's challenges in order to achieve and maintain healthy and balanced outcomes. As a therapist with over 11 years of real world experience I have gained valuable knowledge in working with both individuals and couples from a variety of backgrounds and different walks of life. I am familiar with concerns that commonly impact women including body issues, anxiety, depression, domestic violence, as well as post-partum, and low self-esteem.
(848) 256-0893 View (848) 256-0893
Photo of Lyn Deluca, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Toms River, NJ
Lyn Deluca
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Toms River, NJ 08753
I'm Lyn, and for the last two decades, I've immersed myself in clinical social work, licensed in both New York and New Jersey. My journey is deeply tied to a turbulent family background, spurring a quest for personal development and a more hopeful tomorrow. Experiencing my own journey of healing, I gained profound insight into the vital importance of mental health care. Despite starting out on a path in education, I found myself captivated by the complexities of human psychosocial and emotional health. This epiphany led me to redirect my academic pursuits toward the field of social work.
I'm Lyn, and for the last two decades, I've immersed myself in clinical social work, licensed in both New York and New Jersey. My journey is deeply tied to a turbulent family background, spurring a quest for personal development and a more hopeful tomorrow. Experiencing my own journey of healing, I gained profound insight into the vital importance of mental health care. Despite starting out on a path in education, I found myself captivated by the complexities of human psychosocial and emotional health. This epiphany led me to redirect my academic pursuits toward the field of social work.
(848) 266-6142 View (848) 266-6142
Photo of Katherine Tommaso, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Toms River, NJ
Katherine Tommaso
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCADC
Verified Verified
Toms River, NJ 08753
I'm Katie Tommaso, LCSW, LCADC, CCS, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a wealth of experience in clinical settings, serving diverse populations. My mission is to assist individuals in overcoming life's obstacles and navigating its unpredictable twists and turns with empathy and understanding. I firmly believe that everyone possesses the potential to thrive mentally, physically, and spiritually. By emphasizing a Wellness Model and embracing a holistic approach, I empower individuals to pursue their goals with renewed motivation.
I'm Katie Tommaso, LCSW, LCADC, CCS, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a wealth of experience in clinical settings, serving diverse populations. My mission is to assist individuals in overcoming life's obstacles and navigating its unpredictable twists and turns with empathy and understanding. I firmly believe that everyone possesses the potential to thrive mentally, physically, and spiritually. By emphasizing a Wellness Model and embracing a holistic approach, I empower individuals to pursue their goals with renewed motivation.
(848) 301-1490 View (848) 301-1490
Photo of Gerri Dierking, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Toms River, NJ
Gerri Dierking
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toms River, NJ 08753
Not accepting new clients
I have devoted my practice to helping teens, college students, and adults create more satisfying, productive, and peaceful lives. I am compassionate and an empathetic listener, striving to create an environment in which my clients feel safe and empowered to learn about themselves, grow and make positive life changes. I believe in providing feedback, support, and teaching my clients valuable CBT based skills. I specialize in working with individuals suffering with depression, anxiety, poor self esteem, adjustment disorders, relationship issues, life changes, grief and loss.
I have devoted my practice to helping teens, college students, and adults create more satisfying, productive, and peaceful lives. I am compassionate and an empathetic listener, striving to create an environment in which my clients feel safe and empowered to learn about themselves, grow and make positive life changes. I believe in providing feedback, support, and teaching my clients valuable CBT based skills. I specialize in working with individuals suffering with depression, anxiety, poor self esteem, adjustment disorders, relationship issues, life changes, grief and loss.
(848) 224-6253 View (848) 224-6253
Photo of Rachel Quiles, Counselor in Toms River, NJ
Rachel Quiles
Counselor, MS, LAC
Verified Verified
Toms River, NJ 08753
I am a bilingual Licensed Associate Counselor (LAC) and I have earned my bachelor’s degree in psychology from Kean University and master’s degree in counseling psychology from Monmouth University. I have worked diligently for over 25 years to empower those less fortunate struggling to overcome life challenges in community and clinical settings. I dedicated my focus to the welfare of women who strive for a safe environment and independence.
I am a bilingual Licensed Associate Counselor (LAC) and I have earned my bachelor’s degree in psychology from Kean University and master’s degree in counseling psychology from Monmouth University. I have worked diligently for over 25 years to empower those less fortunate struggling to overcome life challenges in community and clinical settings. I dedicated my focus to the welfare of women who strive for a safe environment and independence.
(732) 858-0097 View (732) 858-0097

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Toms River, NJ

300+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Toms River, NJ who prioritize treating:

96% Anxiety
90% Depression
83% Self Esteem
78% Coping Skills
77% Relationship Issues
76% Stress
68% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

84% Aetna
76% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
73% Horizon Blue Cross and Blue Shield

How Therapists in Toms River, NJ see their clients

73% In Person and Online
27% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Toms River?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.