Therapists in New York, NY

View neighborhoods in New York
Photo of Jennifer Collins, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Jennifer Collins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10005  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with Avena Psychological Services in New York. I received my undergraduate degree from Hofstra University in 1996 and my Masters in Social Work from Adelphi University in 2004. I specialize in working with clients experiencing anxiety, depression, relationship issues, self-esteem, trauma, stress management, and grief and loss. I have found that my holistic, strengths-based approach is a good fit for adolescents, adults and couples who may be experiencing life transitions, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, relationship challenges, grief/loss, and trauma.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with Avena Psychological Services in New York. I received my undergraduate degree from Hofstra University in 1996 and my Masters in Social Work from Adelphi University in 2004. I specialize in working with clients experiencing anxiety, depression, relationship issues, self-esteem, trauma, stress management, and grief and loss. I have found that my holistic, strengths-based approach is a good fit for adolescents, adults and couples who may be experiencing life transitions, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, relationship challenges, grief/loss, and trauma.
(929) 930-5034 View (929) 930-5034
Photo of Life Skills Management Services, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Life Skills Management Services, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MBA, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016
We are licensed in Oregon, Maine, Minnesota, Florida, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey and Colorado. We currently offer telehealth and virtual therapeutic services. We work with individuals with a wide range of concerns including depression, mood disorders, family relations issues, substance use disorders, and co-occurring disorders. We combine different therapeutic approaches based on client's presenting concerns, goals, and motivation, such as, cognitive-behavioral, brief therapy, mindfulness, client-centered, solution-focused therapy.
We are licensed in Oregon, Maine, Minnesota, Florida, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey and Colorado. We currently offer telehealth and virtual therapeutic services. We work with individuals with a wide range of concerns including depression, mood disorders, family relations issues, substance use disorders, and co-occurring disorders. We combine different therapeutic approaches based on client's presenting concerns, goals, and motivation, such as, cognitive-behavioral, brief therapy, mindfulness, client-centered, solution-focused therapy.
(833) 541-1453 View (833) 541-1453
Photo of Ifat Knaan-Kostman, Psychologist in New York, NY
Ifat Knaan-Kostman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10012
I believe that therapy can not only alleviate specific hardships or teach more compassionate self-care, but that therapy can be emotionally transformative. I practice this belief with rigor, I believe my role is to provide a supportive, yet challenging environment that fosters emotional well-being, new insights, and change. I am an active participant in the therapy session. Together we will be able to set therapeutic goals and follow a clear path to achieve them. I hold emotions and affect in the highest regard and pay particular attention to non-verbal communications.
I believe that therapy can not only alleviate specific hardships or teach more compassionate self-care, but that therapy can be emotionally transformative. I practice this belief with rigor, I believe my role is to provide a supportive, yet challenging environment that fosters emotional well-being, new insights, and change. I am an active participant in the therapy session. Together we will be able to set therapeutic goals and follow a clear path to achieve them. I hold emotions and affect in the highest regard and pay particular attention to non-verbal communications.
(917) 934-3977 View (917) 934-3977
Photo of David Young, Counselor in New York, NY
David Young
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10011
My approach to psychotherapy is to help my patients discover the meaning behind many of their current thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and how those experiences affect their daily lives. Psychotherapy offers a chance to explore your inner life, as well as the relationships and events that have affected you, so you can find new ways to make meaning in your life, deepens your self-awareness, free yourself from fixed patterns of relating, and experience emotional growth and lasting positive change that can lead to more authentic and fulfilling life..
My approach to psychotherapy is to help my patients discover the meaning behind many of their current thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and how those experiences affect their daily lives. Psychotherapy offers a chance to explore your inner life, as well as the relationships and events that have affected you, so you can find new ways to make meaning in your life, deepens your self-awareness, free yourself from fixed patterns of relating, and experience emotional growth and lasting positive change that can lead to more authentic and fulfilling life..
View
Photo of Lonette Belizaire, Psychologist in New York, NY
Lonette Belizaire
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10024  (Online Only)
I work with with adults and adolescents who struggle with anxiety, healthy boundaries, who are challenged with self-doubt and negative thinking, and who tend to worry and overthink. I specialize in mood regulation, mindful awareness, as well as, cross-cultural and and adjustment concerns. I work with diverse populations who represent a broad spectrum of presenting concerns. By increasing your insight, facilitating healthy communication and coping strategies, and strengthening relational skills, I will help you towards reaching your goals. We will work together to identify your goals.
I work with with adults and adolescents who struggle with anxiety, healthy boundaries, who are challenged with self-doubt and negative thinking, and who tend to worry and overthink. I specialize in mood regulation, mindful awareness, as well as, cross-cultural and and adjustment concerns. I work with diverse populations who represent a broad spectrum of presenting concerns. By increasing your insight, facilitating healthy communication and coping strategies, and strengthening relational skills, I will help you towards reaching your goals. We will work together to identify your goals.
(646) 627-7322 View (646) 627-7322
Photo of Rachel Forman, Psychologist in New York, NY
Rachel Forman
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
New York, NY 10003
I view therapy as a unique relationship through which patients are encouraged to reflect on their life experiences with the goal of establishing deeper and more authentic connectedness with themselves and others. I aim to assist my patients in achieving a sense of personal freedom and growth in their romantic life, friendships and careers by understanding the ways in which family dynamics and prior experiences have helped to shape who you are today.
I view therapy as a unique relationship through which patients are encouraged to reflect on their life experiences with the goal of establishing deeper and more authentic connectedness with themselves and others. I aim to assist my patients in achieving a sense of personal freedom and growth in their romantic life, friendships and careers by understanding the ways in which family dynamics and prior experiences have helped to shape who you are today.
(929) 416-2486 View (929) 416-2486
Photo of Nicole Iliev, Pre-Licensed Professional in New York, NY
Nicole Iliev
Pre-Licensed Professional, MHC-LP
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10018  (Online Only)
Are you struggling with stress related to work or relationships? Are decisions tough and transitions scary? Life is challenging for everyone at times. External and internal roadblocks can affect our actions. In our mind we can replay one event over a dozen times, that plan various outcomes to a single upcoming event, that compare our journey to others, that judge and criticize our thoughts, feelings and actions, that spiral to large (often painful) conclusions from seemingly small events.
Are you struggling with stress related to work or relationships? Are decisions tough and transitions scary? Life is challenging for everyone at times. External and internal roadblocks can affect our actions. In our mind we can replay one event over a dozen times, that plan various outcomes to a single upcoming event, that compare our journey to others, that judge and criticize our thoughts, feelings and actions, that spiral to large (often painful) conclusions from seemingly small events.
(516) 412-6480 View (516) 412-6480
Photo of Sandra Elizabeth Paucar, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Sandra Elizabeth Paucar
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EMDR, SIFI
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10013  (Online Only)
I am a native Spanish speaking EMDR psychotherapist with 18 years experience working with individuals, couples and families in New York City. I am passionate about the work that I do. I value inclusivity and diversity and I like to tailor treatment to meet the unique needs of each person. I assist people with gaining insight, reclaiming a sense of agency and empowerment, and navigating conflict in relationships. I have expertise in working with individuals who have experienced trauma.
I am a native Spanish speaking EMDR psychotherapist with 18 years experience working with individuals, couples and families in New York City. I am passionate about the work that I do. I value inclusivity and diversity and I like to tailor treatment to meet the unique needs of each person. I assist people with gaining insight, reclaiming a sense of agency and empowerment, and navigating conflict in relationships. I have expertise in working with individuals who have experienced trauma.
(646) 217-0064 View (646) 217-0064
Photo of Priscilla Chin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Priscilla Chin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
New York, NY 10282  (Online Only)
You’re realizing the past still hurts. Painful experiences in your childhood colored your inner world gray... Lingering wounds like childhood trauma, narcissistic parents, enmeshment in your family, and betrayal trauma impact how you see yourself and interact with others. You want to break free of old pain but don’t know where to start. You are not alone. Many high functioning adults deal with the hidden aftereffects of dysfunction in their family of origin. They inhabit roles of perfectionist, people-pleaser, or high achiever attempting to compensate for deeply internalized self-blame, shame, or inadequacy.
You’re realizing the past still hurts. Painful experiences in your childhood colored your inner world gray... Lingering wounds like childhood trauma, narcissistic parents, enmeshment in your family, and betrayal trauma impact how you see yourself and interact with others. You want to break free of old pain but don’t know where to start. You are not alone. Many high functioning adults deal with the hidden aftereffects of dysfunction in their family of origin. They inhabit roles of perfectionist, people-pleaser, or high achiever attempting to compensate for deeply internalized self-blame, shame, or inadequacy.
(347) 685-6663 View (347) 685-6663
Photo of Donna C. Poon, Counselor in New York, NY
Donna C. Poon
Counselor, EdM, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10013  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Donna Poon is a mental health counseling professional with several years of experience working with individuals to address issues related to culture, academic, family, relationship, career, and finance.
Donna Poon is a mental health counseling professional with several years of experience working with individuals to address issues related to culture, academic, family, relationship, career, and finance.
(718) 957-8285 View (718) 957-8285
Photo of Connections Counseling Psychotherapy PLLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Connections Counseling Psychotherapy PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, Ph D
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Connections Counseling Psychotherapy, LCSW, PLLC offers only virtual therapy, for individuals and couples, at this time. Our staff each has a unique approach to therapy, and all are caring and experienced. Ruth Campbell, LCSW, Ph.D., and Richard Coleman, LMSW are experienced in and passionate about couples' work and trauma. Tina Iler, LCSWR is taking no new clients at this time. She specializes in Motivational Interviewing practice; she also gives clinical supervision and trainings for therapists. Andrew Schaeffer, CSCS, LMHC intern, is running a coping group currently. More at www.connectionscounseling.org
Connections Counseling Psychotherapy, LCSW, PLLC offers only virtual therapy, for individuals and couples, at this time. Our staff each has a unique approach to therapy, and all are caring and experienced. Ruth Campbell, LCSW, Ph.D., and Richard Coleman, LMSW are experienced in and passionate about couples' work and trauma. Tina Iler, LCSWR is taking no new clients at this time. She specializes in Motivational Interviewing practice; she also gives clinical supervision and trainings for therapists. Andrew Schaeffer, CSCS, LMHC intern, is running a coping group currently. More at www.connectionscounseling.org
(845) 255-5022 View (845) 255-5022
Photo of Francesco Siciliano, Psychologist in New York, NY
Francesco Siciliano
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10018
I provide psychotherapy to older teens as well as adults of all ages who are experiencing emotional and relational difficulties, including: depression, anxiety, relationship issues, family conflict, and school or work-related difficulties. Whether you are feeling unhappy with your current situation, worried about the future, or seeking self-exploration, psychotherapy can provide healing and growth. We will work together to better understand your concerns, conflicts, aspirations, and what may be holding you back.
I provide psychotherapy to older teens as well as adults of all ages who are experiencing emotional and relational difficulties, including: depression, anxiety, relationship issues, family conflict, and school or work-related difficulties. Whether you are feeling unhappy with your current situation, worried about the future, or seeking self-exploration, psychotherapy can provide healing and growth. We will work together to better understand your concerns, conflicts, aspirations, and what may be holding you back.
(718) 412-8746 View (718) 412-8746
Photo of Joseph Barbera, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Joseph Barbera
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10010  (Online Only)
I have found that my top skill sets lie in working with children, teens, and adults within individual, group, and couples therapeutic settings. I help individuals who are struggling with anxiety, stress, LGBTQIA+ navigation, life transitions, and other obstacles in life we all face.
I have found that my top skill sets lie in working with children, teens, and adults within individual, group, and couples therapeutic settings. I help individuals who are struggling with anxiety, stress, LGBTQIA+ navigation, life transitions, and other obstacles in life we all face.
(332) 242-2426 View (332) 242-2426
Photo of Yoni Shedlo, Licensed Master Social Worker in New York, NY
Yoni Shedlo
Licensed Master Social Worker
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10013  (Online Only)
Therapy has the potential to be a transformative experience. I have found people realize the benefit of therapy when they learn how to communicate and advocate for themselves compassionately, practice setting better boundaries, love themselves and others more fully, start to listen to their feelings as teachers and compasses pointing to important lessons, and when they begin to trust themselves as they are, to live authentically and unapologetically. Therapy with me is informed by Social Justice, Allyship, Anti-Racism and is Affirming of all Identities, including, Neurodivergent, Sexual, and Gender.
Therapy has the potential to be a transformative experience. I have found people realize the benefit of therapy when they learn how to communicate and advocate for themselves compassionately, practice setting better boundaries, love themselves and others more fully, start to listen to their feelings as teachers and compasses pointing to important lessons, and when they begin to trust themselves as they are, to live authentically and unapologetically. Therapy with me is informed by Social Justice, Allyship, Anti-Racism and is Affirming of all Identities, including, Neurodivergent, Sexual, and Gender.
(646) 362-5339 View (646) 362-5339
Photo of Isak de Vries, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Isak de Vries
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MA, MDiv
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10038
Whether the collapse is "out there" or "in here," it often seems the world is collapsing. Many of us seek therapy because the sense of losing our mind, ourselves, our loved ones, or our livelihood is terrifying, and the real threats of psychic catastrophes are debilitating. Knowing what we want becomes increasingly difficult, and we struggle to take shape and hold on to ourselves in the presence of others. We fold up or fold in to protect ourselves and our relationships, but then aloneness, desperation, panic, and self-attack set in.
Whether the collapse is "out there" or "in here," it often seems the world is collapsing. Many of us seek therapy because the sense of losing our mind, ourselves, our loved ones, or our livelihood is terrifying, and the real threats of psychic catastrophes are debilitating. Knowing what we want becomes increasingly difficult, and we struggle to take shape and hold on to ourselves in the presence of others. We fold up or fold in to protect ourselves and our relationships, but then aloneness, desperation, panic, and self-attack set in.
(332) 249-8539 View (332) 249-8539
Photo of Citron Hennessey Therapy, Counselor in New York, NY
Citron Hennessey Therapy
Counselor, MA, MEd, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10016
Are you struggling with anxiety, panic, depression, loneliness, low self-esteem? Benet and his team can offer real help. Ben is an experienced clinician and partner at Citron Hennessey Therapy, a leading provider of evidenced based therapy. You will be provided with expert care in a supportive setting. Using established theory and extensive experience the practice uses proven methods to provide a results-oriented and compassionate treatment of your concerns.
Are you struggling with anxiety, panic, depression, loneliness, low self-esteem? Benet and his team can offer real help. Ben is an experienced clinician and partner at Citron Hennessey Therapy, a leading provider of evidenced based therapy. You will be provided with expert care in a supportive setting. Using established theory and extensive experience the practice uses proven methods to provide a results-oriented and compassionate treatment of your concerns.
(646) 681-5298 x1 View (646) 681-5298 x1
Photo of Hilary Maddux, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Hilary Maddux
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10025
My focus in working with patients is for them to feel deeply understood by me and to feel safe in exploring their issues, whatever they might be. This understanding is best accomplished, in my mind, through the use of empathy. What is it like for you to be you? For me, the relationship between patient and therapist must point in the direction of healing oneself and through oneself, others. I fundamentally believe, like others before me, that the patient is the one who guides the process. Similarly, it is the patient who is my best teacher.
My focus in working with patients is for them to feel deeply understood by me and to feel safe in exploring their issues, whatever they might be. This understanding is best accomplished, in my mind, through the use of empathy. What is it like for you to be you? For me, the relationship between patient and therapist must point in the direction of healing oneself and through oneself, others. I fundamentally believe, like others before me, that the patient is the one who guides the process. Similarly, it is the patient who is my best teacher.
(646) 679-5902 View (646) 679-5902
Photo of Dr. Elsa Lau, Psychologist in New York, NY
Dr. Elsa Lau
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10018  (Online Only)
Are you navigating life transitions (career, health, relational) and identity explorations (LGBTQ+, giftedness and neurodivergence, culture, creativity, activism)? Does anxiety influence your experience of intimacy, meaning, and vitality? Processing all of this in a safe space can reveal the powerful possibilities within new chapters of life.
Are you navigating life transitions (career, health, relational) and identity explorations (LGBTQ+, giftedness and neurodivergence, culture, creativity, activism)? Does anxiety influence your experience of intimacy, meaning, and vitality? Processing all of this in a safe space can reveal the powerful possibilities within new chapters of life.
(917) 267-8306 View (917) 267-8306
Photo of Jennifer Bleyer, Licensed Master Social Worker in New York, NY
Jennifer Bleyer
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10010
When the body is wounded, it shows a powerful and innate ability to heal itself. Likewise, the wounded psyche has a natural inclination toward healing if conditions are right. Therapy is the container made of these essential conditions—connection, compassion, presence and, above all, safety. In it, you can access your inner intelligence to bring about growth, transformation, courage, calm, and greater balance. I approach my clients as a partner in this process, believing in your core capacities and strengths as the foundation of healing.
When the body is wounded, it shows a powerful and innate ability to heal itself. Likewise, the wounded psyche has a natural inclination toward healing if conditions are right. Therapy is the container made of these essential conditions—connection, compassion, presence and, above all, safety. In it, you can access your inner intelligence to bring about growth, transformation, courage, calm, and greater balance. I approach my clients as a partner in this process, believing in your core capacities and strengths as the foundation of healing.
(332) 455-1788 View (332) 455-1788
Photo of Maria Cristina Cintron Laboy, Psychologist in New York, NY
Maria Cristina Cintron Laboy
Psychologist, PsyD, MS
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10032  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I am Dr. Maria Cristina Cintron Laboy, a bicultural and bilingual licensed clinical psychologist in the state of New York. I speak both English and Spanish fluently. I have over 17 years of graduate experience in psychotherapy, assessment, diagnosis and treatment of various mental health disorders. My areas of expertise include: anxiety, depression, mood disorders, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. I also have vast experience working with trauma. My approach to treatment is integrative, primarily utilizing cognitive behavioral therapy.
I am Dr. Maria Cristina Cintron Laboy, a bicultural and bilingual licensed clinical psychologist in the state of New York. I speak both English and Spanish fluently. I have over 17 years of graduate experience in psychotherapy, assessment, diagnosis and treatment of various mental health disorders. My areas of expertise include: anxiety, depression, mood disorders, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. I also have vast experience working with trauma. My approach to treatment is integrative, primarily utilizing cognitive behavioral therapy.
(929) 205-5669 View (929) 205-5669

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in New York, NY

3,000+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in New York, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress
63% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Aetna
62% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
60% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in New York, NY see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in New York?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.