Therapists in Colorado Springs, CO

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Photo of Erin Lair, Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Erin Lair
Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC, LSC
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80906
Life is full of change and transitions, which can effect our self worth, relationships, work/school, and every other aspect of life. As I have traveled my own path, I have experienced how unsettling these times can be. Having a safe place to share your struggles, to create a new path, and feel genuinely accepted is crucial, and that is why I have chosen to walk with you. I believe people generally want to feel connected, accepted and valued. As your therapist, I see myself as your teammate, and we will collaborate to get you to the place you want to be.
Life is full of change and transitions, which can effect our self worth, relationships, work/school, and every other aspect of life. As I have traveled my own path, I have experienced how unsettling these times can be. Having a safe place to share your struggles, to create a new path, and feel genuinely accepted is crucial, and that is why I have chosen to walk with you. I believe people generally want to feel connected, accepted and valued. As your therapist, I see myself as your teammate, and we will collaborate to get you to the place you want to be.
(719) 417-4771 View (719) 417-4771
Photo of Megan Little, Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Megan Little
Counselor, PhD, LPC, CPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80920  (Online Only)
Do you ever wake up and question what your purpose is? Do you notice that those outward successes & achievements you strived so hard for no longer bring any joy or fulfillment? Going through the day-to-day routine just feeling on autopilot with all your interactions and activities even when the weekend comes & it is meant to be time for you. Even the strongest shot of expresso can't seem to shake you out of this haze. If you are ready to dig in, & question what you thought you wanted & who you thought you were then you are ready to work together. You are ready to leave others' expectations behind & find yourself.
Do you ever wake up and question what your purpose is? Do you notice that those outward successes & achievements you strived so hard for no longer bring any joy or fulfillment? Going through the day-to-day routine just feeling on autopilot with all your interactions and activities even when the weekend comes & it is meant to be time for you. Even the strongest shot of expresso can't seem to shake you out of this haze. If you are ready to dig in, & question what you thought you wanted & who you thought you were then you are ready to work together. You are ready to leave others' expectations behind & find yourself.
(719) 427-4771 View (719) 427-4771
Photo of Georgia Allred, Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Georgia Allred
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MAEd, TIC-C, EMDR-T
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80906
Not accepting new clients
Navigating change can be frustrating and scary. I offer a safe, non-judgmental environment to discuss life transitions including: conflict, job adjustments, medical concerns, and grief and trauma. My goal is to help clients decrease suffering through a strong therapeutic relationship. I came to the mental health field to support children and families with neurodevelopment differences, i.e. Aspergers, ADHD, Learning Differences. Since then my work has evolved to understand how trauma impacts individual perspectives. I utilize an eclectic range of techniques to give clients a different way to understand their "truth".
Navigating change can be frustrating and scary. I offer a safe, non-judgmental environment to discuss life transitions including: conflict, job adjustments, medical concerns, and grief and trauma. My goal is to help clients decrease suffering through a strong therapeutic relationship. I came to the mental health field to support children and families with neurodevelopment differences, i.e. Aspergers, ADHD, Learning Differences. Since then my work has evolved to understand how trauma impacts individual perspectives. I utilize an eclectic range of techniques to give clients a different way to understand their "truth".
(719) 639-2903 View (719) 639-2903
Photo of Alison Butler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Colorado Springs, CO
Alison Butler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80909
Waitlist for new clients
Hello! Life presents challenges at every age and every stage of human development. Most of the time, people are able to manage these challenges by themselves or with the help of family, friends, coworkers, or neighbors. There are occasions, however, when the usual resources are not enough. That is when a mental health professional can be of great use to an individual, couple or family by identifying existing strengths, skills and resources and helping to develop new ones.
Hello! Life presents challenges at every age and every stage of human development. Most of the time, people are able to manage these challenges by themselves or with the help of family, friends, coworkers, or neighbors. There are occasions, however, when the usual resources are not enough. That is when a mental health professional can be of great use to an individual, couple or family by identifying existing strengths, skills and resources and helping to develop new ones.
(719) 416-5360 View (719) 416-5360
Photo of Barber Family Counseling & Wellness, Marriage & Family Therapist in Colorado Springs, CO
Barber Family Counseling & Wellness
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LPC, LCSW, LAC
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80920
Barber Family Counseling & Wellness is taking an innovative approach to mental health by recognizing the connection that exists between body and mind, the effects that one can have on the other and the synergy that must exist between the two. Barber Family Counseling & Wellness has established relationships with providers who share in this belief, allowing the group to provide counseling to individuals (2+), couples and families, medication management and Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy (KAP).
Barber Family Counseling & Wellness is taking an innovative approach to mental health by recognizing the connection that exists between body and mind, the effects that one can have on the other and the synergy that must exist between the two. Barber Family Counseling & Wellness has established relationships with providers who share in this belief, allowing the group to provide counseling to individuals (2+), couples and families, medication management and Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy (KAP).
(719) 581-8447 View (719) 581-8447
Photo of Mind Reneural, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Colorado Springs, CO
Mind Reneural
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80919
Are you feeling defeated by self-doubt? Anxious and over-burdened by the worries of tomorrow? Depressed because you just can't seem to make any long-lasting changes in your life? These symptoms may just be the "tip of the iceberg" and may be indicative of long-held belief systems that are manifesting after years of cultivation. Don't be discouraged. You're not alone. The human experience is riddled with challenges that can leave us feeling hopeless. We are not meant to do life alone and chances are you already know that because that's why you're here. Let's get started!
Are you feeling defeated by self-doubt? Anxious and over-burdened by the worries of tomorrow? Depressed because you just can't seem to make any long-lasting changes in your life? These symptoms may just be the "tip of the iceberg" and may be indicative of long-held belief systems that are manifesting after years of cultivation. Don't be discouraged. You're not alone. The human experience is riddled with challenges that can leave us feeling hopeless. We are not meant to do life alone and chances are you already know that because that's why you're here. Let's get started!
(719) 249-7896 View (719) 249-7896
Photo of Ray Jones, Registered Psychotherapist in Colorado Springs, CO
Ray Jones
Registered Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80919
All of us face challenging events in our lives, and at times need assistance in finding new insights, new perspectives, and new tools to live a satisfying life. When the stories of our lives no longer meet our needs - it is time for each of us to write a new story leveraging the assistance of a trusted counselor.
All of us face challenging events in our lives, and at times need assistance in finding new insights, new perspectives, and new tools to live a satisfying life. When the stories of our lives no longer meet our needs - it is time for each of us to write a new story leveraging the assistance of a trusted counselor.
(719) 280-5716 View (719) 280-5716
Photo of Melissa Ceren, Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Melissa Ceren
Counselor, LPC, MEd, EdS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80918
Disconnection, over-stimulation, purposelessness. Hard times in life can make us lose touch with who we are and how we find peace. You want to feel like yourself again so that you can meet your goals, show up better in relationships, and not feel so stressed all of the time.
Disconnection, over-stimulation, purposelessness. Hard times in life can make us lose touch with who we are and how we find peace. You want to feel like yourself again so that you can meet your goals, show up better in relationships, and not feel so stressed all of the time.
(719) 735-5970 View (719) 735-5970
Photo of Chris Waters, Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Chris Waters
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, MBA, LPC, EMDR, NCC
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80918
Problems with work, marriage, or any relationships. Specializes in trauma, PTSD, Depression, and Anxiety. Certified for EMDR we brings 40 years of care and compassion for individual and business clients' concerns to the practice. Assists clients to better understand their problems and provides a trusting environment to develop solutions. A Nationally Certified Counselor and Licensed Professional Counselor. Chris possesses a Masters of Arts in Psychology and Professional Counseling, and an MBA in Management and Entrepreneurship, He helps individuals, couples, and business owners and their employees solve all problem.
Problems with work, marriage, or any relationships. Specializes in trauma, PTSD, Depression, and Anxiety. Certified for EMDR we brings 40 years of care and compassion for individual and business clients' concerns to the practice. Assists clients to better understand their problems and provides a trusting environment to develop solutions. A Nationally Certified Counselor and Licensed Professional Counselor. Chris possesses a Masters of Arts in Psychology and Professional Counseling, and an MBA in Management and Entrepreneurship, He helps individuals, couples, and business owners and their employees solve all problem.
(719) 639-0472 View (719) 639-0472
Photo of Joseph Glatt-Paulison, Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate in Colorado Springs, CO
Joseph Glatt-Paulison
Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80920
Hello, I'm Joseph and I specialize in helping individuals overcome mental health challenges and achieve a happier and more rewarding life. With a strong belief in the power of change and personal growth, I am committed to supporting individuals who are ready to embark on a journey towards a better future. I believe that everyone has the capacity for change and growth, and my role is to provide guidance and support throughout that process. By empowering individuals with practical tools/strategies, I aim to help them overcome obstacles, build resilience, and create a more fulfilling and joyful life.
Hello, I'm Joseph and I specialize in helping individuals overcome mental health challenges and achieve a happier and more rewarding life. With a strong belief in the power of change and personal growth, I am committed to supporting individuals who are ready to embark on a journey towards a better future. I believe that everyone has the capacity for change and growth, and my role is to provide guidance and support throughout that process. By empowering individuals with practical tools/strategies, I aim to help them overcome obstacles, build resilience, and create a more fulfilling and joyful life.
(719) 249-7729 View (719) 249-7729
Photo of Stephanie Michelle Scott, Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Stephanie Michelle Scott
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, RD, LPCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80903
As both a therapist and a dietitian I specialize in helping people find peace with food, body, and self. I help individuals who feel frantic and out of control of their eating get back to a life free of food and weight obsession. I specialize in working with adults and adolescents struggling with disordered eating challenges including chronic dieting, emotional eating, binge eating, and body image. I also help my clients overcome internal struggles related to depression, anxiety, organization, and perfectionism in order to live a full and vibrant life of meaning and purpose.
As both a therapist and a dietitian I specialize in helping people find peace with food, body, and self. I help individuals who feel frantic and out of control of their eating get back to a life free of food and weight obsession. I specialize in working with adults and adolescents struggling with disordered eating challenges including chronic dieting, emotional eating, binge eating, and body image. I also help my clients overcome internal struggles related to depression, anxiety, organization, and perfectionism in order to live a full and vibrant life of meaning and purpose.
(719) 350-3710 View (719) 350-3710
Photo of Amy Sinjem, Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Amy Sinjem
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, RPT-S, EMDR
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80918
I provide counseling services for individuals, couples, teens and children. I specialize in play therapy, EMDR trauma recovery and Dialectical Behavior Therapy. Because the therapeutic experience is different for everyone, I focus on addressing your needs in a safe space for healing and growth. I have over ten years of experience working with children and families.
I provide counseling services for individuals, couples, teens and children. I specialize in play therapy, EMDR trauma recovery and Dialectical Behavior Therapy. Because the therapeutic experience is different for everyone, I focus on addressing your needs in a safe space for healing and growth. I have over ten years of experience working with children and families.
(719) 355-8408 View (719) 355-8408
Photo of Rachel Hazelwonder, Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Rachel Hazelwonder
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80918
Choosing to pursue counseling can be difficult and scary. My goal is the help clients on their journey by offering a variety of services to include individuals, couples and family counseling. I enjoy working with teens and adults dealing with the struggles of school and family life balance. By working together we can get you back on track so you are able to live your life to the fullest extent possible.
Choosing to pursue counseling can be difficult and scary. My goal is the help clients on their journey by offering a variety of services to include individuals, couples and family counseling. I enjoy working with teens and adults dealing with the struggles of school and family life balance. By working together we can get you back on track so you are able to live your life to the fullest extent possible.
(719) 888-4576 View (719) 888-4576
Photo of Robin K Voss, Registered Psychotherapist in Colorado Springs, CO
Robin K Voss
Registered Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80924
A woman's life is complicated, and her heart even more so. That's why my ministry is more than a business, it's also a mission to help women realize they have immense value and worth in Christ, and to learn to trust, live, and abide in Him. My ministry is primarily tele-therapy (internet based) where we will connect through PC, iPhone, or Android via live video feed. The software I use is HIPAA compliant, free to you, with no download. I will consider in-person counseling in the Colorado Springs area.
A woman's life is complicated, and her heart even more so. That's why my ministry is more than a business, it's also a mission to help women realize they have immense value and worth in Christ, and to learn to trust, live, and abide in Him. My ministry is primarily tele-therapy (internet based) where we will connect through PC, iPhone, or Android via live video feed. The software I use is HIPAA compliant, free to you, with no download. I will consider in-person counseling in the Colorado Springs area.
(719) 212-2460 View (719) 212-2460
Photo of Bridget A. Ballard-Cummins, Registered Psychotherapist in Colorado Springs, CO
Bridget A. Ballard-Cummins
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, BS, SD, EMDR
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80918
Balancing can be hard to do when your foundation seems unstable. I would like to help you get back on solid ground. I make it a point to learn from every individual how the issue has affected their life. I listen to each client as they explain their perspective of the problem and assist them in setting reachable goals to work towards. I encourage individuals to seek to find answers to questions. The client is the center of the therapy.
Balancing can be hard to do when your foundation seems unstable. I would like to help you get back on solid ground. I make it a point to learn from every individual how the issue has affected their life. I listen to each client as they explain their perspective of the problem and assist them in setting reachable goals to work towards. I encourage individuals to seek to find answers to questions. The client is the center of the therapy.
(719) 748-7990 View (719) 748-7990
Photo of Elizabeth Jimenez, Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate in Colorado Springs, CO
Elizabeth Jimenez
Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80918
Now accepting new clients! We all need someone to talk to, someone to listen to us with out bias or judgment, someone who really hears us, understands us and is compassionate and understanding. Sometimes life gets in the way and we need someone to stand next to us and help us walk through it. I have experience working with all demographics and those from all walks of life.
Now accepting new clients! We all need someone to talk to, someone to listen to us with out bias or judgment, someone who really hears us, understands us and is compassionate and understanding. Sometimes life gets in the way and we need someone to stand next to us and help us walk through it. I have experience working with all demographics and those from all walks of life.
(719) 312-7852 View (719) 312-7852
Photo of Jasmine Bonenfant, Pre-Licensed Professional in Colorado Springs, CO
Jasmine Bonenfant
Pre-Licensed Professional, LPCC, CCAP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80920
I am committed to nurturing a therapeutic relationship that is grounded in safety, acceptance, and trust. I help clients examine the “stories” and “parts” of themselves that contribute to their self-concept and perspectives of their experience and reality. I believe in the power of “coming back home” to your true self and approach the therapeutic journey with patience, empathy, and compassion. My approach is non-judgmental and nurturing, while also providing concrete tools and resources to use along the way. I aim to help clients heal wounds, enhance wellbeing, improve relationships, and fulfill their true potential.
I am committed to nurturing a therapeutic relationship that is grounded in safety, acceptance, and trust. I help clients examine the “stories” and “parts” of themselves that contribute to their self-concept and perspectives of their experience and reality. I believe in the power of “coming back home” to your true self and approach the therapeutic journey with patience, empathy, and compassion. My approach is non-judgmental and nurturing, while also providing concrete tools and resources to use along the way. I aim to help clients heal wounds, enhance wellbeing, improve relationships, and fulfill their true potential.
(719) 745-8689 View (719) 745-8689
Kaye D Schoonover
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80918
I treat teens and adults with trauma, mood and anxiety disorders. I have been doing therapy for over 20 years in a variety of settings such as treatment centers, hospital settings and in a private practice office. I am trained in EMDR, CBT and I work regularly with physicians on medication management. I work to thoroughly evaluate and develop a treatment plan with goals to address your concerns. I strive to create a safe place for all. You can reach me at 719-266-1891 or click on my website to view my reviews and look at appointments available.
I treat teens and adults with trauma, mood and anxiety disorders. I have been doing therapy for over 20 years in a variety of settings such as treatment centers, hospital settings and in a private practice office. I am trained in EMDR, CBT and I work regularly with physicians on medication management. I work to thoroughly evaluate and develop a treatment plan with goals to address your concerns. I strive to create a safe place for all. You can reach me at 719-266-1891 or click on my website to view my reviews and look at appointments available.
(719) 323-6530 View (719) 323-6530
Photo of Katey Marsh, Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Katey Marsh
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LAC, LPC
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80919  (Online Only)
Congratulations on taking the first steps toward a happier and healthier life! It can be difficult to reach out and ask for support and I am here to help you see this as a sign of strength, not weakness. If you are feeling stuck in the past, overwhelmed with life, or working toward ridding yourself of an unhealthy habit I am here to help. I provide a safe and judgement free environment for you to finally fully express yourself, learn about yourself, and take away tangible skills to use in your daily life.
Congratulations on taking the first steps toward a happier and healthier life! It can be difficult to reach out and ask for support and I am here to help you see this as a sign of strength, not weakness. If you are feeling stuck in the past, overwhelmed with life, or working toward ridding yourself of an unhealthy habit I am here to help. I provide a safe and judgement free environment for you to finally fully express yourself, learn about yourself, and take away tangible skills to use in your daily life.
(719) 623-7559 View (719) 623-7559
Photo of Dr. Lori Kucharski, Marriage & Family Therapist in Colorado Springs, CO
Dr. Lori Kucharski
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT-S, LPC-S, CEDS-C
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80920  (Online Only)
Hello! I provide virtual EMDR Therapy for residents of Colorado and have been a therapist for over twenty years. I have created a successful, comprehensive wellness program that incorporates all aspects of health. I specialize in complex trauma, disordered eating and body image concerns, attachment & family systems, religious-based & generational trauma, and dissociative disorders and Dissociative Identity Disorder. I enjoy working with adults & teens using EMDR Therapy, and I incorporate other therapy models like "Parts Work" and IFS as well. For more information on my practice, please visit www.emdrcenterofthepikespeakregion.com.
Hello! I provide virtual EMDR Therapy for residents of Colorado and have been a therapist for over twenty years. I have created a successful, comprehensive wellness program that incorporates all aspects of health. I specialize in complex trauma, disordered eating and body image concerns, attachment & family systems, religious-based & generational trauma, and dissociative disorders and Dissociative Identity Disorder. I enjoy working with adults & teens using EMDR Therapy, and I incorporate other therapy models like "Parts Work" and IFS as well. For more information on my practice, please visit www.emdrcenterofthepikespeakregion.com.
(719) 631-8160 View (719) 631-8160

See more therapy options for Colorado Springs

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Colorado Springs, CO

1,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Colorado Springs, CO who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
87% Depression
77% Trauma and PTSD
74% Relationship Issues
71% Self Esteem
68% Coping Skills
67% Stress

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Aetna
73% Cigna and Evernorth
71% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Colorado Springs, CO see their clients

69% In Person and Online
31% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Colorado Springs?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.