Photo of Michelle A Birch, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Michelle A Birch
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
I have specialized in two areas.  The first involves the treatment of loss, grief, trauma and the  anxiety disorders that sometimes accompany these events. With a new perspective, most people find it easier to incorporate new coping skills.  This can help you work through your feelings and losses. The second area of specialty is women's health, especially during pregnancy and the postpartum period of life. Having a newborn and the adjustment to mothering brings on many challenges. I work with women to help them cope with the changes to themselves, their bodies as well as their relationships.
I have specialized in two areas.  The first involves the treatment of loss, grief, trauma and the  anxiety disorders that sometimes accompany these events. With a new perspective, most people find it easier to incorporate new coping skills.  This can help you work through your feelings and losses. The second area of specialty is women's health, especially during pregnancy and the postpartum period of life. Having a newborn and the adjustment to mothering brings on many challenges. I work with women to help them cope with the changes to themselves, their bodies as well as their relationships.
(628) 265-8658 View (628) 265-8658
Photo of Jane Skoyen, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Jane Skoyen
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94104  (Online Only)
I’m Dr. Jane Skoyen, a licensed psychologist in California and New York. I specialize in the treatment of anxiety disorders, and assist with life transitions, stress reduction, and management of physical illness. I work with intelligent, proactive, and curious people who have found themselves stuck. Most of my clients are juggling many stressors of living in a competitive world and weathering the pandemic. They are looking for ways to reduce challenging symptoms, assert themselves, increase self-care practices, and find more joy in their lives.
I’m Dr. Jane Skoyen, a licensed psychologist in California and New York. I specialize in the treatment of anxiety disorders, and assist with life transitions, stress reduction, and management of physical illness. I work with intelligent, proactive, and curious people who have found themselves stuck. Most of my clients are juggling many stressors of living in a competitive world and weathering the pandemic. They are looking for ways to reduce challenging symptoms, assert themselves, increase self-care practices, and find more joy in their lives.
(707) 593-5783 View (707) 593-5783
Photo of Radhika Reddy, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Radhika Reddy
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94110  (Online Only)
However, my areas of specialty include anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders, behavioral sleep disorders, chronic pain, and medically unexplained symptoms.
Welcome! Thank you for checking out my page, and more importantly, for taking this step to invest in yourself! You likely are struggling significantly with something and looking for guidance. You may be wondering if I could be the therapist by your side on this journey. Here's a little about me to help you make an informed decision: My style of therapy is thoughtful, warm, compassionate, non-judgmental, highly collaborative, and results-driven. You are the expert on you (your child), and are likely coming to me for expertise in specific therapies to help you get to where you are heading. As a team we can get there quicker!
However, my areas of specialty include anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders, behavioral sleep disorders, chronic pain, and medically unexplained symptoms.
Welcome! Thank you for checking out my page, and more importantly, for taking this step to invest in yourself! You likely are struggling significantly with something and looking for guidance. You may be wondering if I could be the therapist by your side on this journey. Here's a little about me to help you make an informed decision: My style of therapy is thoughtful, warm, compassionate, non-judgmental, highly collaborative, and results-driven. You are the expert on you (your child), and are likely coming to me for expertise in specific therapies to help you get to where you are heading. As a team we can get there quicker!
(650) 727-1805 View (650) 727-1805
Photo of Natasha Smolkin, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Natasha Smolkin
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94109  (Online Only)
Dr. Natasha Smolkin is a licensed clinical psychologist who specializes in working with patients who struggle with chronic pain, stress and anxiety, addiction, interpersonal challenges, depression, self-esteem issues, and many more of life’s mental wellness obstacles. She utilizes an integrative, strength-based approach, which focuses on cultivating sense-of-efficacy around changes, obstacles, and goals.
Dr. Natasha Smolkin is a licensed clinical psychologist who specializes in working with patients who struggle with chronic pain, stress and anxiety, addiction, interpersonal challenges, depression, self-esteem issues, and many more of life’s mental wellness obstacles. She utilizes an integrative, strength-based approach, which focuses on cultivating sense-of-efficacy around changes, obstacles, and goals.
(415) 480-5482 View (415) 480-5482
Photo of Aida Colocho, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Aida Colocho
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94117
My name is Aida Colocho, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I offer individuals that are struggling with issues ranging from depression, anxiety, divorce, trauma, and emotional support; a treatment approach that focuses on cognitive behavioral therapy, solution-focused, motivational interviewing, and exploration of self. My theoretical approach is cognitive, behavioral and humanistic.
My name is Aida Colocho, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I offer individuals that are struggling with issues ranging from depression, anxiety, divorce, trauma, and emotional support; a treatment approach that focuses on cognitive behavioral therapy, solution-focused, motivational interviewing, and exploration of self. My theoretical approach is cognitive, behavioral and humanistic.
(213) 561-6630 View (213) 561-6630
Photo of Clare Lewis, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Clare Lewis
Psychologist, LCP
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94121
Hi there, I'm Clare. I am a licensed psychologist who is passionate about helping clients overcome the daily struggles we all deal with in life, that are often related to ongoing issues. My goal is to assist with your personal growth and healing and to learn better techniques for coping. I am also a licensed physical therapist, so I believe in a holistic approach that incorporates mind and body. I typically work with adjustment disorders but also eating disorders, anxiety and depression, OCD, trauma, relationship issues/couples, childhood abuse, addiction of all kinds, and ADHD/ADD.
Hi there, I'm Clare. I am a licensed psychologist who is passionate about helping clients overcome the daily struggles we all deal with in life, that are often related to ongoing issues. My goal is to assist with your personal growth and healing and to learn better techniques for coping. I am also a licensed physical therapist, so I believe in a holistic approach that incorporates mind and body. I typically work with adjustment disorders but also eating disorders, anxiety and depression, OCD, trauma, relationship issues/couples, childhood abuse, addiction of all kinds, and ADHD/ADD.
(619) 724-4102 View (619) 724-4102
Photo of Rachel Roos Pokorney, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Rachel Roos Pokorney
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94123
Not Accepting New Patients Until August 2024 I am an easy to relate to therapist who has an uncanny ability to balance warmth and validation with being genuine and direct. I will collaborate with you to determine the way of relating, therapeutic style, and specific therapy interventions that make you feel most comfortable and are the most successful. I will use my expert training and education, using a growth oriented approach, to help you recover from depression, manage anxiety, improve your relationships (work, family, friendships, and romantic), and cope with general life stressors.
Not Accepting New Patients Until August 2024 I am an easy to relate to therapist who has an uncanny ability to balance warmth and validation with being genuine and direct. I will collaborate with you to determine the way of relating, therapeutic style, and specific therapy interventions that make you feel most comfortable and are the most successful. I will use my expert training and education, using a growth oriented approach, to help you recover from depression, manage anxiety, improve your relationships (work, family, friendships, and romantic), and cope with general life stressors.
(917) 924-6341 View (917) 924-6341
Photo of Michael Anthony Bacallao, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Michael Anthony Bacallao
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94103  (Online Only)
Hello, and thank you for taking the time to invest in your mental health. Are you having a hard time balancing family, work, and life? Are you struggling with avoidance and anxiety about the future? Are you just ready for a change and aren't sure how to make a plan of action? It's difficult to grow without support and even harder at times to find the tools to carve your own path. If you feel ready to explore how to reach your unique potential; let's figure out some goals, what's in the way, and how we can work through those challenges so you can reach your goals.
Hello, and thank you for taking the time to invest in your mental health. Are you having a hard time balancing family, work, and life? Are you struggling with avoidance and anxiety about the future? Are you just ready for a change and aren't sure how to make a plan of action? It's difficult to grow without support and even harder at times to find the tools to carve your own path. If you feel ready to explore how to reach your unique potential; let's figure out some goals, what's in the way, and how we can work through those challenges so you can reach your goals.
(559) 242-1776 View (559) 242-1776
Photo of Sarah Dihmes, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Sarah Dihmes
Psychologist, PhD, BCB
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94103
Dr. Dihmes is a licensed clinical psychologist one of the few board certified biofeedback psychologists in Northern California. With specialties in life stressors, executive coaching, psychophysiology, and teens, she has expertise in working with various psychological concerns including depression, anxiety, life transitions and chronic illness. Dr. Dihmes' integrates evidence-based treatments such as CBT and mindfulness-based interventions, with consideration for each patient’s unique cultural, biological, and psychological background. Dr. Dihmes is now accepting new clients in California and New York!
Dr. Dihmes is a licensed clinical psychologist one of the few board certified biofeedback psychologists in Northern California. With specialties in life stressors, executive coaching, psychophysiology, and teens, she has expertise in working with various psychological concerns including depression, anxiety, life transitions and chronic illness. Dr. Dihmes' integrates evidence-based treatments such as CBT and mindfulness-based interventions, with consideration for each patient’s unique cultural, biological, and psychological background. Dr. Dihmes is now accepting new clients in California and New York!
(415) 799-5164 View (415) 799-5164
Photo of Andrew Damian, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Andrew Damian
Psychologist, PsyD, BCN
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94105
We commonly treat trauma, stress, anxiety, sleep issues, chronic pain, ADHD, depression, relationship stress, concussion, brain injury, and grief.
I am a licensed psychologist with expertise in neurofeedback, neuropsychology, chronic pain treatment, individual psychotherapy, meditation, and qEEG brain mapping. I am board certified in neurofeedback and I use cutting-edge techniques to determine the best treatment and to improve outcomes.
We commonly treat trauma, stress, anxiety, sleep issues, chronic pain, ADHD, depression, relationship stress, concussion, brain injury, and grief.
I am a licensed psychologist with expertise in neurofeedback, neuropsychology, chronic pain treatment, individual psychotherapy, meditation, and qEEG brain mapping. I am board certified in neurofeedback and I use cutting-edge techniques to determine the best treatment and to improve outcomes.
(628) 265-6274 View (628) 265-6274
Photo of Fran's Family Counseling, Prof Inc., Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Fran's Family Counseling, Prof Inc.
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, PPS, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94105
I help to decrease stress, anxiety, depression and more.
Mental Health Matters. Telephone/Online Video. I may assist with providing the tools you need to manage life at home, school, work and have healthy relationships with those in your life. I only accept individuals as I help each person learn to communicate with your spouse and family members. I only accept Inland Empire Health Plan (IEHP) insurance and TriCare West. For non members I have a current $175 cash pay special for a 60 minute counseling session. Ask about the $ 125 sliding scale fee for those that qualify. Cash app: $mhmatters2 Don't have cash app and need pay a different way? Contact me.
I help to decrease stress, anxiety, depression and more.
Mental Health Matters. Telephone/Online Video. I may assist with providing the tools you need to manage life at home, school, work and have healthy relationships with those in your life. I only accept individuals as I help each person learn to communicate with your spouse and family members. I only accept Inland Empire Health Plan (IEHP) insurance and TriCare West. For non members I have a current $175 cash pay special for a 60 minute counseling session. Ask about the $ 125 sliding scale fee for those that qualify. Cash app: $mhmatters2 Don't have cash app and need pay a different way? Contact me.
(442) 244-9054 View (442) 244-9054
Photo of Lisa Black, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Lisa Black
Psychologist, PsyD, BCN, BCB
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94101
Dr. Black specializes in trauma, TBI/concussion, insomnia/sleep issues, anxiety, depression, and coping with chronic illness. The therapies Dr. Black specializes in are biofeedback, ketamine assisted psychotherapy (KAP), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), existential therapy, motivational interviewing (MI), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT),and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I).
Dr. Black specializes in trauma, TBI/concussion, insomnia/sleep issues, anxiety, depression, and coping with chronic illness. The therapies Dr. Black specializes in are biofeedback, ketamine assisted psychotherapy (KAP), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), existential therapy, motivational interviewing (MI), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT),and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I).
(858) 205-6896 View (858) 205-6896
Photo of Christopher Booth, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Christopher Booth
Psychologist, Psy D
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94102  (Online Only)
Finding the right therapist can be a challenge, here is a little about myself to help make your decision. I am a licensed psychologist and specialize in the treatment of anxiety, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and OCD-related disorders among adolescents and adults. I am licensed in both California and Arizona and am providing teletherapy online. I also have expertise in helping people cope with medical conditions or other life stressors that may affect mental health and happiness.
Finding the right therapist can be a challenge, here is a little about myself to help make your decision. I am a licensed psychologist and specialize in the treatment of anxiety, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and OCD-related disorders among adolescents and adults. I am licensed in both California and Arizona and am providing teletherapy online. I also have expertise in helping people cope with medical conditions or other life stressors that may affect mental health and happiness.
(858) 251-6718 View (858) 251-6718
Photo of Crystal Barrera, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Crystal Barrera
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94122  (Online Only)
I specialize working with working anxiety/depression, teen issues, parenting challenges, domestic violence, trauma issues, postpartum depression, infertility challenges, codependency, PTSD, women’s issues, parenting and family.
I am a licensed clinical social worker who has a passion for helping clients develop a better understanding of themselves and their lives. I am bilingual in English and Spanish and provide a culturally sensitive environment.
I specialize working with working anxiety/depression, teen issues, parenting challenges, domestic violence, trauma issues, postpartum depression, infertility challenges, codependency, PTSD, women’s issues, parenting and family.
I am a licensed clinical social worker who has a passion for helping clients develop a better understanding of themselves and their lives. I am bilingual in English and Spanish and provide a culturally sensitive environment.
(415) 903-9997 View (415) 903-9997
Photo of EMDR Collective, Founder Dawn Delgado, CEDS, EMDR, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
EMDR Collective, Founder Dawn Delgado, CEDS, EMDR
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, CEDS-S, EMDR
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94104  (Online Only)
I believe in your ability to create a fabulous, adventurous, and fulfilling life. If fear, anxiety, depression, past traumas or blocks are in the way, we can help. My name is Dawn Delgado and I founded EMDR Collective after 20+ years of developing treatment centers, teaching, training, presenting, and advocating for optimal mental health. I am a Certified Eating Disorder Specialist, and an EMDR Certified Trauma Specialist who is well equipped to manage high profile cases. I have hand picked the EMDR Collective therapists and a dietary consultant to provide compassionate, effective wellness services to you and your loved ones.
I believe in your ability to create a fabulous, adventurous, and fulfilling life. If fear, anxiety, depression, past traumas or blocks are in the way, we can help. My name is Dawn Delgado and I founded EMDR Collective after 20+ years of developing treatment centers, teaching, training, presenting, and advocating for optimal mental health. I am a Certified Eating Disorder Specialist, and an EMDR Certified Trauma Specialist who is well equipped to manage high profile cases. I have hand picked the EMDR Collective therapists and a dietary consultant to provide compassionate, effective wellness services to you and your loved ones.
(424) 347-1784 View (424) 347-1784
Photo of Alina Sala, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in San Francisco, CA
Alina Sala
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94102
Hi there, I'm Alina! My name is Alina Avila Sala and I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC) based in Sacramento, CA and working with clients statewide via telehealth. My client population & specialty focus I have found that my style and approach is a good fit for adults and young adults who may be dealing with the challenges of life transitions and social pressures. This often takes the form of anxiety, depression, stress, and eating disorders. I work to help my clients navigate these transition periods and to build skills to allow them to feel better about themselves and develop a more positive outlook on life.
Hi there, I'm Alina! My name is Alina Avila Sala and I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC) based in Sacramento, CA and working with clients statewide via telehealth. My client population & specialty focus I have found that my style and approach is a good fit for adults and young adults who may be dealing with the challenges of life transitions and social pressures. This often takes the form of anxiety, depression, stress, and eating disorders. I work to help my clients navigate these transition periods and to build skills to allow them to feel better about themselves and develop a more positive outlook on life.
(209) 354-3091 View (209) 354-3091
Photo of Anika Thielbar, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Anika Thielbar
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94102
I do work around anxiety, depression, trauma, PTSD, ADHD, ASD, sensory processing disorder, communication issues, insomnia, parenting issues, relationship issues, panic disorder, social anxiety, eating disorders, sexual dysfunction, and trust issues.
I have been privileged to have experienced a very diverse clientele. Currently I am accepting clients who are LGBTQ+, neurodivergent, those who are working on trauma or traumatic pasts, 'outside the box' or deep thinkers, and/or those who have lived diverse/alternative lives. When contacting me, please say what about this profile you were interested in, and why you think we might be a good match.
I do work around anxiety, depression, trauma, PTSD, ADHD, ASD, sensory processing disorder, communication issues, insomnia, parenting issues, relationship issues, panic disorder, social anxiety, eating disorders, sexual dysfunction, and trust issues.
I have been privileged to have experienced a very diverse clientele. Currently I am accepting clients who are LGBTQ+, neurodivergent, those who are working on trauma or traumatic pasts, 'outside the box' or deep thinkers, and/or those who have lived diverse/alternative lives. When contacting me, please say what about this profile you were interested in, and why you think we might be a good match.
(510) 296-3637 View (510) 296-3637
Photo of Marty Hosier, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Marty Hosier
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MPhil, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94101  (Online Only)
I've got the tools to help you with trauma, personality disorders, mood disorders, neurodivergence issues, depression, and anxiety.
Hey! I'm Marty, and I'm thrilled to welcome you to my profile. If you're tired of your therapists just staring at you while you pour your heart out for an hour and nothing changes, and you're ready for a fun and transformative experience with a queer, neurodivergent friendly therapist to help you get through it. Look no further, Marty is here. I've done all the therapies, I know how exhausting it can be just telling your story over and over to therapists and nothing changes. I'm here to tell you the cold, hard truth and help you make the changes you need to be obsessed with your life.
I've got the tools to help you with trauma, personality disorders, mood disorders, neurodivergence issues, depression, and anxiety.
Hey! I'm Marty, and I'm thrilled to welcome you to my profile. If you're tired of your therapists just staring at you while you pour your heart out for an hour and nothing changes, and you're ready for a fun and transformative experience with a queer, neurodivergent friendly therapist to help you get through it. Look no further, Marty is here. I've done all the therapies, I know how exhausting it can be just telling your story over and over to therapists and nothing changes. I'm here to tell you the cold, hard truth and help you make the changes you need to be obsessed with your life.
(559) 315-3824 View (559) 315-3824
Photo of Nadine Emami, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Nadine Emami
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94103  (Online Only)
I specialize in supporting people struggling with anxiety, harsh inner critics, perfectionism, people-pleasing, career burnout, life transitions, and relationship boundaries.
I provide individual, couples, and group therapy to a wide array of individuals with varying issues they are seeking support around. I support clients in developing self-awareness, increasing self-esteem, and managing anxiety in their lives. My clients often report goals of increased feelings of life satisfaction, more fulfilling relationships, and confidence in themselves. My clients are looking to feel self-assured in their decisions and direction in life. I offer a secure, supportive environment where my client's whole selves, as well as their goals are accepted without judgement, but with curiosity and compassion.
I specialize in supporting people struggling with anxiety, harsh inner critics, perfectionism, people-pleasing, career burnout, life transitions, and relationship boundaries.
I provide individual, couples, and group therapy to a wide array of individuals with varying issues they are seeking support around. I support clients in developing self-awareness, increasing self-esteem, and managing anxiety in their lives. My clients often report goals of increased feelings of life satisfaction, more fulfilling relationships, and confidence in themselves. My clients are looking to feel self-assured in their decisions and direction in life. I offer a secure, supportive environment where my client's whole selves, as well as their goals are accepted without judgement, but with curiosity and compassion.
(408) 837-7960 View (408) 837-7960
Photo of Dr. Helge Osterhold, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Dr. Helge Osterhold
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94104
I'm an integrative psychotherapist working with individuals and couples. My approach is engaged and caring, providing a safe and supportive environment, where you can reflect and develop new ways of handling challenges you are facing. The focus of my practice is twofold: relationship issues and life transitions (e.g. themes like change in relationship, career changes, relocation, pregnancy, child birth and parenting, facing illness, trauma and loss as well as seeking more meaning and fulfillment in life). I have a particular expertise in working with people who immigrated to the US or have diverse cultural backgrounds.
I'm an integrative psychotherapist working with individuals and couples. My approach is engaged and caring, providing a safe and supportive environment, where you can reflect and develop new ways of handling challenges you are facing. The focus of my practice is twofold: relationship issues and life transitions (e.g. themes like change in relationship, career changes, relocation, pregnancy, child birth and parenting, facing illness, trauma and loss as well as seeking more meaning and fulfillment in life). I have a particular expertise in working with people who immigrated to the US or have diverse cultural backgrounds.
(650) 450-8918 View (650) 450-8918

See more therapy options for San Francisco

Anxiety Therapists

What are the most common treatments for anxiety?

Talk therapy, particularly cognitive behavioral therapy, is the most common treatment for anxiety. Studies have shown it is equally effective as medication. Other popular forms of therapy are popular, depending on a patient’s experience. Exposure therapy, for instance, can be useful for people dealing with fears and phobias, or who have experienced traumatic events. Dialectical Behavioral Therapy may be useful for patients who need help with emotion regulation. Anxiolytic medications, like benzodiazepines, can also help with calming a person enough to focus on the skills they’ve learned, and physical exercise has been shown to help symptoms of anxiety across the board.

How long does therapy for anxiety take to work?

The amount of time needed to alleviate symptoms depends on the severity of a person’s condition. Some therapies may take 5-20 weekly sessions to show results. Anti-depressant medications typically take two to four weeks before a benefit is felt. Anti-anxiety medications are felt typically within 20-30 minutes. Medications are best used to offer a patient a better headspace in which to work on techniques learned in therapy. Exercise, improved sleep habits, and meditation are effective, but takes weeks or months to show results.

When should I seek treatment for anxiety?

Everyone feels anxious at times, but when anxiety causes disruption to your daily life, it may be time to seek help. Such disruption can be mental, physical, or both: having fear dominate your thoughts, avoiding situations or objects that bring on feelings of anxiety, or experiencing shortness of breath, sweating, dizziness, or panic attacks. When these symptoms are recurrent and distressing, it may be time to talk to someone.

How effective is treatment for anxiety?

Treatment for anxiety has been shown to be moderately to highly effective, according to a large body of psychology studies and analyses. For some people, treatment using CBT or exposure therapy alone is effective. Others respond best to a combination of medication and therapy.