Therapists in Plano, TX

Photo of Christina Felicetti, Marriage & Family Therapist in Plano, TX
Christina Felicetti
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Plano, TX 75074
I believe that we are all hard-wired for connection, relationships, and safe attachment. I am passionate about helping my clients learn to become the best version of themselves. I believe that we often get stuck in life attempting to solve problems the same way over and over. Once we get caught in this pattern, especially in relationships, we begin to argue over how we are fighting instead of working through relationship barriers. I help my clients learn new skills that will allow them to break problematic cycles and find new ways to connect with others.
I believe that we are all hard-wired for connection, relationships, and safe attachment. I am passionate about helping my clients learn to become the best version of themselves. I believe that we often get stuck in life attempting to solve problems the same way over and over. Once we get caught in this pattern, especially in relationships, we begin to argue over how we are fighting instead of working through relationship barriers. I help my clients learn new skills that will allow them to break problematic cycles and find new ways to connect with others.
(972) 236-4969 View (972) 236-4969
Photo of Ruby Pappachen, Licensed Professional Counselor in Plano, TX
Ruby Pappachen
Licensed Professional Counselor, LMSW, LPC, CCTP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75024
As humans, we all experience pain. The source of your pain may look similar or different from others, but it is unique to you. Often we are overwhelmed by our circumstances and desire relief. Sometimes our pain manifests as anxiety, depression, marital conflict, grief or identity crisis. Whatever your circumstance or however deep your pain, I believe it is important to have a safe, non-judgmental and neutral place to share your story and seek healing. My desire is to see each of us being functional and purposeful members of society even in the midst of struggles.
As humans, we all experience pain. The source of your pain may look similar or different from others, but it is unique to you. Often we are overwhelmed by our circumstances and desire relief. Sometimes our pain manifests as anxiety, depression, marital conflict, grief or identity crisis. Whatever your circumstance or however deep your pain, I believe it is important to have a safe, non-judgmental and neutral place to share your story and seek healing. My desire is to see each of us being functional and purposeful members of society even in the midst of struggles.
(214) 833-6447 View (214) 833-6447
Photo of David Stroud, Licensed Professional Counselor in Plano, TX
David Stroud
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Plano, TX 75093
It takes strength and courage to seek help! I work with individuals, couples, and families in areas such as anxiety and depression, relationship difficulties, couples tune-ups, and infertility. I am particularly interested in working with men's issues as well as stress management, self-esteem, post-divorce parenting, and career burnout/ career coaching. I am also experienced in working with senior adults and families dealing with issues related to aging, life transitions, and memory difficulties.
It takes strength and courage to seek help! I work with individuals, couples, and families in areas such as anxiety and depression, relationship difficulties, couples tune-ups, and infertility. I am particularly interested in working with men's issues as well as stress management, self-esteem, post-divorce parenting, and career burnout/ career coaching. I am also experienced in working with senior adults and families dealing with issues related to aging, life transitions, and memory difficulties.
(972) 893-9044 View (972) 893-9044
Photo of Dr. Gloria Jean Fenceroy, Licensed Professional Counselor in Plano, TX
Dr. Gloria Jean Fenceroy
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Plano, TX 75075  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor for over 40 years of experience. Helping clients deal with Trauma from childhood experiences, grief and loss, depression, anxiety, stress, relationship issues, marriage and family, communication issues, blending families, and PTSD.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor for over 40 years of experience. Helping clients deal with Trauma from childhood experiences, grief and loss, depression, anxiety, stress, relationship issues, marriage and family, communication issues, blending families, and PTSD.
(469) 314-8768 View (469) 314-8768
Photo of Melanie R Davis, Licensed Professional Counselor in Plano, TX
Melanie R Davis
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Plano, TX 75024
My name is Melanie Davis, and I received my master’s in counseling degree from Lindenwood University in Saint Louis, MO. I have over 20 years’ experience working in the mental health field. I have worked for several years in community- based rehabilitation programs for adults with severe and persistent mental illness. I also have experience working within the school system providing therapy to assist children as they navigate school relationships and learning.
My name is Melanie Davis, and I received my master’s in counseling degree from Lindenwood University in Saint Louis, MO. I have over 20 years’ experience working in the mental health field. I have worked for several years in community- based rehabilitation programs for adults with severe and persistent mental illness. I also have experience working within the school system providing therapy to assist children as they navigate school relationships and learning.
(972) 433-5043 View (972) 433-5043
Photo of Danni Williams, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Plano, TX
Danni Williams
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75074  (Online Only)
I am passionate about working with teens and young adults as they explore and become the adults they want to be, assisting them in setting good boundaries and finding ways to safely express themselves while being and growing into productive members of society. I enjoy working with teens and their families regardless of their sexual orientation, gender, family composition, religious backgrounds and beliefs, or schooling choices. I believe in solution-focused therapies that bring families together in healthy ways, integrating the needs of both teens and parents. I am also kink aware and familiar with ENM. I meet you where you are.
I am passionate about working with teens and young adults as they explore and become the adults they want to be, assisting them in setting good boundaries and finding ways to safely express themselves while being and growing into productive members of society. I enjoy working with teens and their families regardless of their sexual orientation, gender, family composition, religious backgrounds and beliefs, or schooling choices. I believe in solution-focused therapies that bring families together in healthy ways, integrating the needs of both teens and parents. I am also kink aware and familiar with ENM. I meet you where you are.
(469) 240-6932 View (469) 240-6932
Photo of Jordan Ferrell, Licensed Master Social Worker in Plano, TX
Jordan Ferrell
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW, BCN
Verified Verified
Plano, TX 75093
I have a passion for working with teens and young adults who are in need of assistance in navigating the complexities of modern life. Regardless of what the particular issue(s) may be, my goal is to assist each individual in developing and implementing a plan of action that facilitates their moving towards their own specific goals. I have particular experience working with individuals who have issues pertaining to substance use/abuse, anxiety, depression, OCD, and Insomnia. Additionally, I enjoy assisting younger clients and their family to re-establish a sense of cohesion at home and within the family system.
I have a passion for working with teens and young adults who are in need of assistance in navigating the complexities of modern life. Regardless of what the particular issue(s) may be, my goal is to assist each individual in developing and implementing a plan of action that facilitates their moving towards their own specific goals. I have particular experience working with individuals who have issues pertaining to substance use/abuse, anxiety, depression, OCD, and Insomnia. Additionally, I enjoy assisting younger clients and their family to re-establish a sense of cohesion at home and within the family system.
(214) 758-8631 View (214) 758-8631
Photo of Dr. Cindy Nelson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Plano, TX
Dr. Cindy Nelson
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
Plano, TX 75093
Most problems occur within relationships. In a safe, supportive environment you will be encouraged to examine beliefs about yourself and others that were formed early in your life. In doing so, you may discover that those beliefs are no longer accurate and may be contributing to your current problems. Through counseling you will find solutions developed for you, using your strengths. Insight, relief from emotional pain, and personal growth will likely occur, along with greater confidence and satisfaction in ALL your personal relationships. Call for a free telephone consultation.
Most problems occur within relationships. In a safe, supportive environment you will be encouraged to examine beliefs about yourself and others that were formed early in your life. In doing so, you may discover that those beliefs are no longer accurate and may be contributing to your current problems. Through counseling you will find solutions developed for you, using your strengths. Insight, relief from emotional pain, and personal growth will likely occur, along with greater confidence and satisfaction in ALL your personal relationships. Call for a free telephone consultation.
(972) 891-9756 View (972) 891-9756
Photo of Crystal Montoya, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Plano, TX
Crystal Montoya
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75093
Crystal R. Montoya is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Texas who has been practicing since 2021. She completed her Bachelor's degree in Psychology at Schreiner University her Master's degree in Social Work at Texas State. Crystal strives to meet clients where they are at, while understanding that every client is different. She uses Trust-Based Relational Intervention (TBRI) as a starting point with all clients to help establish rapport and determine what goals they'd like to work on. Crystal believes it is essential to maintain an inviting, "open-door" policy that encourages clients to be as open and honest as possible.
Crystal R. Montoya is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Texas who has been practicing since 2021. She completed her Bachelor's degree in Psychology at Schreiner University her Master's degree in Social Work at Texas State. Crystal strives to meet clients where they are at, while understanding that every client is different. She uses Trust-Based Relational Intervention (TBRI) as a starting point with all clients to help establish rapport and determine what goals they'd like to work on. Crystal believes it is essential to maintain an inviting, "open-door" policy that encourages clients to be as open and honest as possible.
(469) 529-6791 View (469) 529-6791
Photo of Gabby Weierbach, Pre-Licensed Professional in Plano, TX
Gabby Weierbach
Pre-Licensed Professional, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75025
We all have a strong desire to connect. When you experience distance in relationships, you may feel anxiety, fear, sadness, or even shame. This can result in a variety of behaviors aimed at getting rid of these feelings but instead may leave you feeling frustrated and unheard. I am intentional about developing a safe and trusting relationship with my clients by providing a collaborative, supportive environment so that we can explore these feelings and experiences. We will focus on helping you or your child gain insight into behaviors and ways of relating to help develop more fulfilling relationships and move towards personal growth.
We all have a strong desire to connect. When you experience distance in relationships, you may feel anxiety, fear, sadness, or even shame. This can result in a variety of behaviors aimed at getting rid of these feelings but instead may leave you feeling frustrated and unheard. I am intentional about developing a safe and trusting relationship with my clients by providing a collaborative, supportive environment so that we can explore these feelings and experiences. We will focus on helping you or your child gain insight into behaviors and ways of relating to help develop more fulfilling relationships and move towards personal growth.
(972) 779-5817 View (972) 779-5817
Photo of Troslyn Perry-Mitchell, Licensed Professional Counselor in Plano, TX
Troslyn Perry-Mitchell
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, ADHD, CSSP
Verified Verified
Plano, TX 75024
I know that it is tough navigating this life of uncertainty, especially when life is not going "according to plan". Life is messy, human relationships are rarely just black and white. Sometimes we need help understanding ourselves and the people we love. If you deal with individual internal conflicts (anxiety or depression) or external conflicts (stressors with family ADHD-Strong Willed-Children, or family partnerships) and seeking to empower yourself and live a more fulfilling life, I am ready to journey alongside of you.
I know that it is tough navigating this life of uncertainty, especially when life is not going "according to plan". Life is messy, human relationships are rarely just black and white. Sometimes we need help understanding ourselves and the people we love. If you deal with individual internal conflicts (anxiety or depression) or external conflicts (stressors with family ADHD-Strong Willed-Children, or family partnerships) and seeking to empower yourself and live a more fulfilling life, I am ready to journey alongside of you.
(469) 908-2176 View (469) 908-2176
Photo of Kasey Key, Licensed Professional Counselor in Plano, TX
Kasey Key
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS , LPC, RPT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75023
Have you ever found yourself in a moment where everything changes, leaving you to wonder, "What just happened?" Sudden feelings of overwhelm or disconnection are very common. I am dedicated to providing an empathetic, supportive environment where your perspective is met with curiosity, acceptance, and a touch of playfulness. Together, we'll expand the use of emotional language, cultivate healthy ways to express feelings, and start to build a foundation of self compassion, respect, and understanding.
Have you ever found yourself in a moment where everything changes, leaving you to wonder, "What just happened?" Sudden feelings of overwhelm or disconnection are very common. I am dedicated to providing an empathetic, supportive environment where your perspective is met with curiosity, acceptance, and a touch of playfulness. Together, we'll expand the use of emotional language, cultivate healthy ways to express feelings, and start to build a foundation of self compassion, respect, and understanding.
(214) 393-5980 View (214) 393-5980
Photo of Ray Myers, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Plano, TX
Ray Myers
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LMFT-A
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75093
I help people and their relationships get from stuck to unstuck, from barely surviving to thriving. I believe our relationships and connection with others is the greatest joy in life. Other people can also be the source of immense pain and suffering. I want to partner with you to create realistic goals that change your life and your relationships for the better. Let’s put together a plan that’s crafted just for you. You don’t have to feel stuck anymore.
I help people and their relationships get from stuck to unstuck, from barely surviving to thriving. I believe our relationships and connection with others is the greatest joy in life. Other people can also be the source of immense pain and suffering. I want to partner with you to create realistic goals that change your life and your relationships for the better. Let’s put together a plan that’s crafted just for you. You don’t have to feel stuck anymore.
(469) 820-3540 x1 View (469) 820-3540 x1
Photo of Andrea Cunningham, Licensed Professional Counselor in Plano, TX
Andrea Cunningham
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC-S, CYT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75023
I am committed to helping my clients achieve their goals. I believe that counseling can promote a lifestyle that results in physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being. I focus on the client as a whole individual, rather than a disorder, and encourage healthy behaviors across various aspects of life. I conceptualize individuals and form treatment plans tailored to each client's unique characteristics, strengths, values, and needs. I work diligently to create a safe, empathic, and supportive environment for my clients.
I am committed to helping my clients achieve their goals. I believe that counseling can promote a lifestyle that results in physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being. I focus on the client as a whole individual, rather than a disorder, and encourage healthy behaviors across various aspects of life. I conceptualize individuals and form treatment plans tailored to each client's unique characteristics, strengths, values, and needs. I work diligently to create a safe, empathic, and supportive environment for my clients.
(972) 362-6668 View (972) 362-6668
Photo of Breiane Cage, Marriage & Family Therapist in Plano, TX
Breiane Cage
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CCTP, CNT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75075
My greatest strength is empathy, the ability to put myself in the shoes of my client to understand what they are feeling. Every brain is as unique as DNA, which means problems can present differently in people and can be triggered by different issues. I work with all ages, from children with ADHD to senior citizens with cognitive decline. Sometimes the client needs to build a toolbox, and other times, we can teach the brain new ways of processing information. It all depends on what issues you are dealing with in order to determine what solutions are available. I will guide you through what options are available for you to decide.
My greatest strength is empathy, the ability to put myself in the shoes of my client to understand what they are feeling. Every brain is as unique as DNA, which means problems can present differently in people and can be triggered by different issues. I work with all ages, from children with ADHD to senior citizens with cognitive decline. Sometimes the client needs to build a toolbox, and other times, we can teach the brain new ways of processing information. It all depends on what issues you are dealing with in order to determine what solutions are available. I will guide you through what options are available for you to decide.
(469) 423-8079 View (469) 423-8079
Photo of Holly Jule Spero Counseling, LPC Intern in Plano, TX
Holly Jule Spero Counseling
LPC Intern, MA, LPC-A
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75024
A warm welcome to newcomers to the therapeutic relationship, seeking to improve mental health and adjustment to life's up and downs. Are you looking for someone to listen without judgment? Feeling stuck or helpless? Difficulty maintaining healthy relationships? Not sure what to do next?
A warm welcome to newcomers to the therapeutic relationship, seeking to improve mental health and adjustment to life's up and downs. Are you looking for someone to listen without judgment? Feeling stuck or helpless? Difficulty maintaining healthy relationships? Not sure what to do next?
(469) 908-2808 View (469) 908-2808
Photo of Karoline Argo Riech, Licensed Professional Counselor in Plano, TX
Karoline Argo Riech
Licensed Professional Counselor, BA, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Plano, TX 75093
Waitlist for new clients
My counseling approach is collaborative in nature, with the goal of providing a comfortable, warm environment for my clients. I incorporate different counseling techniques from a wide range of theories, but tend to work most heavily from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). This type of therapy helps people overcome irrational, dysfunctional, and unhealthy thought processes that tend to add to and prolong emotional strain, trauma, and tension. I combine aspects such as EMDR, expressive arts, fitness, nutrition and nervous system regulation strategies into sessions.
My counseling approach is collaborative in nature, with the goal of providing a comfortable, warm environment for my clients. I incorporate different counseling techniques from a wide range of theories, but tend to work most heavily from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). This type of therapy helps people overcome irrational, dysfunctional, and unhealthy thought processes that tend to add to and prolong emotional strain, trauma, and tension. I combine aspects such as EMDR, expressive arts, fitness, nutrition and nervous system regulation strategies into sessions.
(214) 736-7493 View (214) 736-7493
Photo of Yajie Xiong, Licensed Professional Counselor in Plano, TX
Yajie Xiong
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Plano, TX 75093  (Online Only)
Hi, I am Yajie. Ever feel like life's a bit of a juggling act, pulling you in all sorts of directions? It happens. Work, relationships, and taking care of yourself can be a lot to handle. If you're finding it tough to be kind to yourself, I get it. In our talks, I want to help you sort through things. I use a mix of ideas from different types of therapy. We'll chat about the big questions in life—what gives it meaning, how free we are to make choices, and what responsibilities we have. This helps us give more purpose and depth to what you're going through.
Hi, I am Yajie. Ever feel like life's a bit of a juggling act, pulling you in all sorts of directions? It happens. Work, relationships, and taking care of yourself can be a lot to handle. If you're finding it tough to be kind to yourself, I get it. In our talks, I want to help you sort through things. I use a mix of ideas from different types of therapy. We'll chat about the big questions in life—what gives it meaning, how free we are to make choices, and what responsibilities we have. This helps us give more purpose and depth to what you're going through.
(972) 787-0453 View (972) 787-0453
Photo of Keith Patrick Bryant, LPC Intern in Plano, TX
Keith Patrick Bryant
LPC Intern, MS, LPC-A, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75093
Keith’s primary area of focus is Child Centered Play Therapy (CCPT). However, he also has experience working with teens and adults, and has received training to work with groups and families. Keith finds Child Parent Relationship Therapy (CPRT) to be a particularly fulfilling way of working within the family system. During the pandemic Keith gained training and experience working through multiple Tele-health platforms. He also has experience using Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT), but he primarily views counseling through a holistic Person-Centered perspective.
Keith’s primary area of focus is Child Centered Play Therapy (CCPT). However, he also has experience working with teens and adults, and has received training to work with groups and families. Keith finds Child Parent Relationship Therapy (CPRT) to be a particularly fulfilling way of working within the family system. During the pandemic Keith gained training and experience working through multiple Tele-health platforms. He also has experience using Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT), but he primarily views counseling through a holistic Person-Centered perspective.
(469) 382-4972 View (469) 382-4972
Photo of Kylie Fyfe, Licensed Professional Counselor in Plano, TX
Kylie Fyfe
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75024  (Online Only)
Have you felt all alone? Feeling strong emotions you don’t know how to handle? Felt a sense of sadness or hopelessness that doesn’t seem to end? Are there past events that you haven’t dealt with yet? Are you concerned about how your child is behaving? Have you or your child been struggling with any of the items listed above? Are you struggling with how to help yourself or your child? If you answered “yes” to any of those questions, take a breath and know you’re not alone. It’s okay to not be okay, to not have all the answers. We’ve all been there. You have already taken the first step by searching for help, I’m so glad you did!
Have you felt all alone? Feeling strong emotions you don’t know how to handle? Felt a sense of sadness or hopelessness that doesn’t seem to end? Are there past events that you haven’t dealt with yet? Are you concerned about how your child is behaving? Have you or your child been struggling with any of the items listed above? Are you struggling with how to help yourself or your child? If you answered “yes” to any of those questions, take a breath and know you’re not alone. It’s okay to not be okay, to not have all the answers. We’ve all been there. You have already taken the first step by searching for help, I’m so glad you did!
(214) 833-8623 View (214) 833-8623

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Plano, TX

1,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Plano, TX who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
73% Relationship Issues
73% Self Esteem
68% Trauma and PTSD
68% Coping Skills
65% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% Aetna
75% BlueCross and BlueShield
75% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Plano, TX see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Plano?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.