Therapists in Philadelphia, PA

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Photo of Anne Miller-Uueda, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Anne Miller-Uueda
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSS, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19106
I am continually honored to bear witness to healing as I support individuals and groups as they strengthen the relationship to themselves, others, and communities. I believe that healing occurs in therapy when there is a safe and trusting connection between the therapist and client. I strive to support the person sitting with me through listening with empathy and no judgments. My therapeutic style is integrative; I work with each person to find an approach that meets their needs. In doing so I draw on a variety of approaches including relational, client-centered, supportive counseling, mindfulness-based, and cognitive behavioral.
I am continually honored to bear witness to healing as I support individuals and groups as they strengthen the relationship to themselves, others, and communities. I believe that healing occurs in therapy when there is a safe and trusting connection between the therapist and client. I strive to support the person sitting with me through listening with empathy and no judgments. My therapeutic style is integrative; I work with each person to find an approach that meets their needs. In doing so I draw on a variety of approaches including relational, client-centered, supportive counseling, mindfulness-based, and cognitive behavioral.
(215) 709-3425 View (215) 709-3425
Photo of Jalana Mogilewski, Marriage & Family Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Jalana Mogilewski
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19129
Are you struggling with anxiety, depression or relationship problems? Do you worry that you may never achieve the satisfying life that you envision? Do you struggle to find a work/life balance and feel exhausted from trying to prove yourself? Do you have trouble feeling deeply or staying present in your daily life? Are racial or cultural dynamics impacting your personal or professional relationships?
Are you struggling with anxiety, depression or relationship problems? Do you worry that you may never achieve the satisfying life that you envision? Do you struggle to find a work/life balance and feel exhausted from trying to prove yourself? Do you have trouble feeling deeply or staying present in your daily life? Are racial or cultural dynamics impacting your personal or professional relationships?
(610) 890-4963 View (610) 890-4963
Photo of Jennifer S Brey, Licensed Professional Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Jennifer S Brey
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19102  (Online Only)
My goals are your goals! The therapeutic relationship is a unique partnership and the most important place to start this journey. I use an individualized approach, drawing from several therapeutic theories and techniques to meet your specific needs. I can help you manage and reduce anxiety, heal from trauma, and decrease addictive behaviors. Other areas of focus are managing depression, decreasing PNES episodes, processing grief and loss, improving communication, and self-esteem.
My goals are your goals! The therapeutic relationship is a unique partnership and the most important place to start this journey. I use an individualized approach, drawing from several therapeutic theories and techniques to meet your specific needs. I can help you manage and reduce anxiety, heal from trauma, and decrease addictive behaviors. Other areas of focus are managing depression, decreasing PNES episodes, processing grief and loss, improving communication, and self-esteem.
(215) 977-4908 View (215) 977-4908
Photo of Saumya Kaup Davis, Licensed Professional Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Saumya Kaup Davis
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCPC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19122  (Online Only)
Hello and welcome. I am a Licensed and Board-Certified Therapist in Maryland and Pennsylvania with 10 years of professional work experience. I am a certified, as well as a lifelong, practitioner of meditation and yoga. My clinical experience comes from providing direct mental health and behavioral counseling for young children, teens, and adults with a variety of presenting issues including stress/anxiety, depression, grief and loss, relationship and family issues, trauma recovery, racialized and intergenerational trauma recovery, mood instability, ADHD and gender identity.
Hello and welcome. I am a Licensed and Board-Certified Therapist in Maryland and Pennsylvania with 10 years of professional work experience. I am a certified, as well as a lifelong, practitioner of meditation and yoga. My clinical experience comes from providing direct mental health and behavioral counseling for young children, teens, and adults with a variety of presenting issues including stress/anxiety, depression, grief and loss, relationship and family issues, trauma recovery, racialized and intergenerational trauma recovery, mood instability, ADHD and gender identity.
(215) 273-9336 View (215) 273-9336
Photo of Katie Ruf, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Katie Ruf
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
Hello, my name is Katie and I have a decade of experience in severe mental illness, grief therapy, self-esteem, depression, anxiety and women's issues. I take a client-centered, empowerment approach. Together we will work on creating and sustaining your goals (not just in therapy but long after).
Hello, my name is Katie and I have a decade of experience in severe mental illness, grief therapy, self-esteem, depression, anxiety and women's issues. I take a client-centered, empowerment approach. Together we will work on creating and sustaining your goals (not just in therapy but long after).
(484) 623-5747 View (484) 623-5747
Photo of Lighthouse Psychotherapy Services, Psychologist in Philadelphia, PA
Lighthouse Psychotherapy Services
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19102  (Online Only)
If you are feeling that life’s challenges are preventing you from reaching your full potential, Lighthouse Psychotherapy Services can help you. It is the mission of LPS to lead and guide each individual into mental wellness, so that they may continue on the path that God has intended for their lives. Our goal here at LPS is to successfully integrate evidenced-based psychological intervention and Christian faith to help our clients along their journey to mental wellness.
If you are feeling that life’s challenges are preventing you from reaching your full potential, Lighthouse Psychotherapy Services can help you. It is the mission of LPS to lead and guide each individual into mental wellness, so that they may continue on the path that God has intended for their lives. Our goal here at LPS is to successfully integrate evidenced-based psychological intervention and Christian faith to help our clients along their journey to mental wellness.
(267) 494-6313 View (267) 494-6313
Photo of Brandi Jefferson, Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Brandi Jefferson
Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
I am licensed in Pennsylvania with over 10 years of professional work experience. I have experience in helping clients with stress, anxiety and depression, relationship issues, family conflicts, & parenting issues.
I am licensed in Pennsylvania with over 10 years of professional work experience. I have experience in helping clients with stress, anxiety and depression, relationship issues, family conflicts, & parenting issues.
(484) 552-9061 View (484) 552-9061
Photo of Sam O'Neill, Pre-Licensed Professional in Philadelphia, PA
Sam O'Neill
Pre-Licensed Professional, BA
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19148  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I whole-heartedly believe that the most powerful personal growth is cultivated when we are equipped with support, compassion, and encouragement. My therapeutic approach is warm and non-judgmental, and I strive to be that source of support, compassion, and encouragement for my clients while also teaching them valuable skills that allow them to access these tools within themselves as well. I am eager to hold space to allow you to experience an openness to explore, and a willingness to produce real, raw, and vulnerable change.
I whole-heartedly believe that the most powerful personal growth is cultivated when we are equipped with support, compassion, and encouragement. My therapeutic approach is warm and non-judgmental, and I strive to be that source of support, compassion, and encouragement for my clients while also teaching them valuable skills that allow them to access these tools within themselves as well. I am eager to hold space to allow you to experience an openness to explore, and a willingness to produce real, raw, and vulnerable change.
(267) 214-9610 View (267) 214-9610
Photo of Rebecca Clarke, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Rebecca Clarke
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, CCTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19147
I feel it is an honor and privilege to serve as a therapist. Creating a partnership with clients, I work to provide a safe, warm, nurturing and empathic space. My goal as an EMDR therapist is to work collaboratively with clients- creating transformative healing and change, and increasing self understanding and self compassion. I currently have availability for intensive EMDR- individually tailored (half, full or multi day therapy) in person at my Philadelphia location or online (PA and NJ residents).
I feel it is an honor and privilege to serve as a therapist. Creating a partnership with clients, I work to provide a safe, warm, nurturing and empathic space. My goal as an EMDR therapist is to work collaboratively with clients- creating transformative healing and change, and increasing self understanding and self compassion. I currently have availability for intensive EMDR- individually tailored (half, full or multi day therapy) in person at my Philadelphia location or online (PA and NJ residents).
(215) 337-2340 View (215) 337-2340
Photo of Yancun Wisseh, Licensed Professional Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Yancun Wisseh
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MS, MSMHC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
The helping profession which is often referred to as therapy or counseling has been my life-long goal. My desire has made me a patient, attentive, and non-judgmental listener and has shaped my approach to understanding clients’ needs better. I am also supportive and seek positivity in every situation presented. I thrive to make clients feel safe including even reluctant clients to find their own way during treatment but also help clients to learn how to take personal responsibility to take charge of their behavior. I facilitate, encourage, empower, and help the client discover their potential.
The helping profession which is often referred to as therapy or counseling has been my life-long goal. My desire has made me a patient, attentive, and non-judgmental listener and has shaped my approach to understanding clients’ needs better. I am also supportive and seek positivity in every situation presented. I thrive to make clients feel safe including even reluctant clients to find their own way during treatment but also help clients to learn how to take personal responsibility to take charge of their behavior. I facilitate, encourage, empower, and help the client discover their potential.
(215) 366-0118 View (215) 366-0118
Photo of Akia Imani Izzard, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Akia Imani Izzard
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19121  (Online Only)
Hello! I am Akia, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I am dedicated to empowering adolescents and adults to improve their well-being in their private and professional lives. I assist clients in increasing their insight and awareness of their feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. I believe the client-therapist relationship is very important in building a strong foundation for therapeutic success. In addition to being a therapist, I am also a wife, and mother of 3, with a special needs child. I also love to read and drink copious amounts of tea.
Hello! I am Akia, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I am dedicated to empowering adolescents and adults to improve their well-being in their private and professional lives. I assist clients in increasing their insight and awareness of their feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. I believe the client-therapist relationship is very important in building a strong foundation for therapeutic success. In addition to being a therapist, I am also a wife, and mother of 3, with a special needs child. I also love to read and drink copious amounts of tea.
(215) 650-8140 View (215) 650-8140
Photo of Ellen L Wright, Psychologist in Philadelphia, PA
Ellen L Wright
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19103
People enter therapy because they want to improve something in their lives. Often the timing of this choice to seek therapy is not ideal - you may be having family or work stress, you may be depressed, anxious, tired and unable to think clearly or make decisions. At these times you need a therapist who is well respected, thoughtful, and capable. I am a licensed Psychologist who has been in private practice in Center City, Philadelphia for over 25 years. I work with adults and young adults (16 years +) facing emotional, interpersonal, career and medical challenges.
People enter therapy because they want to improve something in their lives. Often the timing of this choice to seek therapy is not ideal - you may be having family or work stress, you may be depressed, anxious, tired and unable to think clearly or make decisions. At these times you need a therapist who is well respected, thoughtful, and capable. I am a licensed Psychologist who has been in private practice in Center City, Philadelphia for over 25 years. I work with adults and young adults (16 years +) facing emotional, interpersonal, career and medical challenges.
(215) 977-4211 View (215) 977-4211
Photo of Ashley Levins, Marriage & Family Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Ashley Levins
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19129  (Online Only)
I work best with people who see themselves as high-functioning or goal-oriented, but are struggling to get tasks started or wrap projects up. I enjoy conversations that are educational but fun, since I believe therapy should be a safe space to learn and ask awkward questions. I have many clients who would call themselves perfectionists and over-function out of necessity. I like helping people realize their full potential and to learn how to advocate for themselves with their loved ones or at work. If you've got goals, let's get them accomplished. If you don't know where to start, let's come up with some small ideas together!
I work best with people who see themselves as high-functioning or goal-oriented, but are struggling to get tasks started or wrap projects up. I enjoy conversations that are educational but fun, since I believe therapy should be a safe space to learn and ask awkward questions. I have many clients who would call themselves perfectionists and over-function out of necessity. I like helping people realize their full potential and to learn how to advocate for themselves with their loved ones or at work. If you've got goals, let's get them accomplished. If you don't know where to start, let's come up with some small ideas together!
(267) 651-1249 View (267) 651-1249
Photo of Elizabeth (Lisa) Montserat, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Elizabeth (Lisa) Montserat
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, CADC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
With 30 years of extensive experience working with individuals, couples and families my focus is on the resolution of problems (hence the name RESOLUTION COUNSELING). The goal is to improve relationships and facilitate positive change. I am certified in chemical dependency and related issues and treat many other disorders. Direct in my approach, I offer insights providing options for making changes. Breaking free of old, conditioned patterns is critical to finding fulfillment and happiness. Learning how to make healthy choices will enhance one's life. I instill HOPE that change is possible because once you have the tools you have the ability to move forward!
With 30 years of extensive experience working with individuals, couples and families my focus is on the resolution of problems (hence the name RESOLUTION COUNSELING). The goal is to improve relationships and facilitate positive change. I am certified in chemical dependency and related issues and treat many other disorders. Direct in my approach, I offer insights providing options for making changes. Breaking free of old, conditioned patterns is critical to finding fulfillment and happiness. Learning how to make healthy choices will enhance one's life. I instill HOPE that change is possible because once you have the tools you have the ability to move forward!
(215) 995-0233 View (215) 995-0233
Photo of Mary Shay, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Mary Shay
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19104
Immediate openings for new clients! Life can be very overwhelming, and with the added stress of the pandemic we all could use a little extra support! Whether you are struggling with burnout, anxiety/depression, self esteem, relationship issues, or trauma know that there is hope! My goal is to create a safe, trauma informed space to tackle these concerns together.
Immediate openings for new clients! Life can be very overwhelming, and with the added stress of the pandemic we all could use a little extra support! Whether you are struggling with burnout, anxiety/depression, self esteem, relationship issues, or trauma know that there is hope! My goal is to create a safe, trauma informed space to tackle these concerns together.
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Photo of Hannah Lerner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Hannah Lerner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
As a dedicated and licensed social worker, I hold a Master of Social Work degree with a clinical concentration in health/mental health from Temple University. With licenses as an LCSW in Pennsylvania and an LICSW in Massachusetts, my extensive experience in diverse healthcare settings positions me as an expert in providing comprehensive support to individuals and families facing mental health challenges.
As a dedicated and licensed social worker, I hold a Master of Social Work degree with a clinical concentration in health/mental health from Temple University. With licenses as an LCSW in Pennsylvania and an LICSW in Massachusetts, my extensive experience in diverse healthcare settings positions me as an expert in providing comprehensive support to individuals and families facing mental health challenges.
(484) 559-6567 View (484) 559-6567
Photo of Carly Stanton, Licensed Professional Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Carly Stanton
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MT-BC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
Carly Stanton LPC, MT-BC, is a trauma-informed therapist who through her nonjudgemental, empathetic, and authentic presence creates a safe place for you to share your story. She has experience in the areas of: anxiety, depression, adult ADHD, isolation, relationship issues, women’s issues, OCD, life transitions, career challenges, trauma, adolescents, and more.
Carly Stanton LPC, MT-BC, is a trauma-informed therapist who through her nonjudgemental, empathetic, and authentic presence creates a safe place for you to share your story. She has experience in the areas of: anxiety, depression, adult ADHD, isolation, relationship issues, women’s issues, OCD, life transitions, career challenges, trauma, adolescents, and more.
(215) 234-1287 View (215) 234-1287
Photo of Stella Xin Fan, Licensed Professional Counselor in Philadelphia, PA
Stella Xin Fan
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19125  (Online Only)
Hi there, Life is an ever-changing and often challenging journey, it’s not uncommon to find yourself feeling confused, frustrated, and stuck. It takes strength and courage to engage in self-exploration and personal growth and therapy can help. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania with 10 years of clinical experience. I have worked with children, adolescents, adults, and families in different settings including schools, outpatient clinics, and private practice.
Hi there, Life is an ever-changing and often challenging journey, it’s not uncommon to find yourself feeling confused, frustrated, and stuck. It takes strength and courage to engage in self-exploration and personal growth and therapy can help. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania with 10 years of clinical experience. I have worked with children, adolescents, adults, and families in different settings including schools, outpatient clinics, and private practice.
(215) 515-2640 View (215) 515-2640
Photo of Dr. Christopher G. Deussing, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Dr. Christopher G. Deussing
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LCSW, C-DBT
Verified Verified
15 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19146
Dr. Deussing has helped many people with a variety of psychological presentations including mood disorders, trauma, grief, addiction, & personality disorders. Currently, three of his primary focuses are Borderline Personality Disorder, Ketamine Therapy, & Men's Mental Health. Dr. Deussing's core competencies are Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Modern Psychoanalysis, & Psychedelic Therapy. He is a creative clinician who uses a humanistic client-centered approach. Dr. Deussing is an expert group facilitator licensed to practice in 6 states (PA, NJ, DE, CO, FL, & HI). He also provides training, supervision, & consultation services.
Dr. Deussing has helped many people with a variety of psychological presentations including mood disorders, trauma, grief, addiction, & personality disorders. Currently, three of his primary focuses are Borderline Personality Disorder, Ketamine Therapy, & Men's Mental Health. Dr. Deussing's core competencies are Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Modern Psychoanalysis, & Psychedelic Therapy. He is a creative clinician who uses a humanistic client-centered approach. Dr. Deussing is an expert group facilitator licensed to practice in 6 states (PA, NJ, DE, CO, FL, & HI). He also provides training, supervision, & consultation services.
(215) 478-6815 View (215) 478-6815
Photo of Evan B Morrow, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Philadelphia, PA
Evan B Morrow
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
My goal is to create a safe space and a confidential work place for clients to address their problems ( anxiety depression, PTSD) with cognitive reframing and accessing of their inner strength and coping skills. I use CBT primarily with a psycho analytic twist as well as using motivational interviewing when it comes to matters of substance abuse. Every client deserves the opportunity to come through struggles and trauma in a meaningful resilient way.
My goal is to create a safe space and a confidential work place for clients to address their problems ( anxiety depression, PTSD) with cognitive reframing and accessing of their inner strength and coping skills. I use CBT primarily with a psycho analytic twist as well as using motivational interviewing when it comes to matters of substance abuse. Every client deserves the opportunity to come through struggles and trauma in a meaningful resilient way.
(484) 214-2752 View (484) 214-2752

See more therapy options for Philadelphia

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Philadelphia, PA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$143

Therapists in Philadelphia, PA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
74% Self Esteem
71% Relationship Issues
69% Trauma and PTSD
64% Coping Skills
60% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% Aetna
67% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
65% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Philadelphia, PA see their clients

50% In Person and Online
50% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
20% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Philadelphia?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.