Therapists in Willow Street, PA

Photo of Scott Behrens, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Willow Street, PA
Scott Behrens
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW, MSW, CFBT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Willow Street, PA 17584
My past experience in family based therapy has helped me adapt to the needs of my clients and the wide range of challenges they have faced. In my time in family based I worked with people diagnosed with autism, depression, anxiety, intellectual disability, personality disorders, mood disorders, and many others. I believe in meeting each client where they are at and approaching them in a more person-to-person fashion than therapist-to-client. Each person's story is unique and they are the experts on their own lives which allows me to approach their challenges with curiosity and a desire to learn about them and support where needed.
My past experience in family based therapy has helped me adapt to the needs of my clients and the wide range of challenges they have faced. In my time in family based I worked with people diagnosed with autism, depression, anxiety, intellectual disability, personality disorders, mood disorders, and many others. I believe in meeting each client where they are at and approaching them in a more person-to-person fashion than therapist-to-client. Each person's story is unique and they are the experts on their own lives which allows me to approach their challenges with curiosity and a desire to learn about them and support where needed.
(717) 527-5803 View (717) 527-5803
Photo of Weigel Counseling Associates, Psychologist in Willow Street, PA
Weigel Counseling Associates
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Willow Street, PA 17584
Waitlist for new clients
Weigel Counseling Associates was established in 1993 by John Weigel, Licensed Psychologist. As his practice grew, he invited local clinicians to join his practice, as well as new office locations to assist and serve the growing needs of Lancaster County. Today, Weigel Counseling has 21 clinicians and is located in Lititz and Willow Street. Weigel Counseling is committed to providing Confidential, Professional, and "Down to Earth" Mental Health Services. Check us out at www.weigelcounseling.com
Weigel Counseling Associates was established in 1993 by John Weigel, Licensed Psychologist. As his practice grew, he invited local clinicians to join his practice, as well as new office locations to assist and serve the growing needs of Lancaster County. Today, Weigel Counseling has 21 clinicians and is located in Lititz and Willow Street. Weigel Counseling is committed to providing Confidential, Professional, and "Down to Earth" Mental Health Services. Check us out at www.weigelcounseling.com
(717) 447-5066 View (717) 447-5066
Photo of Heart for Change Counseling Services, Inc, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Willow Street, PA
Heart for Change Counseling Services, Inc
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Willow Street, PA 17584
At Heart for Change Counseling Services, we value finding darkness in the world and bringing light. We treat all people with dignity and respect, maintain an environment free from judgement, and provide a team-approach to ensure those who walk through our doors feel valued, supported, and heard. We believe in making quality services affordable regardless of insurance.
At Heart for Change Counseling Services, we value finding darkness in the world and bringing light. We treat all people with dignity and respect, maintain an environment free from judgement, and provide a team-approach to ensure those who walk through our doors feel valued, supported, and heard. We believe in making quality services affordable regardless of insurance.
(717) 546-9257 View (717) 546-9257
Photo of Dannel V Wissler, Licensed Professional Counselor in Willow Street, PA
Dannel V Wissler
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CAADC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Willow Street, PA 17584
Not accepting new clients
Dannel is a licensed professional counselor who works with various clients and emotional needs. In addition to a Masters degree in Marriage and Family Counseling she holds a certificate as a Certified Advanced Alcohol and Drug Counselor (CAADC).
Dannel is a licensed professional counselor who works with various clients and emotional needs. In addition to a Masters degree in Marriage and Family Counseling she holds a certificate as a Certified Advanced Alcohol and Drug Counselor (CAADC).
(717) 985-7336 View (717) 985-7336
Photo of Redemption Wellness Services, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Willow Street, PA
Redemption Wellness Services, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Willow Street, PA 17584
Hello, my name is Tamra Miller-Spence. I've worked in the mental health field for about 7 years. I've worked with a variety of client needs, including maternal mental health, domestic violence, anxiety, depression, parenting concerns, relationship discord, trauma, self-harm, suicidal thoughts, and anger management. The clients I work with are seeking guidance in making lifestyle changes to improve their quality of life. They are goal oriented, with an open-mind, and a willingness to be present in sessions.
Hello, my name is Tamra Miller-Spence. I've worked in the mental health field for about 7 years. I've worked with a variety of client needs, including maternal mental health, domestic violence, anxiety, depression, parenting concerns, relationship discord, trauma, self-harm, suicidal thoughts, and anger management. The clients I work with are seeking guidance in making lifestyle changes to improve their quality of life. They are goal oriented, with an open-mind, and a willingness to be present in sessions.
(223) 332-4023 View (223) 332-4023
Photo of Yanina M. Marti-Ramirez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Willow Street, PA
Yanina M. Marti-Ramirez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, CCTP-II, RPT
Verified Verified
Willow Street, PA 17584
Have you been thinking lately about alternatives to deal with your past trauma? A current life situation left you feeling stuck? Do you need additional help to overcome anxiety, stress, or deep sadness? Then, there is a possibility that you are feeling ready to begin your healing journey. Because all life experiences are different, we offer a welcoming and non-judgmental environment that assists you in healing at your own pace. In addition, you, a family member, or a friend can benefit from our evidence-based therapies with a person-centered approach.
Have you been thinking lately about alternatives to deal with your past trauma? A current life situation left you feeling stuck? Do you need additional help to overcome anxiety, stress, or deep sadness? Then, there is a possibility that you are feeling ready to begin your healing journey. Because all life experiences are different, we offer a welcoming and non-judgmental environment that assists you in healing at your own pace. In addition, you, a family member, or a friend can benefit from our evidence-based therapies with a person-centered approach.
(717) 229-9324 View (717) 229-9324
Photo of Behavioral Healthcare Corporation in Willow Street, PA
Behavioral Healthcare Corporation
MD, PsyD, MEd, LPC, LCSW
Verified Verified
Willow Street, PA 17584
Our mission: Mental health for all we serve. Our passion: Helping you achieve mental health. Life can be hard. We all have challenges. We all experience loss, stress, grief and, at some point, all of us feel overwhelmed. The team at Behavioral Healthcare Corporation has been helping people just like you deal with life's issues and restore their mental health since 2002.
Our mission: Mental health for all we serve. Our passion: Helping you achieve mental health. Life can be hard. We all have challenges. We all experience loss, stress, grief and, at some point, all of us feel overwhelmed. The team at Behavioral Healthcare Corporation has been helping people just like you deal with life's issues and restore their mental health since 2002.
(717) 502-4771 View (717) 502-4771

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Kristle J. Small, Licensed Professional Counselor in Willow Street, PA
Kristle J. Small
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, , LPC, LMH-C
Verified Verified
Lancaster, PA 17601
Feeling depressed or worried? Is your relationship in trouble? Visiting a therapist can help! Kristle J. Small Counseling Group is a virtual mental health and counseling practice in service Delaware. Our mission is helping clients feel like they are talking to an objective friend. Are you ready to transform your life and get on the right track? As therapists we can help you to get the results you want for your life. We are committed to helping you identify the obstacles in your life and achieve your goals. If you are interested in beginning therapy, please visit us at www.kristlejsmall.com. We look forward to helping you!
Feeling depressed or worried? Is your relationship in trouble? Visiting a therapist can help! Kristle J. Small Counseling Group is a virtual mental health and counseling practice in service Delaware. Our mission is helping clients feel like they are talking to an objective friend. Are you ready to transform your life and get on the right track? As therapists we can help you to get the results you want for your life. We are committed to helping you identify the obstacles in your life and achieve your goals. If you are interested in beginning therapy, please visit us at www.kristlejsmall.com. We look forward to helping you!
(302) 300-4891 View (302) 300-4891
Photo of Allison Soellner (Morning Availability), Licensed Professional Counselor in Willow Street, PA
Allison Soellner (Morning Availability)
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Lancaster, PA 17601
I believe that all individuals deserve a safe, warm and inviting environment to work on goals that make change possible. My goal in the therapeutic process is to allow individuals to explore in a supportive, collaborative manner. I incorporate person-centered therapy where clients have the ability to process, create goals and ignite change into their lives, whether that be mentally, emotionally or spiritually. I enjoy working with individuals who are 16 and older that may be struggling in areas that include anxiety, relationships, substance use, life stress, trauma and other areas that may be found during the journey of therapy.
I believe that all individuals deserve a safe, warm and inviting environment to work on goals that make change possible. My goal in the therapeutic process is to allow individuals to explore in a supportive, collaborative manner. I incorporate person-centered therapy where clients have the ability to process, create goals and ignite change into their lives, whether that be mentally, emotionally or spiritually. I enjoy working with individuals who are 16 and older that may be struggling in areas that include anxiety, relationships, substance use, life stress, trauma and other areas that may be found during the journey of therapy.
(717) 864-4980 View (717) 864-4980
Photo of Emily Giorgio, Marriage & Family Therapist in Willow Street, PA
Emily Giorgio
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lancaster, PA 17603
Waitlist for new clients
I use a strengths based approach to help individuals, couples, and families to process concerns and accomplish their goals. I will provide a safe space and offer honest and compassionate feedback. I believe in the power of the therapeutic process and am honored to support clients in this endeavor.
I use a strengths based approach to help individuals, couples, and families to process concerns and accomplish their goals. I will provide a safe space and offer honest and compassionate feedback. I believe in the power of the therapeutic process and am honored to support clients in this endeavor.
(223) 400-8045 View (223) 400-8045
Photo of Addie Mooney, Pre-Licensed Professional in Willow Street, PA
Addie Mooney
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd, APC
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Lancaster, PA 17601  (Online Only)
Welcome! As a therapist my goal is to create a non-judgmental and supportive space where it feels safe to explore and grow. I have extensive experience supporting survivors of sexual assault and relational trauma (domestic violence, childhood abuse) as well as a strong understanding of narcissistic abuse and codependency. I also work with individuals that may be experiencing anxiety, depression, and OCD as well as life stress from difficult loss or transitions. My therapeutic approach integrates a psychodynamic and interpersonal framework along with some elements of Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CF-CBT).
Welcome! As a therapist my goal is to create a non-judgmental and supportive space where it feels safe to explore and grow. I have extensive experience supporting survivors of sexual assault and relational trauma (domestic violence, childhood abuse) as well as a strong understanding of narcissistic abuse and codependency. I also work with individuals that may be experiencing anxiety, depression, and OCD as well as life stress from difficult loss or transitions. My therapeutic approach integrates a psychodynamic and interpersonal framework along with some elements of Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CF-CBT).
(610) 686-8690 View (610) 686-8690
Photo of Ambur Gregorio, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Willow Street, PA
Ambur Gregorio
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, EMDR
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Bird In Hand, PA 17505
I enjoy working with adult clients that have experienced childhood attachment wounds and are now experiencing difficulty in their adult relationships as a result. I use a combination of models, including EMDR trauma therapy to help clients heal and grow into their most vibrant and whole version of themself. Anxiety, depression, low self worth, and resentment can all come from unresolved trauma that is stuck in our body and brain. If we don’t address and treat it, it continuously shows up in our present day relationships.
I enjoy working with adult clients that have experienced childhood attachment wounds and are now experiencing difficulty in their adult relationships as a result. I use a combination of models, including EMDR trauma therapy to help clients heal and grow into their most vibrant and whole version of themself. Anxiety, depression, low self worth, and resentment can all come from unresolved trauma that is stuck in our body and brain. If we don’t address and treat it, it continuously shows up in our present day relationships.
(717) 276-4715 View (717) 276-4715
Photo of John Gordon Smith, Pastoral Counselor in Willow Street, PA
John Gordon Smith
Pastoral Counselor, DMin, PhD, CSC
Verified Verified
Lancaster, PA 17602  (Online Only)
Are you seeking help to navigate your grief journey, recover from shame, practice forgiveness, address aging concerns, strengthen your relationship, or resolve sexual desire, arousal, or orgasmic issues? By sourcing help for any of these concerns, you have taken a bold step on your path to achieving the change you seek. By choosing me to help you achieve this change, you have found a caring, compassionate, competent, and committed counselor who will work with you to achieve the change you desire and deserve.
Are you seeking help to navigate your grief journey, recover from shame, practice forgiveness, address aging concerns, strengthen your relationship, or resolve sexual desire, arousal, or orgasmic issues? By sourcing help for any of these concerns, you have taken a bold step on your path to achieving the change you seek. By choosing me to help you achieve this change, you have found a caring, compassionate, competent, and committed counselor who will work with you to achieve the change you desire and deserve.
(717) 937-1866 View (717) 937-1866
Photo of Belinda Dickson-Brown, Licensed Professional Counselor in Willow Street, PA
Belinda Dickson-Brown
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lancaster, PA 17603
I know life can get hard at times and you feel like there is no way out. Well, I am here to tell you that it is, and I am here to help you figure it out. You do not have to do it alone. You are at the right place, and I will help you to work through issues while identifying your inner strengths to be a happier and healthier version of you. Whether it is depression, anxiety, trauma, infidelity, addiction, parenting and the list can go on. I have a passion for helping people so if you are looking for someone to listen, hear and be understood then let's talk.
I know life can get hard at times and you feel like there is no way out. Well, I am here to tell you that it is, and I am here to help you figure it out. You do not have to do it alone. You are at the right place, and I will help you to work through issues while identifying your inner strengths to be a happier and healthier version of you. Whether it is depression, anxiety, trauma, infidelity, addiction, parenting and the list can go on. I have a passion for helping people so if you are looking for someone to listen, hear and be understood then let's talk.
(717) 539-3821 View (717) 539-3821
Photo of Sue Tushingham in Willow Street, PA
Sue Tushingham
MS
Verified Verified
Lancaster, PA 17601
Over my 30 years of experience, I have seen that when clients reach out for therapy, it is a sign of strength and a willingness to change. I view counseling as a partnership between the client and myself, and help each client learn a new skill set that enables them to grow through life's challenges. I provide a non-judgmental and calming environment, with a focus on mindfulness. A holistic approach is used, which recognizes the importance of addressing body, mind, emotions, and spirit in order to achieve and maintain health. I am a safe, neutral sounding board for clients, which allows them to learn, grow, and heal.
Over my 30 years of experience, I have seen that when clients reach out for therapy, it is a sign of strength and a willingness to change. I view counseling as a partnership between the client and myself, and help each client learn a new skill set that enables them to grow through life's challenges. I provide a non-judgmental and calming environment, with a focus on mindfulness. A holistic approach is used, which recognizes the importance of addressing body, mind, emotions, and spirit in order to achieve and maintain health. I am a safe, neutral sounding board for clients, which allows them to learn, grow, and heal.
(717) 366-7918 View (717) 366-7918
Photo of Dr. Brea Cox, Psychologist in Willow Street, PA
Dr. Brea Cox
Psychologist, PsyD, PMH-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lancaster, PA 17601
I am trained in EMDR and specialize in supporting parents as they navigate through prenatal and postpartum needs, birth trauma, NICU experiences, PTSD, anxiety, and depression. Transitioning into each stage of life is not easy and often doesn’t match the picture of what you thought it would be. The disconnect between what you had hoped for and your current experience may lead to feelings of devastation, confusion, isolation, and even shame. You are not alone and it does get better. We will work together to find your happiness.
I am trained in EMDR and specialize in supporting parents as they navigate through prenatal and postpartum needs, birth trauma, NICU experiences, PTSD, anxiety, and depression. Transitioning into each stage of life is not easy and often doesn’t match the picture of what you thought it would be. The disconnect between what you had hoped for and your current experience may lead to feelings of devastation, confusion, isolation, and even shame. You are not alone and it does get better. We will work together to find your happiness.
(717) 276-4833 View (717) 276-4833
Photo of Rachel Saccarelli, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Willow Street, PA
Rachel Saccarelli
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW, CCTP, CSTS, EHM
Verified Verified
Lancaster, PA 17603  (Online Only)
I specialize in dissociation and dissociative disorders, complex trauma, big “T” and little “t” traumas, especially medical, sexual, and religious trauma and abuse, attachment & developmental trauma, domestic violence, abuse, shame, grief, spirituality, and sexuality, including working with folks who have committed acts of sexual violence. I work primarily with couples, individuals, and families.
I specialize in dissociation and dissociative disorders, complex trauma, big “T” and little “t” traumas, especially medical, sexual, and religious trauma and abuse, attachment & developmental trauma, domestic violence, abuse, shame, grief, spirituality, and sexuality, including working with folks who have committed acts of sexual violence. I work primarily with couples, individuals, and families.
(484) 878-4323 View (484) 878-4323
Photo of Edward Zajac, Pre-Licensed Professional in Willow Street, PA
Edward Zajac
Pre-Licensed Professional, NCC, CTP
Verified Verified
Lancaster, PA 17601
Are you thinking about reaching out for help? Does finding someone you connect with feel overwhelming and confusing? My goal as a therapist is to foster a relationship where you feel safe, heard, and validated. From this place of safety, we can collaborate to create a plan to heal and address the reasons you are seeking support. Relationships can be the source of many challenges in our lives. This could be how we relate to ourselves, others, or the world in general. Through addressing how we relate to ourselves and others we can experience powerful positive change.
Are you thinking about reaching out for help? Does finding someone you connect with feel overwhelming and confusing? My goal as a therapist is to foster a relationship where you feel safe, heard, and validated. From this place of safety, we can collaborate to create a plan to heal and address the reasons you are seeking support. Relationships can be the source of many challenges in our lives. This could be how we relate to ourselves, others, or the world in general. Through addressing how we relate to ourselves and others we can experience powerful positive change.
(717) 922-5493 View (717) 922-5493
Photo of Vicki Glabb Telehealth Now Accepting New Clients, Licensed Professional Counselor in Willow Street, PA
Vicki Glabb Telehealth Now Accepting New Clients
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Lancaster, PA 17602  (Online Only)
I have over 20 years of experience in the behavioral health field. I enjoy taking an eclectic approach to providing therapy; with a strong skill set in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Solution Focused Therapy, Family Based Therapy, Person-Centered Therapy, Evidence-Based Therapy, Psychotherapeutic support, and Talk Therapy.
I have over 20 years of experience in the behavioral health field. I enjoy taking an eclectic approach to providing therapy; with a strong skill set in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Solution Focused Therapy, Family Based Therapy, Person-Centered Therapy, Evidence-Based Therapy, Psychotherapeutic support, and Talk Therapy.
(724) 598-9776 View (724) 598-9776
Photo of Colin Halko, Licensed Professional Counselor in Willow Street, PA
Colin Halko
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Lancaster, PA 17602  (Online Only)
Have you been feeling stuck? Maybe the days have begun to merge together and six months later you find yourself in the same spot. Making lasting changes is hard and it can feel like an uphill battle, especially when you feel like life has lost its purpose. I believe therapy can help organize that chaos. All those thoughts and feelings that get tumbled around while living that feel difficult to grasp on to and understand. Through our sessions, we will work together to make some sense of it all.
Have you been feeling stuck? Maybe the days have begun to merge together and six months later you find yourself in the same spot. Making lasting changes is hard and it can feel like an uphill battle, especially when you feel like life has lost its purpose. I believe therapy can help organize that chaos. All those thoughts and feelings that get tumbled around while living that feel difficult to grasp on to and understand. Through our sessions, we will work together to make some sense of it all.
(267) 668-1714 View (267) 668-1714

See more therapy options for Willow Street

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Willow Street, PA

< 10

Therapists in Willow Street, PA who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
100% Anxiety
86% Parenting
86% Trauma and PTSD
86% Women's Issues
86% Stress
71% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Other
80% Aetna
80% Highmark

How Therapists in Willow Street, PA see their clients

100% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

75% Female
25% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Willow Street?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.