Therapists in Charlotte, NC

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Photo of Lotus Counseling Group, Marriage & Family Therapist in Charlotte, NC
Lotus Counseling Group
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT, LMFT-S
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Charlotte, NC 28205
"Owning our story can be hard but not nearly as difficult as spending our lives running from it. Embracing our vulnerabilities is risky but not nearly as dangerous as giving up on love and belonging and joy-the experiences that make us the most vulnerable. Only when we are brave enough to explore the darkness will we discover the infinite power of our light" (Brene Brown). I believe if this resonates with you, you may be willing to take the next courageous steps to journey forward in your life.
"Owning our story can be hard but not nearly as difficult as spending our lives running from it. Embracing our vulnerabilities is risky but not nearly as dangerous as giving up on love and belonging and joy-the experiences that make us the most vulnerable. Only when we are brave enough to explore the darkness will we discover the infinite power of our light" (Brene Brown). I believe if this resonates with you, you may be willing to take the next courageous steps to journey forward in your life.
(980) 247-0209 View (980) 247-0209
Photo of Chad W Kraska, Psychologist in Charlotte, NC
Chad W Kraska
Psychologist, PsyD, HSP-P
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Charlotte, NC 28226
My specialty is psychological assessment/evaluations for children and adults. Areas of focus include AD/HD, Autism Spectrum Disorder (Asperger's), Anxiety Disorders, Mood Disorders (Depression and Bipolar), Schizophrenia, Learning Disorders, Disruptive Behavior Disorders (e.g. Oppositional Defiant and Conduct Disorder) and Personality Disorders (e.g. Borderline). I provide IQ testing for school readiness (CAIS testing) and educational evaluations identifying specific learning disorders (e.g. SLD's in reading, writing and math). Additionally, I provide therapeutic services for the above mentioned challenges.
My specialty is psychological assessment/evaluations for children and adults. Areas of focus include AD/HD, Autism Spectrum Disorder (Asperger's), Anxiety Disorders, Mood Disorders (Depression and Bipolar), Schizophrenia, Learning Disorders, Disruptive Behavior Disorders (e.g. Oppositional Defiant and Conduct Disorder) and Personality Disorders (e.g. Borderline). I provide IQ testing for school readiness (CAIS testing) and educational evaluations identifying specific learning disorders (e.g. SLD's in reading, writing and math). Additionally, I provide therapeutic services for the above mentioned challenges.
(980) 224-4478 x103 View (980) 224-4478 x103
Photo of Maxine Valencia, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Charlotte, NC
Maxine Valencia
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, BA, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28211  (Online Only)
I believe one of the bravest things you can do is to begin to understand your own story. Reaching out for support is often the hardest step and I commend you for being here. Together, we will explore the layers of your life that have caused burden, stress, or sadness and work together to release you from their hold. I provide a virtual space of safety, connection, open expression, autonomy, authenticity, and collaboration. With compassion and understanding, I work with each person to help them build on their strengths and attain the personal growth they are committed to accomplishing.
I believe one of the bravest things you can do is to begin to understand your own story. Reaching out for support is often the hardest step and I commend you for being here. Together, we will explore the layers of your life that have caused burden, stress, or sadness and work together to release you from their hold. I provide a virtual space of safety, connection, open expression, autonomy, authenticity, and collaboration. With compassion and understanding, I work with each person to help them build on their strengths and attain the personal growth they are committed to accomplishing.
(704) 387-3939 View (704) 387-3939
Photo of Jasmine Moore-Clark, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Charlotte, NC
Jasmine Moore-Clark
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LMSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28262
Not accepting new clients
My counseling approach integrates Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Psychodynamic, and Dialectical Behavioral therapy. There is no greater joy (for me) than helping individuals to overcome mental and emotional barriers/ traumas that impede overall health & well-being. I believe that we are the “Author of our story” and our personal voyage is to own the "Pen" that writes “Our” story. It is important that my clients are provided a safe space, free of judgement, and are given an environment to express themselves. I am committed as a Clinical Therapist to create an emotional environment where change and healing is possible.
My counseling approach integrates Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Psychodynamic, and Dialectical Behavioral therapy. There is no greater joy (for me) than helping individuals to overcome mental and emotional barriers/ traumas that impede overall health & well-being. I believe that we are the “Author of our story” and our personal voyage is to own the "Pen" that writes “Our” story. It is important that my clients are provided a safe space, free of judgement, and are given an environment to express themselves. I am committed as a Clinical Therapist to create an emotional environment where change and healing is possible.
(704) 327-0109 View (704) 327-0109
Photo of Katie Brown, Psychological Associate in Charlotte, NC
Katie Brown
Psychological Associate, LPA, SSP, NCSP, HSP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Charlotte, NC 28211
Katie Brown is a Licensed Psychological Associate and Nationally Certified School Psychologist whose practice focuses exclusively on psychological/psychoeducational testing. Katie has extensive experience assessing early childhood development, cognitive processing strengths and weaknesses, social/emotional/behavioral functioning, and learning disabilities, which includes dyslexia. In addition to assessments, Katie is able to offer insight on how to navigate the IEP and 504 process in schools.
Katie Brown is a Licensed Psychological Associate and Nationally Certified School Psychologist whose practice focuses exclusively on psychological/psychoeducational testing. Katie has extensive experience assessing early childhood development, cognitive processing strengths and weaknesses, social/emotional/behavioral functioning, and learning disabilities, which includes dyslexia. In addition to assessments, Katie is able to offer insight on how to navigate the IEP and 504 process in schools.
(704) 610-5107 View (704) 610-5107
Photo of Althia G Mclaughlin, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Charlotte, NC
Althia G Mclaughlin
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MA, LCMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Charlotte, NC 28226
Not accepting new clients
I believe in the power of therapy. When a client is an active participant in his/her treatment and is committed to applying the knowledge gained in therapy to life in the outside world, powerful and positive changes can happen. I am a North Carolina Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor. I provide services in English and Spanish to adults and older adolescents. My sessions are with individuals and groups. If you're ready to make a change, MAKE AN APPOINTMENT ONLINE NOW here: https://althia-mclaughlin.clientsecure.me
I believe in the power of therapy. When a client is an active participant in his/her treatment and is committed to applying the knowledge gained in therapy to life in the outside world, powerful and positive changes can happen. I am a North Carolina Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor. I provide services in English and Spanish to adults and older adolescents. My sessions are with individuals and groups. If you're ready to make a change, MAKE AN APPOINTMENT ONLINE NOW here: https://althia-mclaughlin.clientsecure.me
(704) 935-2761 View (704) 935-2761
Photo of Evolve Psych Group, PLLC in Charlotte, NC
Evolve Psych Group, PLLC
LCMHCQS
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28277
At Evolve, we have an engaged style of therapy that doesn’t let you “monologue” the session. We believe in the power of venting, and while listening is at the core of any therapeutic relationship, we are also trained to challenge those thoughts and feelings that are not serving you well. Many of our clients have had previous experiences that left them with that “been there, done that” type of feeling. That is why they came to us. We support you every step of the way, but we also challenge you and lead you to live the life you deserve. Your journey starts here.
At Evolve, we have an engaged style of therapy that doesn’t let you “monologue” the session. We believe in the power of venting, and while listening is at the core of any therapeutic relationship, we are also trained to challenge those thoughts and feelings that are not serving you well. Many of our clients have had previous experiences that left them with that “been there, done that” type of feeling. That is why they came to us. We support you every step of the way, but we also challenge you and lead you to live the life you deserve. Your journey starts here.
(704) 842-9734 View (704) 842-9734
Photo of Kristin E Running, Psychologist in Charlotte, NC
Kristin E Running
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Charlotte, NC 28210
As a psychologist, I offer therapy and psychological evaluations for children, adolescents, and adults. I conduct psychological and psychoeducational testing to assess for neurodevelopmental, emotional, and behavioral concerns. These include learning disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorder.
As a psychologist, I offer therapy and psychological evaluations for children, adolescents, and adults. I conduct psychological and psychoeducational testing to assess for neurodevelopmental, emotional, and behavioral concerns. These include learning disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorder.
(704) 666-8446 View (704) 666-8446
Photo of Optimal Healing & Wellness, Pre-Licensed Professional in Charlotte, NC
Optimal Healing & Wellness
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, RMFTI, LMFTA
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28203  (Online Only)
Our Mission: We are committed to providing support to our clients through compassion, insight, and confidentiality in a professional manner.
Our Mission: We are committed to providing support to our clients through compassion, insight, and confidentiality in a professional manner.
(954) 994-2863 View (954) 994-2863
Photo of Jessie Nealen, Licensed Professional Counselor in Charlotte, NC
Jessie Nealen
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LCMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Charlotte, NC 28227
I strongly believe in the inner strength, inherent dignity, and capability of each client that I work with. My goal is to provide a safe environment where clients feel understood, accepted, and are able to grow. As a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, I help children, teens, adults, and families work through a wide array of issues.
I strongly believe in the inner strength, inherent dignity, and capability of each client that I work with. My goal is to provide a safe environment where clients feel understood, accepted, and are able to grow. As a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, I help children, teens, adults, and families work through a wide array of issues.
(980) 326-4725 View (980) 326-4725
Photo of Marcus Lee Robinson, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Charlotte, NC
Marcus Lee Robinson
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MA, LCMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Charlotte, NC 28210
What's going on family! I'm Marcus Robinson, a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor serving both North and South Carolina. I am dedicated to working with those seeking assistance to put their best foot forward. I use a great deal of humor in my style as I understand working on one's self can be a complicated task. Granted, it doesn't have to be. I have a slew of experience working with teens, adults and couples from all walks of life, grappling with an array of complications. I look at the therapy process as examining attributes you possess and bringing out the ones you want, while showing you, you have everything you need.
What's going on family! I'm Marcus Robinson, a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor serving both North and South Carolina. I am dedicated to working with those seeking assistance to put their best foot forward. I use a great deal of humor in my style as I understand working on one's self can be a complicated task. Granted, it doesn't have to be. I have a slew of experience working with teens, adults and couples from all walks of life, grappling with an array of complications. I look at the therapy process as examining attributes you possess and bringing out the ones you want, while showing you, you have everything you need.
(704) 610-5489 View (704) 610-5489
Photo of Child & Family Development, Psychologist in Charlotte, NC
Child & Family Development
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28209
C&FD psychologists are experienced diagnosticians and practitioners. Our counselors provide a range of services including play therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and parent coaching. We have a developmental and behavioral pediatrician on staff who provides medication management. We specialize in children, adolescents, young adults, and parents. Common concerns include emotion regulation and behavioral problems, anxiety, ADHD, and ASD.
C&FD psychologists are experienced diagnosticians and practitioners. Our counselors provide a range of services including play therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and parent coaching. We have a developmental and behavioral pediatrician on staff who provides medication management. We specialize in children, adolescents, young adults, and parents. Common concerns include emotion regulation and behavioral problems, anxiety, ADHD, and ASD.
(704) 325-4825 View (704) 325-4825
Photo of Cindy Fegles, Marriage & Family Therapist in Charlotte, NC
Cindy Fegles
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28287
I believe that therapy is meant to empower clients to feel that they are capable of change and living a fuller, more integrated life. I work with individuals, adolescents, couples, and families utilizing a bio-psycho-social-spiritual approach in therapy with the goal of creating a safe haven for clients. This simply means integrating the many parts of a person into therapy in the hope of improving one's emotional, spiritual and physical well-being.
I believe that therapy is meant to empower clients to feel that they are capable of change and living a fuller, more integrated life. I work with individuals, adolescents, couples, and families utilizing a bio-psycho-social-spiritual approach in therapy with the goal of creating a safe haven for clients. This simply means integrating the many parts of a person into therapy in the hope of improving one's emotional, spiritual and physical well-being.
(704) 228-4079 View (704) 228-4079
Photo of TalkLouder Counseling and Consulting PLLC, Lic Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate in Charlotte, NC
TalkLouder Counseling and Consulting PLLC
Lic Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate, LCMHCA, NCC, MA, MBA, SPHR
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28262  (Online Only)
I am Natasha Louder and not everyone has had access to mental health care. I am a firm believer that we can all use therapy as some point in our lives. No one should have to " just get through" those times and feel alone. Just in living, you may experience racism, racial trauma and stress. We all want the answer to the questions, "Is this normal?", "Why is every day a struggle?" or "Was that a racist comment?" You want to be seen. You want to figure out if you will ever feel good about your life, your loves or career choices.
I am Natasha Louder and not everyone has had access to mental health care. I am a firm believer that we can all use therapy as some point in our lives. No one should have to " just get through" those times and feel alone. Just in living, you may experience racism, racial trauma and stress. We all want the answer to the questions, "Is this normal?", "Why is every day a struggle?" or "Was that a racist comment?" You want to be seen. You want to figure out if you will ever feel good about your life, your loves or career choices.
(704) 753-8458 View (704) 753-8458
Photo of J. Suzanne Hagopian, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Charlotte, NC
J. Suzanne Hagopian
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, LISW-CP, RYT
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28213  (Online Only)
Clients who work with me are seeking a collaborative effort for wellness, open to mind / body approaches and a healthful path. Clients may be dealing with Anxiety or Depression, Trauma or Life Transitions (job related / relational / fertility / men's & women's issues / LGBTQIA+ / aging). You may be working to find peace & purpose in your life. I hope to help you in evaluating and processing internal and external barriers that may prevent you from actualizing authentic-self potential. We will do this work with psychodynamic and somatic principals. We will work together to provide applicable skills for meeting the goals we set forth.
Clients who work with me are seeking a collaborative effort for wellness, open to mind / body approaches and a healthful path. Clients may be dealing with Anxiety or Depression, Trauma or Life Transitions (job related / relational / fertility / men's & women's issues / LGBTQIA+ / aging). You may be working to find peace & purpose in your life. I hope to help you in evaluating and processing internal and external barriers that may prevent you from actualizing authentic-self potential. We will do this work with psychodynamic and somatic principals. We will work together to provide applicable skills for meeting the goals we set forth.
(704) 703-2956 View (704) 703-2956
Photo of Teneshia Ledbetter, Marriage & Family Therapist in Charlotte, NC
Teneshia Ledbetter
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28204
My passion for therapy comes from seeing family members, friends, and peers go through life transitions and hardships. We all have dark days, and sometimes we need someone to hold the candle for us when we have lost the will to hold it for ourselves. Our values, beliefs, culture, and life experiences make us who we are. When those initial beliefs no longer work to maintain our daily lives, we begin to feel stuck. I can provide a calming, safe space to help you get unstuck, and become a better version of yourself.
My passion for therapy comes from seeing family members, friends, and peers go through life transitions and hardships. We all have dark days, and sometimes we need someone to hold the candle for us when we have lost the will to hold it for ourselves. Our values, beliefs, culture, and life experiences make us who we are. When those initial beliefs no longer work to maintain our daily lives, we begin to feel stuck. I can provide a calming, safe space to help you get unstuck, and become a better version of yourself.
(704) 286-9601 View (704) 286-9601
Photo of Timberlee Young, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Charlotte, NC
Timberlee Young
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSWA, LMSW
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28262  (Online Only)
Life is constantly changing and at times those changes can be overwhelming. Choosing to face your challenges, takes strength, which will push you forward towards a new beginning. Making the decision to participate in therapy to help navigate through life’s toughest challenges, is a great first step. I consider it a privilege for clients to share their stories with me and allow me to walk alongside them on their journey. I have a passion for supporting clients on their journey of self-awareness and growth.
Life is constantly changing and at times those changes can be overwhelming. Choosing to face your challenges, takes strength, which will push you forward towards a new beginning. Making the decision to participate in therapy to help navigate through life’s toughest challenges, is a great first step. I consider it a privilege for clients to share their stories with me and allow me to walk alongside them on their journey. I have a passion for supporting clients on their journey of self-awareness and growth.
(704) 504-7274 View (704) 504-7274
Photo of Amber Pearson Bowen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Charlotte, NC
Amber Pearson Bowen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Charlotte, NC 28277  (Online Only)
Have you experienced a trauma that you are ready to process in a safe space? Struggling with anxiety, depression, low self-esteem? Are you ready to take back your power and move to a healthier version of yourself.
Have you experienced a trauma that you are ready to process in a safe space? Struggling with anxiety, depression, low self-esteem? Are you ready to take back your power and move to a healthier version of yourself.
(704) 327-0952 View (704) 327-0952
Photo of Andrea Exley, Marriage & Family Therapist in Charlotte, NC
Andrea Exley
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LCAS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Charlotte, NC 28210
I am not afraid of hearing the hard truths that you don't share with others. I find it an honor and a privilege to come along side someone who trusts me enough to share their life, the good and the bad. I have supported people who have experienced things that they believe others think to be unreal, people who believe there is no reason to keep living, people who partake in activities they know are not good for them, people who struggle to have healthy relationships, and people that have been living in darkness. I want to help you break away from that darkness. I want to provide a space that fosters security, hope, and healing.
I am not afraid of hearing the hard truths that you don't share with others. I find it an honor and a privilege to come along side someone who trusts me enough to share their life, the good and the bad. I have supported people who have experienced things that they believe others think to be unreal, people who believe there is no reason to keep living, people who partake in activities they know are not good for them, people who struggle to have healthy relationships, and people that have been living in darkness. I want to help you break away from that darkness. I want to provide a space that fosters security, hope, and healing.
(704) 396-8736 View (704) 396-8736
Photo of Gabrielle Lee, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Charlotte, NC
Gabrielle Lee
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Charlotte, NC 28262  (Online Only)
You've found yourself feeling stuck, living the same story over and over. Its the same -thing, just a different day. Sure, things seem to be changing, but you constantly feel like you are not! Sometimes, you even feel disconnected from yourself. You hope to reconnect with yourself, have deeper connections to others, and a overall sense of stability and safety that maybe you havent experienced. You hope to start to explore deeply rooted narratives, struggles, and live a fulfilling, enriching life.
You've found yourself feeling stuck, living the same story over and over. Its the same -thing, just a different day. Sure, things seem to be changing, but you constantly feel like you are not! Sometimes, you even feel disconnected from yourself. You hope to reconnect with yourself, have deeper connections to others, and a overall sense of stability and safety that maybe you havent experienced. You hope to start to explore deeply rooted narratives, struggles, and live a fulfilling, enriching life.
(704) 870-3659 View (704) 870-3659

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Charlotte, NC

3,000+

Average cost per session

$135

Therapists in Charlotte, NC who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
77% Self Esteem
73% Relationship Issues
72% Coping Skills
69% Stress
65% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

80% BlueCross and BlueShield
73% Aetna
61% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Charlotte, NC see their clients

61% In Person and Online
39% Online Only

Gender breakdown

83% Female
16% Male
1% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Charlotte?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.