Therapists in Colorado Springs, CO

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Photo of Kristin J. Exton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Colorado Springs, CO
Kristin J. Exton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CCTP
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80920
Are you struggling with anxiety, depression, past abuse, trauma, PTSD, spirituality, marriage or family stresses? I provide individual, couple's, and family therapy, in person or via a HIPPA compliant Telehealth platform utilizing a Solution-Focused Brief Therapy framework, with cognitive-behavioral, and other therapeutic approaches tailored to your specific needs. Learning proven communication techniques, calming techniques, and a variety of strategies to effectively increase your coping skills is pivotal in creating positive life changes!
Are you struggling with anxiety, depression, past abuse, trauma, PTSD, spirituality, marriage or family stresses? I provide individual, couple's, and family therapy, in person or via a HIPPA compliant Telehealth platform utilizing a Solution-Focused Brief Therapy framework, with cognitive-behavioral, and other therapeutic approaches tailored to your specific needs. Learning proven communication techniques, calming techniques, and a variety of strategies to effectively increase your coping skills is pivotal in creating positive life changes!
(719) 470-2348 View (719) 470-2348
Photo of Denise M Warren, Psychologist in Colorado Springs, CO
Denise M Warren
Psychologist, MA, PsyD
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80920  (Online Only)
I prefer clients who are motivated and open-minded above all other qualities. I have experience working with people who have a number of varying challenges, such as trauma (all kinds), anxiety, depression, grief, family discord, communication challenges, transitions, and adjustments to significant changes. Most people have goals to feel better, to experience more joy and peace in their lives. Some have specific goals like completing a project, or test, remaining on task without anxiety, for example. Overall, anyone who seeks therapy desires help with some sort of change in their current moods, habits, or state of mind.
I prefer clients who are motivated and open-minded above all other qualities. I have experience working with people who have a number of varying challenges, such as trauma (all kinds), anxiety, depression, grief, family discord, communication challenges, transitions, and adjustments to significant changes. Most people have goals to feel better, to experience more joy and peace in their lives. Some have specific goals like completing a project, or test, remaining on task without anxiety, for example. Overall, anyone who seeks therapy desires help with some sort of change in their current moods, habits, or state of mind.
(719) 974-0551 View (719) 974-0551
Photo of Leigh L Harlan, Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Leigh L Harlan
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80920
Not accepting new clients
I value and practice from a stance of authenticity, honesty, and thoughtfulness to create an accepting and nurturing environment. I use mindfulness, CBT, Motivational Interviewing, SFBT, and DBT. I have experience and enjoy working with clients with PTSD, Anxiety, Depression, Bipolar Disorder, and ADHD among other disorders. Plus, work with identity/self-image concerns to discover each person’s unique qualities, while reducing fears of self-doubt. I support self-exploration where we can build coping skills, enhance family relationships, and create a sense of community.
I value and practice from a stance of authenticity, honesty, and thoughtfulness to create an accepting and nurturing environment. I use mindfulness, CBT, Motivational Interviewing, SFBT, and DBT. I have experience and enjoy working with clients with PTSD, Anxiety, Depression, Bipolar Disorder, and ADHD among other disorders. Plus, work with identity/self-image concerns to discover each person’s unique qualities, while reducing fears of self-doubt. I support self-exploration where we can build coping skills, enhance family relationships, and create a sense of community.
(719) 626-9038 View (719) 626-9038
Photo of Rich Cheng, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Colorado Springs, CO
Rich Cheng
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CCTP
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80906  (Online Only)
As a counselor specializing in guiding adults through grief, bereavement, anxiety, depression, trauma, and life transitions, I offer a warm welcome to accompany you. You are invited to step into a compassionate space for healing. Amidst the range of emotions – from profound sadness to fleeting relief and moments of anxiety or depression – know you're not alone. If you are seeking support to find transformative healing and learn coping skills, know that with warmth and empathy, you and I will navigate these feelings together. Are you ready to unlock pathways to growth, renewal, resilience, and strength discovery?
As a counselor specializing in guiding adults through grief, bereavement, anxiety, depression, trauma, and life transitions, I offer a warm welcome to accompany you. You are invited to step into a compassionate space for healing. Amidst the range of emotions – from profound sadness to fleeting relief and moments of anxiety or depression – know you're not alone. If you are seeking support to find transformative healing and learn coping skills, know that with warmth and empathy, you and I will navigate these feelings together. Are you ready to unlock pathways to growth, renewal, resilience, and strength discovery?
(719) 652-5989 View (719) 652-5989
Photo of Emily Starkey, Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Emily Starkey
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80903  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Emily strives to invite individuals, couples, or families to come as they are, to feel safe, to bring the trauma, life stressors, anxiety and also life joys to a safe place. Emily understands that partaking in any therapy process can be challenging to start, and she commends you for taking the first steps to taking control over your life and mental health. Emily has eight years of working with children, adolescents, young adults, and families in the mental health field. Emily believes it is important to provide trauma-informed practice and a person-centered holistic approach to her therapy sessions.
Emily strives to invite individuals, couples, or families to come as they are, to feel safe, to bring the trauma, life stressors, anxiety and also life joys to a safe place. Emily understands that partaking in any therapy process can be challenging to start, and she commends you for taking the first steps to taking control over your life and mental health. Emily has eight years of working with children, adolescents, young adults, and families in the mental health field. Emily believes it is important to provide trauma-informed practice and a person-centered holistic approach to her therapy sessions.
(719) 733-9657 View (719) 733-9657
Photo of Invictus Counseling Associates, llc, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Colorado Springs, CO
Invictus Counseling Associates, llc
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EMDR, ART
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80907
Trauma, divorce, life transitions, co-parenting issues. You may be experiencing sleep issues, emotional numbness, lack of interest in activities, and lack of energy. Many times there is also guilt associated with any one of these occurrences. With the correct treatment, you don't have to feel this way any longer.
Trauma, divorce, life transitions, co-parenting issues. You may be experiencing sleep issues, emotional numbness, lack of interest in activities, and lack of energy. Many times there is also guilt associated with any one of these occurrences. With the correct treatment, you don't have to feel this way any longer.
(719) 356-4376 View (719) 356-4376
Photo of Michelle Mawhiney, Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Michelle Mawhiney
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80920
Hi! My goal is to assist children in reaching their highest potential and collaborating with families to create a more harmonious and happy life together. Through humor, and sometimes silliness, I build authentic and genuine relationships with children and their families. My therapeutic approach is centered on the specific needs of each child. Experience includes serving as an elementary school counselor in a magnet school for the gifted: supporting general, special, and gifted education students and their families, as well as experience as a grief counselor, working with palliative care and hospice care patients and their families.
Hi! My goal is to assist children in reaching their highest potential and collaborating with families to create a more harmonious and happy life together. Through humor, and sometimes silliness, I build authentic and genuine relationships with children and their families. My therapeutic approach is centered on the specific needs of each child. Experience includes serving as an elementary school counselor in a magnet school for the gifted: supporting general, special, and gifted education students and their families, as well as experience as a grief counselor, working with palliative care and hospice care patients and their families.
(719) 626-9856 View (719) 626-9856
Photo of Gini Williamson, Pre-Licensed Professional in Colorado Springs, CO
Gini Williamson
Pre-Licensed Professional, ITSCO, LLC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80919
I have worked in Early Childhood Education for 25 years, which has given me the opportunity to help young children develop social-emotional skills. I look forward to utilizing these skills I've learned to help my clients strengthen their areas of need within the field of mental health.
I have worked in Early Childhood Education for 25 years, which has given me the opportunity to help young children develop social-emotional skills. I look forward to utilizing these skills I've learned to help my clients strengthen their areas of need within the field of mental health.
(719) 581-8695 x714 View (719) 581-8695 x714
Photo of The Patterson Center for Resiliency LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Colorado Springs, CO
The Patterson Center for Resiliency LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80918  (Online Only)
At The Patterson Center for Resiliency, we believe that nobody gets out of this life for free. All people are capable of rising from the ashes when given the right tools and support to do so. We are here to walk alongside you on your healing journey. You deserve a safe, caring, and non-judgmental place to become your best self. We treat both children (12+) and adults, individuals and families. We are LGTBQIA+ affirming. We use a strengths-based approach, believing that all people have inherent positive qualities and that all people are doing the best they can with the tools and understanding that they have.
At The Patterson Center for Resiliency, we believe that nobody gets out of this life for free. All people are capable of rising from the ashes when given the right tools and support to do so. We are here to walk alongside you on your healing journey. You deserve a safe, caring, and non-judgmental place to become your best self. We treat both children (12+) and adults, individuals and families. We are LGTBQIA+ affirming. We use a strengths-based approach, believing that all people have inherent positive qualities and that all people are doing the best they can with the tools and understanding that they have.
(719) 215-9110 View (719) 215-9110
Photo of Elizabeth Klearry, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Colorado Springs, CO
Elizabeth Klearry
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80920
Elizabeth Klearry is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Colorado who has been practicing since 2020. Are you dealing with worry, feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or depressed? Do you want help in managing what seems unmanageable? Elizabeth can help you. Being able to understand why and what you feel right now and learning how to cope with these feelings can be life changing. You and Elizabeth will work together to find and remove the barriers that keep you from doing what you love and being who you want to be. Elizabeth creates a safe place to explore what limits you and as well as discover what empowers you.
Elizabeth Klearry is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Colorado who has been practicing since 2020. Are you dealing with worry, feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or depressed? Do you want help in managing what seems unmanageable? Elizabeth can help you. Being able to understand why and what you feel right now and learning how to cope with these feelings can be life changing. You and Elizabeth will work together to find and remove the barriers that keep you from doing what you love and being who you want to be. Elizabeth creates a safe place to explore what limits you and as well as discover what empowers you.
(719) 497-5575 View (719) 497-5575
Photo of Nicholas Craig Pisano, Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Nicholas Craig Pisano
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80905
I work best with clients who have suffered some form of trauma, have issues with their family, issues with abuse and military members/veterans and the issues they face.
I work best with clients who have suffered some form of trauma, have issues with their family, issues with abuse and military members/veterans and the issues they face.
(719) 212-1178 View (719) 212-1178
Photo of Stirrup Hope, LLC. , Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Stirrup Hope, LLC.
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80908
Stirrup Hope's name is what the practice strides to do 'stirring up' hope in a chaotic world. Using CPT, CBT, equine facilitated psychotherapy, and task completion and compliance in the unique setting of our horse barn where all five senses are engaged to SEE the horses, SMELL the hay/leather/animals, TASTE their daily snack or hot chocolate, TOUCH the horses during grooming, and HEAR the horses nickering helping to become mindful rather than checking out. Through our work together, worries are displaced by learning new skills bolstering a sense of self confidence, resiliency and joy.
Stirrup Hope's name is what the practice strides to do 'stirring up' hope in a chaotic world. Using CPT, CBT, equine facilitated psychotherapy, and task completion and compliance in the unique setting of our horse barn where all five senses are engaged to SEE the horses, SMELL the hay/leather/animals, TASTE their daily snack or hot chocolate, TOUCH the horses during grooming, and HEAR the horses nickering helping to become mindful rather than checking out. Through our work together, worries are displaced by learning new skills bolstering a sense of self confidence, resiliency and joy.
(719) 735-8297 View (719) 735-8297
Photo of Candi Gilliam-Elliott, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Colorado Springs, CO
Candi Gilliam-Elliott
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80918  (Online Only)
andi Gilliam-Elliott holds a master’s degree in Social Work in the State of Colorado and is in the process of obtaining her License as a clinical Social Worker. Her background includes degrees from Colorado Christian University and Newman University (Colorado). She is a military veteran with experience in the medical field, child abuse, individual & family therapy, children with special needs and school social work. She is currently a mental health provider for students with special needs on IEP’s.
andi Gilliam-Elliott holds a master’s degree in Social Work in the State of Colorado and is in the process of obtaining her License as a clinical Social Worker. Her background includes degrees from Colorado Christian University and Newman University (Colorado). She is a military veteran with experience in the medical field, child abuse, individual & family therapy, children with special needs and school social work. She is currently a mental health provider for students with special needs on IEP’s.
(719) 356-5195 View (719) 356-5195
Photo of Samantha Perez, Pre-Licensed Professional in Colorado Springs, CO
Samantha Perez
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, LPCC, CASAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80906
When I think of my ideal client, it isn’t a specific population or problem. My ideal client would be someone who comes to therapy and is willing to do the work it takes to progress in their own lives. I can only help those who want to be helped, and if given the opportunity I’d love to guide them through the process.
When I think of my ideal client, it isn’t a specific population or problem. My ideal client would be someone who comes to therapy and is willing to do the work it takes to progress in their own lives. I can only help those who want to be helped, and if given the opportunity I’d love to guide them through the process.
(719) 735-4864 View (719) 735-4864
Photo of Shannon Schafhausen, Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Shannon Schafhausen
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80920
Shannon Schafhausen is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado. She attended graduate school in Colorado and earned her Master of Arts in Counseling from the University of Northern Colorado. Shannon has more than 15 years of experience in the counseling and mental health field. She approaches her relationship with her clients with compassion and authenticity. Shannon practices with various theoretical orientations to find the best fit for her clients, as her approach is collaborative.
Shannon Schafhausen is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado. She attended graduate school in Colorado and earned her Master of Arts in Counseling from the University of Northern Colorado. Shannon has more than 15 years of experience in the counseling and mental health field. She approaches her relationship with her clients with compassion and authenticity. Shannon practices with various theoretical orientations to find the best fit for her clients, as her approach is collaborative.
(719) 624-4728 View (719) 624-4728
Photo of Mark Stonger, Psychologist in Colorado Springs, CO
Mark Stonger
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80920  (Online Only)
Dr. Mark Stonger is a Ph.D. Clinical Psychologist (LCP) with over 10 years of experience treating a variety of concerns in adults. He specializes in depression, anxiety, trauma, and general concerns with life and the future. Mark used his clinical expertise in the Air Force, where he served as a clinical psychologist for four years. Mark has also worked as a GS and contractor for the Army and the Space Force, making him an expert in veteran/military affairs. The clients that have the best experiences with him are those who are open to seeing themselves and their relationship to the world differently.
Dr. Mark Stonger is a Ph.D. Clinical Psychologist (LCP) with over 10 years of experience treating a variety of concerns in adults. He specializes in depression, anxiety, trauma, and general concerns with life and the future. Mark used his clinical expertise in the Air Force, where he served as a clinical psychologist for four years. Mark has also worked as a GS and contractor for the Army and the Space Force, making him an expert in veteran/military affairs. The clients that have the best experiences with him are those who are open to seeing themselves and their relationship to the world differently.
(719) 581-6379 View (719) 581-6379
Photo of Susan Wismer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Colorado Springs, CO
Susan Wismer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80909
Life can be immensely challenging. Even writing that out- encapsulating that complexity in so few words- feels reductive. I recognize that managing emotions, behavior, relationships, and thoughts can feel like juggling without knowing how. Past experiences and worries about the future can weigh heavily. As humans we are wired to sort things out in relationships- a key reason why therapy can help.
Life can be immensely challenging. Even writing that out- encapsulating that complexity in so few words- feels reductive. I recognize that managing emotions, behavior, relationships, and thoughts can feel like juggling without knowing how. Past experiences and worries about the future can weigh heavily. As humans we are wired to sort things out in relationships- a key reason why therapy can help.
(719) 451-7756 View (719) 451-7756
Photo of Chad Summers In Person And Online, Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Chad Summers In Person And Online
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA, CACREP, CAC 1, CAC 2
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80918
Chad Summers here, I have over a decade of experience in the mental health field. With expertise in anxiety, stress-related disorders, depression, and more, I offer a compassionate and evidence-based approach to guide you on your journey towards mental well-being. In addition, I am also experienced in relationship counseling. Through a collaborative and client-centered process, I aim to create a safe and supportive space for you to explore your challenges, gain insights, and develop practical strategies for lasting change. As a dedicated therapist, I draw from a range of therapeutic modalities, tailored to meet your unique needs.
Chad Summers here, I have over a decade of experience in the mental health field. With expertise in anxiety, stress-related disorders, depression, and more, I offer a compassionate and evidence-based approach to guide you on your journey towards mental well-being. In addition, I am also experienced in relationship counseling. Through a collaborative and client-centered process, I aim to create a safe and supportive space for you to explore your challenges, gain insights, and develop practical strategies for lasting change. As a dedicated therapist, I draw from a range of therapeutic modalities, tailored to meet your unique needs.
(719) 356-2991 View (719) 356-2991
Photo of Julia Watson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Colorado Springs, CO
Julia Watson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80921
Some days it just feels extra hard to human; to know and understand what you are feeling, and how to be in relationship with your family and friends. It can feel overwhelming and even lonely trying to navigate life and the world around us. We so deeply want to be seen, to be understood, to be heard. You are looking for answers, and yet, the process to the answers can feel messy and murky.
Some days it just feels extra hard to human; to know and understand what you are feeling, and how to be in relationship with your family and friends. It can feel overwhelming and even lonely trying to navigate life and the world around us. We so deeply want to be seen, to be understood, to be heard. You are looking for answers, and yet, the process to the answers can feel messy and murky.
View
Photo of Sara Velez, Psychologist in Colorado Springs, CO
Sara Velez
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80920
The path to wellness includes many approaches to healing. You may need an open space for your frustrations to be heard or a neutral place to share your news and discuss treatment options. Perhaps these issues even lead you to question the meaning of life, your Spirituality, or your Religious background. My office is a peaceful place to address those concerns, to connect within, and to guide you on your journey to make meaning, no matter what your background is.
The path to wellness includes many approaches to healing. You may need an open space for your frustrations to be heard or a neutral place to share your news and discuss treatment options. Perhaps these issues even lead you to question the meaning of life, your Spirituality, or your Religious background. My office is a peaceful place to address those concerns, to connect within, and to guide you on your journey to make meaning, no matter what your background is.
(719) 530-7557 View (719) 530-7557

See more therapy options for Colorado Springs

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Colorado Springs, CO

1,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Colorado Springs, CO who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
87% Depression
77% Trauma and PTSD
74% Relationship Issues
71% Self Esteem
68% Coping Skills
68% Stress

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Aetna
73% Cigna and Evernorth
71% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Colorado Springs, CO see their clients

69% In Person and Online
31% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Colorado Springs?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.