Therapists in Los Angeles, CA

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Photo of Natasha Zeller, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Los Angeles, CA
Natasha Zeller
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90034
My approach to therapy is rooted in curiosity and collaboration. I value active and patient listening that allows for reflective thought processing throughout each session. My specialty is finding and distilling themes and through-lines that allow for context and understanding of experiences. I respect and honor your journey and recognize innate resiliency that led to where you are today. Together, we can explore creative adjustments to process and unpack trauma as well as everyday life transitions, struggles, and expectations.
My approach to therapy is rooted in curiosity and collaboration. I value active and patient listening that allows for reflective thought processing throughout each session. My specialty is finding and distilling themes and through-lines that allow for context and understanding of experiences. I respect and honor your journey and recognize innate resiliency that led to where you are today. Together, we can explore creative adjustments to process and unpack trauma as well as everyday life transitions, struggles, and expectations.
(310) 706-2831 View (310) 706-2831
Photo of Justin Mink, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Justin Mink
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90066
I am a West-Los Angeles LCSW, offering both in-person and tele-therapy sessions, working with both individuals and couples. My style as a therapist is warm and challenging, direct and engaging. I know that no two clients are the same, and treat each client with a specific approach tailored to their wants and needs. The primary topics I work with are addiction, depression/anxiety, physical pain and couple's issues (I am a LEVEL 3 Gottman Method therapist).
I am a West-Los Angeles LCSW, offering both in-person and tele-therapy sessions, working with both individuals and couples. My style as a therapist is warm and challenging, direct and engaging. I know that no two clients are the same, and treat each client with a specific approach tailored to their wants and needs. The primary topics I work with are addiction, depression/anxiety, physical pain and couple's issues (I am a LEVEL 3 Gottman Method therapist).
(310) 984-7249 View (310) 984-7249
Photo of Dr. Nicole Hayes, Psychologist in Los Angeles, CA
Dr. Nicole Hayes
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90025
I am a licensed clinical psychologist based in Los Angeles, CA. I specialize in helping people live more present and successful lives and heal from depression, anxiety, body image concerns, self-esteem issues and much more. I also have extensive experience working with adolescents and young adults as they navigate transition periods in life.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist based in Los Angeles, CA. I specialize in helping people live more present and successful lives and heal from depression, anxiety, body image concerns, self-esteem issues and much more. I also have extensive experience working with adolescents and young adults as they navigate transition periods in life.
(310) 620-1172 View (310) 620-1172
Photo of Silvia D Valdez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Silvia D Valdez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90025  (Online Only)
Offering online therapy for prenatal and postpartum women in CA. You thought being a mother would be the happiest time of your life, but you are having some difficulty adjusting to your new role. Trying to conceive, being an expectant mother, or recently giving birth has left you struggling with worries, doubts, sadness, and even guilt. Finding a balance between motherhood, your relationships, and your professional life seems impossible as you’re constantly adjusting to change. You may be finding that problems or issues you’ve faced before are re-surfacing during this life transition. This is common but seldom talked about.
Offering online therapy for prenatal and postpartum women in CA. You thought being a mother would be the happiest time of your life, but you are having some difficulty adjusting to your new role. Trying to conceive, being an expectant mother, or recently giving birth has left you struggling with worries, doubts, sadness, and even guilt. Finding a balance between motherhood, your relationships, and your professional life seems impossible as you’re constantly adjusting to change. You may be finding that problems or issues you’ve faced before are re-surfacing during this life transition. This is common but seldom talked about.
(310) 800-2144 View (310) 800-2144
Photo of Jamie Kirk, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Jamie Kirk
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90037
Greetings and salutations! I want to start by congratulating you on taking the first step of putting YOU first. I know making this choice may have been difficult, but I am glad you are here. My name is Jamie Kirk! I am a Los Angeles native, Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, Certified Life Coach, Author, and Ordained Minister. I have been an asset to the mental health community for over 10 years, helping clients overcome depression and anxiety, relationship issues, family conflicts, motivation, self-esteem, and confidence. I am here to support & empower you in that journey.
Greetings and salutations! I want to start by congratulating you on taking the first step of putting YOU first. I know making this choice may have been difficult, but I am glad you are here. My name is Jamie Kirk! I am a Los Angeles native, Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, Certified Life Coach, Author, and Ordained Minister. I have been an asset to the mental health community for over 10 years, helping clients overcome depression and anxiety, relationship issues, family conflicts, motivation, self-esteem, and confidence. I am here to support & empower you in that journey.
(213) 566-3406 View (213) 566-3406
Photo of Jess Perez, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Jess Perez
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90068  (Online Only)
My client population consists mainly of the LGBTQ+ community and individuals struggling with trauma or anxiety. In addition, I address challenges particular to women's issues, sexual and gender identity concerns, negative self image/body image and depression. We work through these dilemmas through purposeful and compassionate self care, empowering talk therapy, applied mindfulness techniques, and EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, a process that can help to heal the effects of trauma) when applicable.
My client population consists mainly of the LGBTQ+ community and individuals struggling with trauma or anxiety. In addition, I address challenges particular to women's issues, sexual and gender identity concerns, negative self image/body image and depression. We work through these dilemmas through purposeful and compassionate self care, empowering talk therapy, applied mindfulness techniques, and EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, a process that can help to heal the effects of trauma) when applicable.
(213) 322-0346 View (213) 322-0346
Photo of Dr. Yi-Xian Li, Psychologist in Los Angeles, CA
Dr. Yi-Xian Li
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90024  (Online Only)
Yi-Xian Li is a licensed clinical psychologist in the state of California (PSY34118). She earned her doctoral and master's degrees (Psy.D., M.A.) in Clinical Psychology from The Wright Institute in Berkeley, CA and a bachelor's degree in East Asian Studies from Brandeis University. Prior to her current career in psychology, Dr. Li worked in media strategy and advertising in Beijing and Shanghai, China. She completed her postdoctoral fellowship at the UCSF Faculty & Staff Assistance Program where she worked with physicians, faculty, nurses, administrators, and other UCSF staff members in therapy.
Yi-Xian Li is a licensed clinical psychologist in the state of California (PSY34118). She earned her doctoral and master's degrees (Psy.D., M.A.) in Clinical Psychology from The Wright Institute in Berkeley, CA and a bachelor's degree in East Asian Studies from Brandeis University. Prior to her current career in psychology, Dr. Li worked in media strategy and advertising in Beijing and Shanghai, China. She completed her postdoctoral fellowship at the UCSF Faculty & Staff Assistance Program where she worked with physicians, faculty, nurses, administrators, and other UCSF staff members in therapy.
(424) 444-0834 View (424) 444-0834
Photo of Laura Kahwaji Psy.D., Clinical Psychologist, Psychologist in Los Angeles, CA
Laura Kahwaji Psy.D., Clinical Psychologist
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90039
Waitlist for new clients
My goal as a therapist is to create a safe space for you to freely express your thoughts and feelings about life's complexities. Together we will work on making changes to benefit your life. I believe everyone is capable of change, but does not know how or want to put in the work. I want to motivate you to succeed at creating the life that you want. I often tell people that looking for a therapist is like finding the right pair of shoes, sometimes you get lucky on that first try and other times you need to keep looking. Please don't hesitate to call me.
My goal as a therapist is to create a safe space for you to freely express your thoughts and feelings about life's complexities. Together we will work on making changes to benefit your life. I believe everyone is capable of change, but does not know how or want to put in the work. I want to motivate you to succeed at creating the life that you want. I often tell people that looking for a therapist is like finding the right pair of shoes, sometimes you get lucky on that first try and other times you need to keep looking. Please don't hesitate to call me.
(747) 269-6764 View (747) 269-6764
Photo of Michelle Lynch, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Michelle Lynch
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90066
Perhaps you are encountering roadblocks of a happier and more satisfying life. Feelings of anxiety, sadness, and dissatisfaction as well as relationship difficulties, can leave us feeling frustrated and confused. I extend my help in a safe and supportive way. Together, we can explore your experiences to create meaning and movement towards fulfillment. Our earlier life events may have influenced us to establish unhelpful patterns in how we regard ourselves and relate to others.
Perhaps you are encountering roadblocks of a happier and more satisfying life. Feelings of anxiety, sadness, and dissatisfaction as well as relationship difficulties, can leave us feeling frustrated and confused. I extend my help in a safe and supportive way. Together, we can explore your experiences to create meaning and movement towards fulfillment. Our earlier life events may have influenced us to establish unhelpful patterns in how we regard ourselves and relate to others.
(747) 240-3616 View (747) 240-3616
Photo of Ayesha Yorba, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Los Angeles, CA
Ayesha Yorba
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90034
It is not uncommon to struggle with the relationships in our lives. Balancing the stressors of a personal life while being in a relationship or family system can be difficult. For my couples and families, it is my hope to offer a space where you can process the dynamics at play. I invite you to take a stance of curiosity, self-reflection, and complexity as we examine the significant factors of your lives. I know the frustration of having much love for our important people but struggling to get along or “coexist.”
It is not uncommon to struggle with the relationships in our lives. Balancing the stressors of a personal life while being in a relationship or family system can be difficult. For my couples and families, it is my hope to offer a space where you can process the dynamics at play. I invite you to take a stance of curiosity, self-reflection, and complexity as we examine the significant factors of your lives. I know the frustration of having much love for our important people but struggling to get along or “coexist.”
(424) 396-5281 View (424) 396-5281
Photo of Spenser Sussan, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Los Angeles, CA
Spenser Sussan
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90034  (Online Only)
I'm here to create a safe place for you to explore. My goal is to help you feel important, understood, and comfortable. We'll build trust and explore your life together, finding peace and growth. I'm dedicated to empowering individuals to explore the complexities of their lives and personal experiences, leading them toward awareness and personal growth. I strongly believe that nurturing a healthy self-relationship is essential and is the key to navigating the world authentically and finding lasting happiness.
I'm here to create a safe place for you to explore. My goal is to help you feel important, understood, and comfortable. We'll build trust and explore your life together, finding peace and growth. I'm dedicated to empowering individuals to explore the complexities of their lives and personal experiences, leading them toward awareness and personal growth. I strongly believe that nurturing a healthy self-relationship is essential and is the key to navigating the world authentically and finding lasting happiness.
(323) 870-6690 View (323) 870-6690
Photo of Michelle Pow, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Michelle Pow
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90019  (Online Only)
Hi, I’m Michelle! I am a second-generation Asian American mental health therapist and most importantly Human. As an Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I believe providing a trauma-informed, culturally responsive, and social justice-oriented environment is critically important to doing this brave work. My goal is to support you on your journey to understanding yourself, healing from the past, and creating the life you want to live. My specialties include: First/Second Generation Asian American Mental Health, Intergenerational Trauma/Conflict, Relationships, Postpartum Mental Health, Racial Trauma, Depression, Anxiety, and Self-Esteem
Hi, I’m Michelle! I am a second-generation Asian American mental health therapist and most importantly Human. As an Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I believe providing a trauma-informed, culturally responsive, and social justice-oriented environment is critically important to doing this brave work. My goal is to support you on your journey to understanding yourself, healing from the past, and creating the life you want to live. My specialties include: First/Second Generation Asian American Mental Health, Intergenerational Trauma/Conflict, Relationships, Postpartum Mental Health, Racial Trauma, Depression, Anxiety, and Self-Esteem
(213) 375-1763 View (213) 375-1763
Photo of Katrina Dela Cruz - Expansive Therapy, Counselor in Los Angeles, CA
Katrina Dela Cruz - Expansive Therapy
Counselor, LCSW
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90004
My practice is informed by the interconnectedness of all things, especially the relationship between mind, body, and spirit (or soul), and the interrelationships between beings. I am influenced by Western psychological theories, as well as holistic, ancestral, and indigenous wellness rituals from around the world.
My practice is informed by the interconnectedness of all things, especially the relationship between mind, body, and spirit (or soul), and the interrelationships between beings. I am influenced by Western psychological theories, as well as holistic, ancestral, and indigenous wellness rituals from around the world.
(646) 374-2344 View (646) 374-2344
Photo of Alyssa Stone, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Alyssa Stone
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90071  (Online Only)
Hi there! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW). I grow up in the Central Valley area of California. I enjoy helping others find their strengths.
Hi there! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW). I grow up in the Central Valley area of California. I enjoy helping others find their strengths.
(562) 620-5972 View (562) 620-5972
Photo of Janell Cox, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Janell Cox
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90042  (Online Only)
Do you feel knocked off of your center, disconnected from your true self and isolated from others? Are you heavy and lethargic from burdens and stress? Unhappy or angry, but can't pinpoint why? Are you over-worked and trying to outrun anxiety? Whether you are fusing with others, fusing with alcohol or substances, fusing with phoning, over-doing or avoiding, it might feel like you are crashing. Your pain is real and often we will "crash" in order to shift; but you don't have to crash for something to change. You can be called into your truth, peace and love now.
Do you feel knocked off of your center, disconnected from your true self and isolated from others? Are you heavy and lethargic from burdens and stress? Unhappy or angry, but can't pinpoint why? Are you over-worked and trying to outrun anxiety? Whether you are fusing with others, fusing with alcohol or substances, fusing with phoning, over-doing or avoiding, it might feel like you are crashing. Your pain is real and often we will "crash" in order to shift; but you don't have to crash for something to change. You can be called into your truth, peace and love now.
(323) 772-5912 View (323) 772-5912
Photo of Kara Johnson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Kara Johnson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90036  (Online Only)
I believe that everyone is doing the best they can with the skills they have at the time. If you feel like the ways you are coping aren't working well enough anymore or that difficult emotions are getting in the way, let's talk. As a therapist, I want to meet you where you are and at the same time empower you to make changes that will reduce suffering and increase fulfillment. It is important to me to understand your world and help you create a life worth living. I use a balance of compassionate, nonjudgmental support and straightforward feedback, helping you gain more tools to cope with life on life's terms.
I believe that everyone is doing the best they can with the skills they have at the time. If you feel like the ways you are coping aren't working well enough anymore or that difficult emotions are getting in the way, let's talk. As a therapist, I want to meet you where you are and at the same time empower you to make changes that will reduce suffering and increase fulfillment. It is important to me to understand your world and help you create a life worth living. I use a balance of compassionate, nonjudgmental support and straightforward feedback, helping you gain more tools to cope with life on life's terms.
(310) 340-2099 View (310) 340-2099
Photo of Dee Forrest, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Dee Forrest
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90071  (Online Only)
19 years as a licensed LMFT. Worked with Central and South American refugees fleeing war and violence. 12 years working with military members and families on three continents.
19 years as a licensed LMFT. Worked with Central and South American refugees fleeing war and violence. 12 years working with military members and families on three continents.
(562) 362-5165 View (562) 362-5165
Photo of Aurisha Smolarski, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Aurisha Smolarski
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90027
You can and will thrive in your relationships, creativity and career. I help individuals, couples and co-parents navigate and heal from the complexities and messiness life brings. Couples Therapy: Develop more effective communication and conflict resolution; increase intimacy, trust, and care; learn to navigate transitions and life stressors as a team. Co-Parenting: I will help you get from conflict to cooperation and become a successful co-parenting team so your kids can thrive. Individual Therapy: Release negative patterns and fears; resolve trauma, anxiety, and old issues that are holding you back. You are not alone.
You can and will thrive in your relationships, creativity and career. I help individuals, couples and co-parents navigate and heal from the complexities and messiness life brings. Couples Therapy: Develop more effective communication and conflict resolution; increase intimacy, trust, and care; learn to navigate transitions and life stressors as a team. Co-Parenting: I will help you get from conflict to cooperation and become a successful co-parenting team so your kids can thrive. Individual Therapy: Release negative patterns and fears; resolve trauma, anxiety, and old issues that are holding you back. You are not alone.
(323) 378-3052 View (323) 378-3052
Photo of Mary Tarry White Emdr, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Mary Tarry White Emdr
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, EMDR
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90007  (Online Only)
I have 24 years experience working with individuals and adults, as a Marriage and Family Therapist. I have EMDR certification through EMDRIA. My therapy style is warm, thoughtful, and respectful. I bring mindfulness based techniques, EMDR, and ego states interventions into my work with my clients, and I also utilize a strengths-based approach. We all have resilience and the ability to heal, we just sometimes need a little help finding it, and we all need someone with whom we can express ourselves fully. In discussing our challenges and treating our traumas, we can transform our lives.
I have 24 years experience working with individuals and adults, as a Marriage and Family Therapist. I have EMDR certification through EMDRIA. My therapy style is warm, thoughtful, and respectful. I bring mindfulness based techniques, EMDR, and ego states interventions into my work with my clients, and I also utilize a strengths-based approach. We all have resilience and the ability to heal, we just sometimes need a little help finding it, and we all need someone with whom we can express ourselves fully. In discussing our challenges and treating our traumas, we can transform our lives.
(323) 709-8538 View (323) 709-8538
Photo of Catherine Brown, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Catherine Brown
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90024  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
We are all human and experience the struggles of life, but having a support person and therapist in your life to be by your side during these times can make it a lot easier. I genuinely enjoy getting to know people and cherish this time with my clients. I feel energized and motivated by my conversations with clients, the emotional exchanges that take place, and learning about each other’s backgrounds. Many therapists get into this field because they can relate to a client’s experiences, and I am one of those therapists.
We are all human and experience the struggles of life, but having a support person and therapist in your life to be by your side during these times can make it a lot easier. I genuinely enjoy getting to know people and cherish this time with my clients. I feel energized and motivated by my conversations with clients, the emotional exchanges that take place, and learning about each other’s backgrounds. Many therapists get into this field because they can relate to a client’s experiences, and I am one of those therapists.
(408) 676-4610 View (408) 676-4610

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Los Angeles, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Los Angeles, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
74% Self Esteem
72% Relationship Issues
68% Trauma and PTSD
65% Coping Skills
63% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

76% Aetna
69% Cigna and Evernorth
68% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Los Angeles, CA see their clients

56% In Person and Online
44% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Los Angeles?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.