Therapists in Florence, AL

Photo of Drew Jamieson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Florence, AL
Drew Jamieson
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
Florence, AL 35630  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am licensed in Alabama and North Carolina, so am able to see clients located in either state. I typically take an approach that seeks to find the resources and strengths that a person/family has that have worked in the past to confront the challenges they face today. I hope to create a safe and comfortable place while maintaining the best in quality practice.
I am licensed in Alabama and North Carolina, so am able to see clients located in either state. I typically take an approach that seeks to find the resources and strengths that a person/family has that have worked in the past to confront the challenges they face today. I hope to create a safe and comfortable place while maintaining the best in quality practice.
(256) 685-5199 View (256) 685-5199
Photo of Empower Counseling & Consulting, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Florence, AL
Empower Counseling & Consulting, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Florence, AL 35630
Each of our counselors strive to create a welcoming and comfortable environment for every client. Our strategy is to facilitate self-exploration, development of insight, implementation of coping skills, goal setting, and more. Often this includes creating a space and process for healing of past experiences and negative beliefs. Our mission is to empower each of our clients to become the best version of themselves. Empower Counseling & Consulting, LLC is available to help individuals, couples, and families from all backgrounds with varying needs.
Each of our counselors strive to create a welcoming and comfortable environment for every client. Our strategy is to facilitate self-exploration, development of insight, implementation of coping skills, goal setting, and more. Often this includes creating a space and process for healing of past experiences and negative beliefs. Our mission is to empower each of our clients to become the best version of themselves. Empower Counseling & Consulting, LLC is available to help individuals, couples, and families from all backgrounds with varying needs.
(256) 521-5376 x405 View (256) 521-5376 x405
Photo of Drew Kellough, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Florence, AL
Drew Kellough
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Florence, AL 35630
I am passionate about helping individuals and families navigate life's challenges. My practice focuses on supporting people in several key areas: Relationship Strengthening; Life Transitions; ADHD Management; Autism Spectrum Disorder; and Anxiety and Depression.
I am passionate about helping individuals and families navigate life's challenges. My practice focuses on supporting people in several key areas: Relationship Strengthening; Life Transitions; ADHD Management; Autism Spectrum Disorder; and Anxiety and Depression.
(256) 648-5624 View (256) 648-5624
Photo of Renee B Mullins, Licensed Professional Counselor in Florence, AL
Renee B Mullins
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Florence, AL 35630
Not accepting new clients
My passion is to seek out training in techniques that can help heal the mind, body and spirit. With decades of experiences learning the best techniques available, I am now certified in Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) and certified in Brain Spotting with advanced training in both modalities to treat trauma, anxiety, and depression. An individualized plan, using the best techniques for you will be applied. EMDR and Brain Spotting are research based. Both techniques have the potential to heal the brain and body from post traumatic stress. Most clients say, "I don't understand how this works, but I know I feel better!"
My passion is to seek out training in techniques that can help heal the mind, body and spirit. With decades of experiences learning the best techniques available, I am now certified in Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) and certified in Brain Spotting with advanced training in both modalities to treat trauma, anxiety, and depression. An individualized plan, using the best techniques for you will be applied. EMDR and Brain Spotting are research based. Both techniques have the potential to heal the brain and body from post traumatic stress. Most clients say, "I don't understand how this works, but I know I feel better!"
(256) 804-0247 View (256) 804-0247
Photo of Jessie Campbell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Florence, AL
Jessie Campbell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Florence, AL 35633
I am a knowledgeable, caring, and empathetic therapist with strong clinical abilities and a understanding of interpersonal relationships. I have experience leading clients through multiple trauma therapy sessions, narrative to assist with understanding, PTSD understanding the traumas, anxiety and identifying positive coping and grounding skills that work best for the individual. Through clinical experience, compassion, and empathy I support and assist those willing to make a positive difference in their lives
I am a knowledgeable, caring, and empathetic therapist with strong clinical abilities and a understanding of interpersonal relationships. I have experience leading clients through multiple trauma therapy sessions, narrative to assist with understanding, PTSD understanding the traumas, anxiety and identifying positive coping and grounding skills that work best for the individual. Through clinical experience, compassion, and empathy I support and assist those willing to make a positive difference in their lives
(256) 540-2601 View (256) 540-2601
Photo of Cassie Parker, Counselor in Florence, AL
Cassie Parker
Counselor, ALC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Florence, AL 35630
As a compassionate and dedicated ALC, with specialization in EMDR, Trauma, Theraplay, Attachment, Somatic Interventions and RLT therapies, I am enthusiastic about assisting individuals, and families to overcome life's challenges. I believe that therapy is a collaborative process, and I strive to create a safe, empathetic, and supportive space for my clients. With a touch of humor to lighten the path, I'm committed to fostering a therapeutic alliance that promotes growth, resilience, and overall well-being. I'm here to guide you with professionalism, respect, and genuine care.
As a compassionate and dedicated ALC, with specialization in EMDR, Trauma, Theraplay, Attachment, Somatic Interventions and RLT therapies, I am enthusiastic about assisting individuals, and families to overcome life's challenges. I believe that therapy is a collaborative process, and I strive to create a safe, empathetic, and supportive space for my clients. With a touch of humor to lighten the path, I'm committed to fostering a therapeutic alliance that promotes growth, resilience, and overall well-being. I'm here to guide you with professionalism, respect, and genuine care.
(256) 795-2815 View (256) 795-2815
Photo of Misti Ashley, Licensed Professional Counselor in Florence, AL
Misti Ashley
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Florence, AL 35630
Seeking therapy can help in dealing/coping with the problems life may bestow on you. As a counselor, my goal is to assist you in finding your strengths to overcome obstacles that may be interfering with achieving your life goals. Whether it's coping with recent changes or past traumas, therapy can be a beneficial tool in assisting you in becoming the healthiest version of you.
Seeking therapy can help in dealing/coping with the problems life may bestow on you. As a counselor, my goal is to assist you in finding your strengths to overcome obstacles that may be interfering with achieving your life goals. Whether it's coping with recent changes or past traumas, therapy can be a beneficial tool in assisting you in becoming the healthiest version of you.
(256) 748-0554 View (256) 748-0554
Photo of Jeanne Cuquet Northington, Counselor in Florence, AL
Jeanne Cuquet Northington
Counselor, MA
Verified Verified
Florence, AL 35630
From 1994-2017 I had a private practice as a Licensed Professional Counselor . After retiring from that job, I began practicing as a Life Coach, which I do now via the internet as well as in person. My clients often feel stuck & need encouragement to identify the issues keeping them from moving forward. We then work together to formulate an Action plan. My job is to keep my client focused on following & completing that plan while enjoying the progress. I offer hope and support while clients work through troubling issues.
From 1994-2017 I had a private practice as a Licensed Professional Counselor . After retiring from that job, I began practicing as a Life Coach, which I do now via the internet as well as in person. My clients often feel stuck & need encouragement to identify the issues keeping them from moving forward. We then work together to formulate an Action plan. My job is to keep my client focused on following & completing that plan while enjoying the progress. I offer hope and support while clients work through troubling issues.
(256) 242-8865 View (256) 242-8865
Photo of Liane K. Freels, Counselor in Florence, AL
Liane K. Freels
Counselor, MD, ALC, PMH-C, NCC
Verified Verified
Florence, AL 35630
It's ok if you don't always feel good about your life or have negative thoughts & feelings about motherhood, and have days when you don't want to do it anymore. You can still love your baby as you wrestle with these feelings. I am committed to helping families as they navigate pregnancy & new parenthood when it is challenging. My medical training and experience as an MD created a firm foundation that enables me to understand physical issues like complicated or multiple pregnancies, children with special needs, delivery complications, and losing a child, and the mental health challenges that can come with those experiences.
It's ok if you don't always feel good about your life or have negative thoughts & feelings about motherhood, and have days when you don't want to do it anymore. You can still love your baby as you wrestle with these feelings. I am committed to helping families as they navigate pregnancy & new parenthood when it is challenging. My medical training and experience as an MD created a firm foundation that enables me to understand physical issues like complicated or multiple pregnancies, children with special needs, delivery complications, and losing a child, and the mental health challenges that can come with those experiences.
(256) 578-7964 View (256) 578-7964
Photo of Desiree Stone, Counselor in Florence, AL
Desiree Stone
Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Florence, AL 35630
Are you going through a transition in life that is hard to handle? Always wanted to try counseling but never could conveniently figure out how to do it? Why not consider online counseling and having sessions in the comfort of your home, at your pace, and as needed. If this sounds like you, I may be the counselor you counselor. Currently only available online, I offer appointments available within a week, and after hours for those who work or are in school. Using a confidential and HIPAA complaint platform, virtual sessions are convenient for the busy individual or couple.
Are you going through a transition in life that is hard to handle? Always wanted to try counseling but never could conveniently figure out how to do it? Why not consider online counseling and having sessions in the comfort of your home, at your pace, and as needed. If this sounds like you, I may be the counselor you counselor. Currently only available online, I offer appointments available within a week, and after hours for those who work or are in school. Using a confidential and HIPAA complaint platform, virtual sessions are convenient for the busy individual or couple.
(256) 602-9592 View (256) 602-9592
Photo of Stephanie Brewer, Licensed Professional Counselor in Florence, AL
Stephanie Brewer
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, AADC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Florence, AL 35630
Waitlist for new clients
“The Doctor Is In.” Well, not exactly; I cannot fix you, but I can help you develop the tools to fix yourself. “One of the most valuable things we can do to heal one another is to listen to each other’s stories.” (RF) I love the stories. The ‘why you do what you do’, when you don’t even know why you do what you do. That is what I want to help you find. There is no shame in asking for help. Everyone is different, so I use multiple methods to find what works for you to build the skills you need to cope with life. A sense of humor, some tough love, and no judgement to navigate your darkness is what I can provide.
“The Doctor Is In.” Well, not exactly; I cannot fix you, but I can help you develop the tools to fix yourself. “One of the most valuable things we can do to heal one another is to listen to each other’s stories.” (RF) I love the stories. The ‘why you do what you do’, when you don’t even know why you do what you do. That is what I want to help you find. There is no shame in asking for help. Everyone is different, so I use multiple methods to find what works for you to build the skills you need to cope with life. A sense of humor, some tough love, and no judgement to navigate your darkness is what I can provide.
(256) 645-9068 View (256) 645-9068
Photo of Thoughtful Journey Counseling - Celeste Coffman, Licensed Professional Counselor in Florence, AL
Thoughtful Journey Counseling - Celeste Coffman
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Florence, AL 35630
If you need coping skills for when you feel anxious, overwhelmed, or uncertain, let's talk. Whether it's a specific situation (new baby, relationship problems, grief) or just a general feeling of unhappiness, we're experts at helping you create a plan for feeling more like yourself. Past clients have commented that they feel comforted and heard in our office, that we help them see things they never realized before, and that visiting our place is even like going on vacation! We don't label you... we listen and customize your therapy to who you are. We'll help you move towards your healthy future.
If you need coping skills for when you feel anxious, overwhelmed, or uncertain, let's talk. Whether it's a specific situation (new baby, relationship problems, grief) or just a general feeling of unhappiness, we're experts at helping you create a plan for feeling more like yourself. Past clients have commented that they feel comforted and heard in our office, that we help them see things they never realized before, and that visiting our place is even like going on vacation! We don't label you... we listen and customize your therapy to who you are. We'll help you move towards your healthy future.
(256) 361-1314 View (256) 361-1314
Photo of Amy Moor, Licensed Professional Counselor in Florence, AL
Amy Moor
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Florence, AL 35630
Not accepting new clients
We reach points in our lives where things don't seem to be going the way we hoped or envisioned. This can be a slow process leading to this moment or seem to come out of no where. The great part about life is that we don't have to go through it or figure it out alone if we are open to support and willing to put in the work.
We reach points in our lives where things don't seem to be going the way we hoped or envisioned. This can be a slow process leading to this moment or seem to come out of no where. The great part about life is that we don't have to go through it or figure it out alone if we are open to support and willing to put in the work.
(256) 645-9821 View (256) 645-9821
Photo of Tom Wissert, Licensed Professional Counselor in Florence, AL
Tom Wissert
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Florence, AL 35630
No one can say that your marriage has been unsuccessful. Over many decades, you’ve raised children, built a loving home, and seemed like a model couple. You’ve always assumed that your love was enough to compensate for any issues. But lately, the cracks are starting to show. The rifts began small at first. A minor argument here. An unspoken resentment there. But with enough time left to rot, these fissures grew wider and wider until they now threaten to destabilize the whole foundation of your marriage. You wonder if it’s already too late. You don’t want to give up on what you've built, but you’re unsure how to fix things.
No one can say that your marriage has been unsuccessful. Over many decades, you’ve raised children, built a loving home, and seemed like a model couple. You’ve always assumed that your love was enough to compensate for any issues. But lately, the cracks are starting to show. The rifts began small at first. A minor argument here. An unspoken resentment there. But with enough time left to rot, these fissures grew wider and wider until they now threaten to destabilize the whole foundation of your marriage. You wonder if it’s already too late. You don’t want to give up on what you've built, but you’re unsure how to fix things.
(256) 275-3652 View (256) 275-3652
Photo of Emily Davidson Kaht, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Florence, AL
Emily Davidson Kaht
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Florence, AL 35630
Emily has experience working in a hospital setting, outpatient substance use facility, and a residential treatment facility for teens prior to her work as an outpatient mental health therapist. Through her years of experience, she has grown a passion for helping teens and adults to navigate through all life experiences. She has experience in treating anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, ADHD, and mood disorders. Emily takes a person-centered approach while using cognitive behavior and solution focused strategies. She also has training in trauma informed therapy as well as dialectical behavior therapy.
Emily has experience working in a hospital setting, outpatient substance use facility, and a residential treatment facility for teens prior to her work as an outpatient mental health therapist. Through her years of experience, she has grown a passion for helping teens and adults to navigate through all life experiences. She has experience in treating anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, ADHD, and mood disorders. Emily takes a person-centered approach while using cognitive behavior and solution focused strategies. She also has training in trauma informed therapy as well as dialectical behavior therapy.
(256) 588-8032 View (256) 588-8032
Photo of Rachel A. James, Licensed Professional Counselor in Florence, AL
Rachel A. James
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Florence, AL 35630
Do you ever find yourself feeling overwhelmed or boggled down with everyday stressors and struggles? We have all been there before. I believe that everyone needs a supportive, objective person to talk to when they are struggling and deciding which move to make next. I can be that supportive person for you. I have experience in substance abuse, child/adolescent counseling, anxiety/depression, coping skills, etc... My main goal as a counselor is to make a difference in the lives of others, and hopefully provide you with helpful tools for whatever journey you may be on in your life.
Do you ever find yourself feeling overwhelmed or boggled down with everyday stressors and struggles? We have all been there before. I believe that everyone needs a supportive, objective person to talk to when they are struggling and deciding which move to make next. I can be that supportive person for you. I have experience in substance abuse, child/adolescent counseling, anxiety/depression, coping skills, etc... My main goal as a counselor is to make a difference in the lives of others, and hopefully provide you with helpful tools for whatever journey you may be on in your life.
(256) 743-8630 View (256) 743-8630
Photo of Ella Bevis Counseling, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Florence, AL
Ella Bevis Counseling, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Florence, AL 35630
Life's difficulties are inviting you to re-invent yourself. Choosing to take part in counseling is making the conscious decision that you want to make some changes and you want life to be better. Would you like to feel heard and understood? How about being interested in learning ways to help you manage problems, cope with anxiety, or get ahead of depression? I want to help you understand how old ways of thinking and acting may be keeping you from getting what you would like out of life.
Life's difficulties are inviting you to re-invent yourself. Choosing to take part in counseling is making the conscious decision that you want to make some changes and you want life to be better. Would you like to feel heard and understood? How about being interested in learning ways to help you manage problems, cope with anxiety, or get ahead of depression? I want to help you understand how old ways of thinking and acting may be keeping you from getting what you would like out of life.
(256) 760-1211 View (256) 760-1211
Photo of Stansell Counseling & Consulting-Loresa Stansell , Licensed Professional Counselor in Florence, AL
Stansell Counseling & Consulting-Loresa Stansell
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Florence, AL 35630
The struggles of life and difficult situations that we face can sometimes leave us feeling overwhelmed and maybe even hopeless, not sure what to do next. I personally believe that we all can experience hope and live balanced lives with quality and purpose, regardless of circumstances. I can offer you a safe, non-judgmental, and an understanding environment to talk about your difficult situation or long-term struggles. My professional training and experience will be used to provide you with research based therapeutic approaches tailored to assist you with achieving meaningful and lasting change.
The struggles of life and difficult situations that we face can sometimes leave us feeling overwhelmed and maybe even hopeless, not sure what to do next. I personally believe that we all can experience hope and live balanced lives with quality and purpose, regardless of circumstances. I can offer you a safe, non-judgmental, and an understanding environment to talk about your difficult situation or long-term struggles. My professional training and experience will be used to provide you with research based therapeutic approaches tailored to assist you with achieving meaningful and lasting change.
(256) 403-3260 View (256) 403-3260
Photo of Stan Peck, Licensed Professional Counselor in Florence, AL
Stan Peck
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Florence, AL 35630
I strive to provide overall wellness that encompasses at least four dimensions including mental health, emotional health, spiritual health, and social wellbeing. In addition to this, I include in my purpose for clients financial education when needed as well as personality assessment and a goal oriented lifestyle.
I strive to provide overall wellness that encompasses at least four dimensions including mental health, emotional health, spiritual health, and social wellbeing. In addition to this, I include in my purpose for clients financial education when needed as well as personality assessment and a goal oriented lifestyle.
(256) 251-3860 View (256) 251-3860
Photo of Dr. James R. Megar Ed.D. LPC-S, Licensed Professional Counselor in Florence, AL
Dr. James R. Megar Ed.D. LPC-S
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, LPC-S
Verified Verified
Florence, AL 35630
I have been licensed as a Professional Counselor in Alabama since 1992 and a Clinical Fellow of the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy since 1991. My Family Systems training focused on growth and health rather than on pathology and dysfunction. From a developmental perspective, dysfunction is a predictable consequence of growth. As children advance from crawling to standing and walking, they are unsteady, awkward, and are "dysfunctional" for a time. In the same way, transitional periods in the life cycle of families and individuals can be difficult. Depression, anxiety, and interpersonal conflict are often seen at these times and counseling can be helpful.
I have been licensed as a Professional Counselor in Alabama since 1992 and a Clinical Fellow of the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy since 1991. My Family Systems training focused on growth and health rather than on pathology and dysfunction. From a developmental perspective, dysfunction is a predictable consequence of growth. As children advance from crawling to standing and walking, they are unsteady, awkward, and are "dysfunctional" for a time. In the same way, transitional periods in the life cycle of families and individuals can be difficult. Depression, anxiety, and interpersonal conflict are often seen at these times and counseling can be helpful.
(256) 530-0077 View (256) 530-0077

See more therapy options for Florence

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Florence, AL

40+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Florence, AL who prioritize treating:

86% Anxiety
84% Depression
70% Coping Skills
67% Self Esteem
63% Grief
60% Stress
58% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

90% BlueCross and BlueShield
42% New Directions | Lucet
39% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Florence, AL see their clients

91% In Person and Online
9% Online Only

Gender breakdown

73% Female
27% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Florence?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.