Therapists in Amherst, MA

Photo of Abbigail T. Chickering, Counselor in Amherst, MA
Abbigail T. Chickering
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Amherst, MA 01002  (Online Only)
My primary focus is on working with clients using EMD and EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) to manage/overcome issues related to trauma, mood, life transition and becoming "unstuck" from old patterns. Individual adults (please, no children under 18, couples or families) are welcomed to engage in a supportive therapeutic relationship promoting positive growth and forward movement. I utilize an organic combination of techniques including EMDR, psycho-education, expressive therapies, CBT, parts work and relational healing. Are you ready to deepen your understanding of yourself in order to create personal change?
My primary focus is on working with clients using EMD and EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) to manage/overcome issues related to trauma, mood, life transition and becoming "unstuck" from old patterns. Individual adults (please, no children under 18, couples or families) are welcomed to engage in a supportive therapeutic relationship promoting positive growth and forward movement. I utilize an organic combination of techniques including EMDR, psycho-education, expressive therapies, CBT, parts work and relational healing. Are you ready to deepen your understanding of yourself in order to create personal change?
(413) 418-3705 View (413) 418-3705
Photo of Tara Ferrante, Counselor in Amherst, MA
Tara Ferrante
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Amherst, MA 01002
Not accepting new clients
At this time I am full but can take clients onto my waitlist. I am seeing clients between the hours of 9-2:30pm. My approach to therapy is to create a warm, curious, and accepting space where we can explore what is going on and I can assist you in applying concrete evidence-based tools and techniques that can create lasting change. I strive to meet clients where there are at and work collaboratively to create a plan so that you can live as fully as possible. I specialize in the treatment of obsessive- compulsive disorder, hoarding disorder, anxiety disorders, and PTSD.
At this time I am full but can take clients onto my waitlist. I am seeing clients between the hours of 9-2:30pm. My approach to therapy is to create a warm, curious, and accepting space where we can explore what is going on and I can assist you in applying concrete evidence-based tools and techniques that can create lasting change. I strive to meet clients where there are at and work collaboratively to create a plan so that you can live as fully as possible. I specialize in the treatment of obsessive- compulsive disorder, hoarding disorder, anxiety disorders, and PTSD.
(413) 258-8418 View (413) 258-8418
Photo of Andy Steinmark, Psychologist in Amherst, MA
Andy Steinmark
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Amherst, MA 01002  (Online Only)
Hello, and thank you for stopping by to learn how I can be of service to you. I'm a formally trained health psychologist with expertise in the areas of creating and living a healthy life-style, work-life balance, stress management, depression, anxiety, and with specializations in chronic insomnia, and living with chronic illness. I collaborate with individuals interested in taking an active role in creating a life of meaning and fulfillment--of greater vitality. Treatment is focused, values-based, and goal oriented--as well as being frequently brief. Additionally, I also assist individuals in more fully developing their potential.
Hello, and thank you for stopping by to learn how I can be of service to you. I'm a formally trained health psychologist with expertise in the areas of creating and living a healthy life-style, work-life balance, stress management, depression, anxiety, and with specializations in chronic insomnia, and living with chronic illness. I collaborate with individuals interested in taking an active role in creating a life of meaning and fulfillment--of greater vitality. Treatment is focused, values-based, and goal oriented--as well as being frequently brief. Additionally, I also assist individuals in more fully developing their potential.
(413) 998-0851 View (413) 998-0851
Nate Thorn
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Amherst, MA 01002
My practice is currently full.
My practice is currently full.
(413) 338-5026 View (413) 338-5026
Photo of Emily Mentin-Chamble, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Amherst, MA
Emily Mentin-Chamble
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, CIHMHP
Verified Verified
Amherst, MA 01002  (Online Only)
I am eager to work with clients seeking insight and change in their lives. I strive to create a trusting relationship that fosters emotional and spiritual growth while examining the issues that are preventing you from living up to your full potential. I work from an anti-oppression lens, prioritizing holistic health and wellness, utilizing my years of clinical training and experience in treating individuals and communities deeply impacted by trauma, grief/loss and illness. I am particularly excited to offer EMDR treatment in addition to psychodynamic psychotherapy to support healing and lasting transformative change.
I am eager to work with clients seeking insight and change in their lives. I strive to create a trusting relationship that fosters emotional and spiritual growth while examining the issues that are preventing you from living up to your full potential. I work from an anti-oppression lens, prioritizing holistic health and wellness, utilizing my years of clinical training and experience in treating individuals and communities deeply impacted by trauma, grief/loss and illness. I am particularly excited to offer EMDR treatment in addition to psychodynamic psychotherapy to support healing and lasting transformative change.
(413) 676-1073 View (413) 676-1073
Photo of Jordan Castonguay, Mental Health Counselor in Amherst, MA
Jordan Castonguay
Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Amherst, MA 01002
Jordan is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor who strives to provide clients with the support and guidance needed to heal from painful life experiences and achieve meaningful growth. Jordan utilizes an eclectic approach to therapy, drawing from an array of disciplines including: EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing), Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Prolonged Exposure Therapy, Exposure and Response Prevention, and Solution Focused Therapy.
Jordan is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor who strives to provide clients with the support and guidance needed to heal from painful life experiences and achieve meaningful growth. Jordan utilizes an eclectic approach to therapy, drawing from an array of disciplines including: EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing), Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Prolonged Exposure Therapy, Exposure and Response Prevention, and Solution Focused Therapy.
(413) 887-3671 View (413) 887-3671
Photo of Cathy Pedevillano, Counselor in Amherst, MA
Cathy Pedevillano
Counselor, LMHC, MA, MS
Verified Verified
Amherst, MA 01002
Waitlist for new clients
We are living in unprecedented times filled with great challenge and incredible opportunity for growth. Global and personal events can leave us feeling isolated, disconnected, anxious and depressed. We search for meaning and purpose amidst the overwhelm of loss, transition, disease and chronic pain. Yet, this chaos can be the grit that moves us toward greater awareness and freedom. Support, connection, compassion and skilled guidance can help us forge new pathways in our lives, our brains and our bodies. We then have more capacity to reclaim our inherent joy, creativity and the power to build a positive light-filled future.
We are living in unprecedented times filled with great challenge and incredible opportunity for growth. Global and personal events can leave us feeling isolated, disconnected, anxious and depressed. We search for meaning and purpose amidst the overwhelm of loss, transition, disease and chronic pain. Yet, this chaos can be the grit that moves us toward greater awareness and freedom. Support, connection, compassion and skilled guidance can help us forge new pathways in our lives, our brains and our bodies. We then have more capacity to reclaim our inherent joy, creativity and the power to build a positive light-filled future.
(413) 207-9959 x855 View (413) 207-9959 x855
Photo of Betsy McNamara, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Amherst, MA
Betsy McNamara
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Amherst, MA 01002
Are you, your teen or young adult child struggling? Withdrawing? Anxious? Making dangerous choices? Having trouble getting along? For over twenty years I have been helping people work through their situations to think more clearly, make better choices, and ultimately, to feel better about themselves. Because trust and good communication between the therapist and the client is so important, I invite you to email or call me and talk about what you are looking for and my approach to see if this might be a good fit for you or your child.
Are you, your teen or young adult child struggling? Withdrawing? Anxious? Making dangerous choices? Having trouble getting along? For over twenty years I have been helping people work through their situations to think more clearly, make better choices, and ultimately, to feel better about themselves. Because trust and good communication between the therapist and the client is so important, I invite you to email or call me and talk about what you are looking for and my approach to see if this might be a good fit for you or your child.
(413) 314-3504 View (413) 314-3504
Photo of Ann T. Augustine, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Amherst, MA
Ann T. Augustine
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Amherst, MA 01002
Waitlist for new clients
I believe that we all get stuck sometimes. We find ourselves in difficult situations and we don’t know what to do. Other times we feel trapped by our painful pasts. At times, we aren’t sure what the problem is, but we sense there must be more to life. Whatever the reason that brings you to therapy, we can work together to uncover and resolve what’s happening, clarify what matters most and help you to feel stronger and freer to live more fully.
I believe that we all get stuck sometimes. We find ourselves in difficult situations and we don’t know what to do. Other times we feel trapped by our painful pasts. At times, we aren’t sure what the problem is, but we sense there must be more to life. Whatever the reason that brings you to therapy, we can work together to uncover and resolve what’s happening, clarify what matters most and help you to feel stronger and freer to live more fully.
(413) 402-6095 View (413) 402-6095
Alexandra L Chesner
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, CAGS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Amherst, MA 01002
At your first appointment, I gather information about what's bringing you for therapy now. My approach is strength-based and collaborative, and we will consider what you might find most helpful together. My practice welcomes children, adolescents, college students and parents; I enjoy work with couples, families and individuals. While offering support and guidance, I take time to build a safe place where you gain understanding and develop skills to improve your life. I share my expertise in family systems, along with practical information about resources. With increased perspective and awareness about your choices, the opportunity for change unfolds.
At your first appointment, I gather information about what's bringing you for therapy now. My approach is strength-based and collaborative, and we will consider what you might find most helpful together. My practice welcomes children, adolescents, college students and parents; I enjoy work with couples, families and individuals. While offering support and guidance, I take time to build a safe place where you gain understanding and develop skills to improve your life. I share my expertise in family systems, along with practical information about resources. With increased perspective and awareness about your choices, the opportunity for change unfolds.
(413) 284-4378 View (413) 284-4378
Photo of Ross Goodwin-Brown, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Amherst, MA
Ross Goodwin-Brown
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Amherst, MA 01002
Not accepting new clients
I have worked for years in community mental health, with people from a wide range of backgrounds. I think that people need for therapists to be with them when they are at their most vulnerable, and to help them to keep one foot in the present as they look for answers. My best work is with people who are curious about their own patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior, and are willing to try some new approaches. The bargain is that I will join that effort with careful attention and a willingness to meet the person just as they are.
I have worked for years in community mental health, with people from a wide range of backgrounds. I think that people need for therapists to be with them when they are at their most vulnerable, and to help them to keep one foot in the present as they look for answers. My best work is with people who are curious about their own patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior, and are willing to try some new approaches. The bargain is that I will join that effort with careful attention and a willingness to meet the person just as they are.
(413) 304-2363 View (413) 304-2363
Photo of Alan Kanner, Psychologist in Amherst, MA
Alan Kanner
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Amherst, MA 01002  (Online Only)
Walking into a therapist's office is an act of courage. Psychotherapy is challenging, collaborative work. A pivotal piece of psychotherapy is finding the right match in selecting your therapist. In my practice, the therapeutic alliance is formed only after the client feels truly heard and understood. Thereafter, a treatment plan is formulated and the work begins.
Walking into a therapist's office is an act of courage. Psychotherapy is challenging, collaborative work. A pivotal piece of psychotherapy is finding the right match in selecting your therapist. In my practice, the therapeutic alliance is formed only after the client feels truly heard and understood. Thereafter, a treatment plan is formulated and the work begins.
(413) 992-3359 View (413) 992-3359
Photo of Marlene Meinelt, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Amherst, MA
Marlene Meinelt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW, CST
Verified Verified
Amherst, MA 01002  (Online Only)
I am an IFS-trained psychotherapist and I offer individual psychotherapy utilizing this model of treatment. IFS therapy focuses on the parts of ourselves that need healing, and creates the ability to be more aware of the parts that influences our behavior(s). I see couples for various issues including difficulty communicating, the desire to improve the quality of their relationship, and to feel more emotionally connected with each other.
I am an IFS-trained psychotherapist and I offer individual psychotherapy utilizing this model of treatment. IFS therapy focuses on the parts of ourselves that need healing, and creates the ability to be more aware of the parts that influences our behavior(s). I see couples for various issues including difficulty communicating, the desire to improve the quality of their relationship, and to feel more emotionally connected with each other.
(413) 485-7344 View (413) 485-7344
Photo of Tim Hope, Psychologist in Amherst, MA
Tim Hope
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Amherst, MA 01002
I am a clinician, consultant and evaluator for children, youth and young adults. I have helped families coping with trauma, divorce, behavior problems, substances, alcohol, eating disorders and other health-related difficulties, cognitive disorders or PDD. I have successfully helped individuals with anger, depression or anxiety, including OCD and PTSD. I work closely with families and schools treating those with ADHD, LD, and Developmental Disabilities, including Autism Spectrum disorders. I primarily use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and Family Therapy. Finally, I have a special interest in issues concerning adoption and individuals in the GLBTQIA+ community.
I am a clinician, consultant and evaluator for children, youth and young adults. I have helped families coping with trauma, divorce, behavior problems, substances, alcohol, eating disorders and other health-related difficulties, cognitive disorders or PDD. I have successfully helped individuals with anger, depression or anxiety, including OCD and PTSD. I work closely with families and schools treating those with ADHD, LD, and Developmental Disabilities, including Autism Spectrum disorders. I primarily use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and Family Therapy. Finally, I have a special interest in issues concerning adoption and individuals in the GLBTQIA+ community.
(413) 315-4417 View (413) 315-4417
Photo of Ginger Sajiera, Counselor in Amherst, MA
Ginger Sajiera
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Amherst, MA 01002  (Online Only)
Having a solid therapeutic relationship is essential to the success of your experience in therapy, and I am committed to creating a space in which you will feel safe, deeply heard and seen, and can be a collaborator in the therapeutic process. I believe in creating a mutual alliance built upon honesty, empathy, trust, and respect. Together, we will explore the challenges and obstacles you face, while identifying personal strengths and other resources that will help facilitate meaningful change and growth.
Having a solid therapeutic relationship is essential to the success of your experience in therapy, and I am committed to creating a space in which you will feel safe, deeply heard and seen, and can be a collaborator in the therapeutic process. I believe in creating a mutual alliance built upon honesty, empathy, trust, and respect. Together, we will explore the challenges and obstacles you face, while identifying personal strengths and other resources that will help facilitate meaningful change and growth.
(413) 266-5591 View (413) 266-5591
Lynn Abraham
Counselor, LMHC, SEP
Verified Verified
Amherst, MA 01002
Not accepting new clients
Therapy supports well-being when the relationship helps us tap into our strengths and resources. My commitment to you is to build this kind of relationship. Results include improved mood, relationships,increased energy, motivation, self acceptance, and creativity. I practice a body-based therapy called Somatic Experiencing that is a gentle approach to healing PTSD and symptoms of trauma. These include anxiety, depression, physical symptoms, and difficulty staying grounded in the present. We may use methods informed by my experience and training in contemplative practices and expressive therapies along with psychodynamic and cognitive therapies.
Therapy supports well-being when the relationship helps us tap into our strengths and resources. My commitment to you is to build this kind of relationship. Results include improved mood, relationships,increased energy, motivation, self acceptance, and creativity. I practice a body-based therapy called Somatic Experiencing that is a gentle approach to healing PTSD and symptoms of trauma. These include anxiety, depression, physical symptoms, and difficulty staying grounded in the present. We may use methods informed by my experience and training in contemplative practices and expressive therapies along with psychodynamic and cognitive therapies.
(415) 323-3997 View (415) 323-3997
Photo of Ruth Levy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Amherst, MA
Ruth Levy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, MSW, LICSW, EAT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Amherst, MA 01002  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Change is a natural part of life and can be both exciting and challenging. If you're looking to develop resources to deal with the challenge of transitions, anxiety or depression, or are seeking new ways of responding to old patterns, I'd like to work with you to actively create a fresh approach to building the life you want to be living. I am easy to talk to, and bring a warm and open presence approaching therapy as a conversation. I listen closely and aim to ask questions that help you to grow your own innate wisdom and inspire new ideas and solutions.
Change is a natural part of life and can be both exciting and challenging. If you're looking to develop resources to deal with the challenge of transitions, anxiety or depression, or are seeking new ways of responding to old patterns, I'd like to work with you to actively create a fresh approach to building the life you want to be living. I am easy to talk to, and bring a warm and open presence approaching therapy as a conversation. I listen closely and aim to ask questions that help you to grow your own innate wisdom and inspire new ideas and solutions.
(617) 936-7077 View (617) 936-7077
Photo of Evan Shopper, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Amherst, MA
Evan Shopper
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Amherst, MA 01002
Offering Parenting Consultations ONLY (sorry, I am not taking on new, individual clients). For 15 years, I've specialized in working with kids and their families, but I rarely have openings and often have to turn away parents who need help. I know how frustrating it is for parents to find therapists with openings, and with this in mind, I now am offering a series of three consultation sessions for parents to gain further insight into the roots of what their child is experiencing, and how parents can help. While my consultations are not a replacement for therapy, parents have said our meetings are extremely helpful.
Offering Parenting Consultations ONLY (sorry, I am not taking on new, individual clients). For 15 years, I've specialized in working with kids and their families, but I rarely have openings and often have to turn away parents who need help. I know how frustrating it is for parents to find therapists with openings, and with this in mind, I now am offering a series of three consultation sessions for parents to gain further insight into the roots of what their child is experiencing, and how parents can help. While my consultations are not a replacement for therapy, parents have said our meetings are extremely helpful.
(413) 269-5523 View (413) 269-5523
Photo of Sarah Teitelbaum, Psychologist in Amherst, MA
Sarah Teitelbaum
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Amherst, MA 01002
My role as a psychologist is to help you learn, get unstuck, and take control in your life. By creating a safe, nonjudgmental space, I hope to encourage your sense of connection, empowerment, and insight as we address your concerns. I believe the quality of the therapist-client relationship is the most important foundation of good therapy, and I work collaboratively with clients using several approaches, including CBT, ACT, and mindfulness-based psychotherapy.
My role as a psychologist is to help you learn, get unstuck, and take control in your life. By creating a safe, nonjudgmental space, I hope to encourage your sense of connection, empowerment, and insight as we address your concerns. I believe the quality of the therapist-client relationship is the most important foundation of good therapy, and I work collaboratively with clients using several approaches, including CBT, ACT, and mindfulness-based psychotherapy.
(413) 258-8349 View (413) 258-8349
Photo of Bob Chabot, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Amherst, MA
Bob Chabot
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Amherst, MA 01002
Bob Chabot is a seasoned clinician who brings over 35 years of experience to his practice. He believes that therapy is a conversation in which the therapist functions as listener, facilitator, collaborator, witness and guide. Bob has helped children better fit into their families, and parents shape their home environments to better meet the needs of their children. He has helped couples renegotiate, rework, and repair their relationships and has helped individuals grow and move forward on their respective paths.
Bob Chabot is a seasoned clinician who brings over 35 years of experience to his practice. He believes that therapy is a conversation in which the therapist functions as listener, facilitator, collaborator, witness and guide. Bob has helped children better fit into their families, and parents shape their home environments to better meet the needs of their children. He has helped couples renegotiate, rework, and repair their relationships and has helped individuals grow and move forward on their respective paths.
(413) 266-5556 View (413) 266-5556

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Amherst, MA

300+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Amherst, MA who prioritize treating:

89% Anxiety
88% Depression
78% Relationship Issues
70% Trauma and PTSD
70% Self Esteem
65% Grief
63% Stress

Average years in practice

16 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

89% BlueCross and BlueShield
52% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
52% Optum

How Therapists in Amherst, MA see their clients

60% In Person and Online
40% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
22% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Amherst?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.