Therapists in Syracuse, NY

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Photo of JoAnne Barnes, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Syracuse, NY
JoAnne Barnes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13209
Not accepting new clients
Your heart starts racing, hands get sweaty, vision gets blurry, and there’s an elephant sitting on your chest. Maybe this started out of nowhere. Maybe you know what started this panic and this sense of doom. Either way, I’m here to sit beside you while you figure all this out. It’s no picnic to be stuck between a rock and a hard place, making difficult choices that feel impossible. Becoming an adult can be very exciting and very scary at the same time. Even when you think you’ve reached the summit of adulthood, you realize that life still has wild surprises and hard losses. The “adulting” never stops!
Your heart starts racing, hands get sweaty, vision gets blurry, and there’s an elephant sitting on your chest. Maybe this started out of nowhere. Maybe you know what started this panic and this sense of doom. Either way, I’m here to sit beside you while you figure all this out. It’s no picnic to be stuck between a rock and a hard place, making difficult choices that feel impossible. Becoming an adult can be very exciting and very scary at the same time. Even when you think you’ve reached the summit of adulthood, you realize that life still has wild surprises and hard losses. The “adulting” never stops!
(315) 305-2504 View (315) 305-2504
Photo of Jane Valetchikov, Psychologist in Syracuse, NY
Jane Valetchikov
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13202
I know that coming to therapy can be challenging and I am committed to creating a warm, empathic, and safe space for our time together. My priority is to meet you where you are in order to help you on your journey to a more authentic and fulfilling life and I will tailor the treatment to meet your individual needs and goals. I work in an integrative way, drawing on a variety of theories that will allow us to look at the root of your concerns. I also utilize mindfulness techniques and behavioral strategies to help you improve your coping and self-care skills.
I know that coming to therapy can be challenging and I am committed to creating a warm, empathic, and safe space for our time together. My priority is to meet you where you are in order to help you on your journey to a more authentic and fulfilling life and I will tailor the treatment to meet your individual needs and goals. I work in an integrative way, drawing on a variety of theories that will allow us to look at the root of your concerns. I also utilize mindfulness techniques and behavioral strategies to help you improve your coping and self-care skills.
(315) 756-6134 View (315) 756-6134
Photo of Kathleen Deters-Hayes, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Syracuse, NY
Kathleen Deters-Hayes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13202
Not accepting new clients
I am a Clinical Social Worker, committed to helping clients find their true sense of self on life's journey. I specialize in working with people struggling with depression, grief, trauma, anxiety, relationship issues and other life struggles. I believe that each of us is on our own unique journey as a gift to the world.
I am a Clinical Social Worker, committed to helping clients find their true sense of self on life's journey. I specialize in working with people struggling with depression, grief, trauma, anxiety, relationship issues and other life struggles. I believe that each of us is on our own unique journey as a gift to the world.
(315) 819-3872 View (315) 819-3872
Photo of Morgan (Goold) Santimaw, Marriage & Family Therapist in Syracuse, NY
Morgan (Goold) Santimaw
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13224
Not accepting new clients
Hello and welcome! First, I want to point out that you have already started the first step in your therapy journey by searching for a therapist who will best fit your wants and needs- congratulations! I believe that the process of change comes predominantly from your motivation and openness to experiment with trying things differently. I work to create a safe and trusting therapeutic environment for my clientele while respecting your readiness in the therapy process. When working with me, you will find a collaborative and person-centered approach. We are a team working together to tackle your problems and create positive change.
Hello and welcome! First, I want to point out that you have already started the first step in your therapy journey by searching for a therapist who will best fit your wants and needs- congratulations! I believe that the process of change comes predominantly from your motivation and openness to experiment with trying things differently. I work to create a safe and trusting therapeutic environment for my clientele while respecting your readiness in the therapy process. When working with me, you will find a collaborative and person-centered approach. We are a team working together to tackle your problems and create positive change.
(315) 322-7945 View (315) 322-7945
Photo of Taylor Molloy Pfau, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Syracuse, NY
Taylor Molloy Pfau
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13202
Not accepting new clients
I have been working with clients for over 15 years. I feel most comfortable addressing individual struggles from a strength based perspective. Anxiety, depression and trauma related issues are addressed by utilizing a blend of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, as well as from a Family Systems perspective. This, I believe, allows the client to achieve the most success and a clearer understanding of their own struggles and how to overcome them.
I have been working with clients for over 15 years. I feel most comfortable addressing individual struggles from a strength based perspective. Anxiety, depression and trauma related issues are addressed by utilizing a blend of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, as well as from a Family Systems perspective. This, I believe, allows the client to achieve the most success and a clearer understanding of their own struggles and how to overcome them.
(315) 836-4531 View (315) 836-4531
Photo of Convenient Counseling Services, Counselor in Syracuse, NY
Convenient Counseling Services
Counselor, LMHC, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
32 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13214  (Online Only)
Accepting Telehealth Patients in NY! - You are surrounded by expectations, comparisons, and the idea that everyone around you is happy and fulfilled. Are they? How are we to know? The timelines, deadlines, and pressures all around you seem overwhelming. You're feeling lost in this world. You're feeling like you're not enough; you don't make enough, you don't do enough. Life decisions and transitions can be hard, and you want assurance you are making the right decisions for your future. You exceed expectations while at the same time wondering if you are good enough.
Accepting Telehealth Patients in NY! - You are surrounded by expectations, comparisons, and the idea that everyone around you is happy and fulfilled. Are they? How are we to know? The timelines, deadlines, and pressures all around you seem overwhelming. You're feeling lost in this world. You're feeling like you're not enough; you don't make enough, you don't do enough. Life decisions and transitions can be hard, and you want assurance you are making the right decisions for your future. You exceed expectations while at the same time wondering if you are good enough.
(315) 284-6136 View (315) 284-6136
Photo of Nicole Finley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Syracuse, NY
Nicole Finley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13224  (Online Only)
I am warm and empathic. I have a strong desire to help others utilize their strengths to overcome life issues and challenges. My experience includes working with individuals and families dealing with poverty, trauma, low self-esteem, relationship issues, life transitions, academic issues, Anxiety, Grief, and Depression. An eclectic approach is utilized to fit the specific needs of the client.
I am warm and empathic. I have a strong desire to help others utilize their strengths to overcome life issues and challenges. My experience includes working with individuals and families dealing with poverty, trauma, low self-esteem, relationship issues, life transitions, academic issues, Anxiety, Grief, and Depression. An eclectic approach is utilized to fit the specific needs of the client.
(315) 314-8590 View (315) 314-8590
Photo of Jennifer Figueroa in Syracuse, NY
Jennifer Figueroa
MFT-LP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13206  (Online Only)
I provide specialized expertise in working with young to middle-aged couples who have been dealing with a range of issues: anxiety, depression, relationships, mood disorders, natural transitions (e.g. marriage, career changes) & trauma that is having a negative impact on their relationships. I have worked with clients of diverse backgrounds. My therapeutic work is eclectic with individualized, interactive therapy. I graduated from Long Island University with a Master's in Marriage and Family Therapy and a Bachelor's in Psychology.
I provide specialized expertise in working with young to middle-aged couples who have been dealing with a range of issues: anxiety, depression, relationships, mood disorders, natural transitions (e.g. marriage, career changes) & trauma that is having a negative impact on their relationships. I have worked with clients of diverse backgrounds. My therapeutic work is eclectic with individualized, interactive therapy. I graduated from Long Island University with a Master's in Marriage and Family Therapy and a Bachelor's in Psychology.
(680) 201-5520 View (680) 201-5520
Photo of Diane M Malikow in Syracuse, NY
Diane M Malikow
AAS, AA, ASAC
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13203
Is it hard for you to believe that you can be happy? I define happiness as overall life contentment. I believe that your happiness is attainable and this is why I am a life coach. The ability to be happy is a skill. Good coaches have studied the game and learned skills and strategies that can be shared to help the team win and individual players self-actualize. In other words, there is help. There are skills and strategies that can be learned and used to find, protect, and experience your own happiness.
Is it hard for you to believe that you can be happy? I define happiness as overall life contentment. I believe that your happiness is attainable and this is why I am a life coach. The ability to be happy is a skill. Good coaches have studied the game and learned skills and strategies that can be shared to help the team win and individual players self-actualize. In other words, there is help. There are skills and strategies that can be learned and used to find, protect, and experience your own happiness.
(315) 847-4821 View (315) 847-4821
Photo of Judith Kennedy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Syracuse, NY
Judith Kennedy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13214
I aim to help clients connect with their inherent wisdom to foster self-compassion, grace, and humility. Change is hard, but therapy doesn’t have to be. I offer a safe space to develop a therapeutic alliance to help you explore barriers and patterns that inhibit growth and disconnect us from ourselves.
I aim to help clients connect with their inherent wisdom to foster self-compassion, grace, and humility. Change is hard, but therapy doesn’t have to be. I offer a safe space to develop a therapeutic alliance to help you explore barriers and patterns that inhibit growth and disconnect us from ourselves.
(315) 873-8985 View (315) 873-8985
Photo of Lee Ann Genussa, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Syracuse, NY
Lee Ann Genussa
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13210  (Online Only)
Life’s beauty can be overshadowed by societal pressures and everyday responsibilities. We may often find ourselves bogged down by shame, judgment, and expectations. As a clinician, my aim is to create an empathetic, non-judgemental environment for you to explore and navigate your own unique challenges and goals. I have experience working with folks who struggle with depression, anxiety, suicidality, autism and ADHD, complex trauma, gender and sexuality issues, as well as race-related stress and trauma.
Life’s beauty can be overshadowed by societal pressures and everyday responsibilities. We may often find ourselves bogged down by shame, judgment, and expectations. As a clinician, my aim is to create an empathetic, non-judgemental environment for you to explore and navigate your own unique challenges and goals. I have experience working with folks who struggle with depression, anxiety, suicidality, autism and ADHD, complex trauma, gender and sexuality issues, as well as race-related stress and trauma.
(315) 993-6027 View (315) 993-6027
Photo of Michael J Miller, Psychologist in Syracuse, NY
Michael J Miller
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13210
I am a psychoanalytic and existential psychologist. I am best suited to working with people who are motivated to question themselves, highly open to exploration, and willing to tolerate ambiguity and forego ready-made advice. If you feel ready to do the "deep" work that you may have avoided in therapy before, we may be a good match. Please see my website at www.michaelmillerphd.com for more information.
I am a psychoanalytic and existential psychologist. I am best suited to working with people who are motivated to question themselves, highly open to exploration, and willing to tolerate ambiguity and forego ready-made advice. If you feel ready to do the "deep" work that you may have avoided in therapy before, we may be a good match. Please see my website at www.michaelmillerphd.com for more information.
(315) 895-1799 View (315) 895-1799
Photo of Eric Schroeder, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Syracuse, NY
Eric Schroeder
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13224  (Online Only)
Problems are part of being alive. Seeking help is a sign of being human. It is an act of caring and taking responsibility for your self. I provide professional and compassionate counseling and psychotherapy for adults age 40 and older, combining traditional and complementary interventions to address the holistic nature of healing and health.
Problems are part of being alive. Seeking help is a sign of being human. It is an act of caring and taking responsibility for your self. I provide professional and compassionate counseling and psychotherapy for adults age 40 and older, combining traditional and complementary interventions to address the holistic nature of healing and health.
(680) 208-2412 View (680) 208-2412
Photo of Melinda McCullough, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Syracuse, NY
Melinda McCullough
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, MSW
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13203
Not accepting new clients
Not accepting clients at this time. A strong connection to your therapist is the cornerstone of good therapy and is more likely to lead towards personal growth and achievement of your life goals. I want you to feel heard, understood and successful in your healing journey. I use an approach that is warm, welcoming and real with my clients. I specialize my work with adults who have experienced relational trauma, depression, anxiety and victims of narcissistic abuse. I am certified in trauma therapist such as TF-CBT, EMDR and Tapping (EFT). I also pull from an eclectic approach of therapies such as CBT, DBT, ACT and family systems.
Not accepting clients at this time. A strong connection to your therapist is the cornerstone of good therapy and is more likely to lead towards personal growth and achievement of your life goals. I want you to feel heard, understood and successful in your healing journey. I use an approach that is warm, welcoming and real with my clients. I specialize my work with adults who have experienced relational trauma, depression, anxiety and victims of narcissistic abuse. I am certified in trauma therapist such as TF-CBT, EMDR and Tapping (EFT). I also pull from an eclectic approach of therapies such as CBT, DBT, ACT and family systems.
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Photo of Jim Feinberg LCSW-r CH.t, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Syracuse, NY
Jim Feinberg LCSW-r CH.t
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, CHT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13206
Are you feeling down? Living with HIV/AIDS? Are you facing challenges as an LBGT person? Are you struggling with substances? Are you grieving the loss of a loved one? Sense of self? Are you and your intimate partner having difficulties in your relationship? Are people telling you you are not the same person they know? I have 23 years of experience in working with Gay and Lesbian issues, people with HIV/AIDS, Grief/Loss, Substance Abuse, Mental Health issues, Depression, Anxiety, Individual and Couples therapy. I work in conjunction with you , to be forthcoming, find your strengths and maximize the benefits of therapy.
Are you feeling down? Living with HIV/AIDS? Are you facing challenges as an LBGT person? Are you struggling with substances? Are you grieving the loss of a loved one? Sense of self? Are you and your intimate partner having difficulties in your relationship? Are people telling you you are not the same person they know? I have 23 years of experience in working with Gay and Lesbian issues, people with HIV/AIDS, Grief/Loss, Substance Abuse, Mental Health issues, Depression, Anxiety, Individual and Couples therapy. I work in conjunction with you , to be forthcoming, find your strengths and maximize the benefits of therapy.
(718) 412-8126 View (718) 412-8126
Photo of Abby Nordquist, Marriage & Family Therapist in Syracuse, NY
Abby Nordquist
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13210
A happy and secure marriage is wonderful, and can be tough to maintain. Keeping your relationship solid during a really difficult season in life is even harder. So many couples struggle to stay connected when they're going through something difficult: trying to have a baby, adjusting to parenthood, job changes, financial stressors, grief, or health issues. Other couples find themselves simply drifting apart: they're not sure when things changed, but one day they looked up and realized their communication sucks and they barely spend time together. And when this happens, so many couples don't know what to do or how to reconnect.
A happy and secure marriage is wonderful, and can be tough to maintain. Keeping your relationship solid during a really difficult season in life is even harder. So many couples struggle to stay connected when they're going through something difficult: trying to have a baby, adjusting to parenthood, job changes, financial stressors, grief, or health issues. Other couples find themselves simply drifting apart: they're not sure when things changed, but one day they looked up and realized their communication sucks and they barely spend time together. And when this happens, so many couples don't know what to do or how to reconnect.
(315) 993-6173 View (315) 993-6173
Photo of Amanda Fuleihan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Syracuse, NY
Amanda Fuleihan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13203
As a licensed clinical therapist with experience working with individuals, families and children, I am very aware of the many challenges we face at different stages throughout our lives. Are you currently feeling stuck, isolated and overwhelmed about how to begin facing and overcoming these challenges? You no longer have to feel alone in this process. In therapy, I will work to facilitate personal growth by creating a safe space and providing empathy, support, and feedback to empower you to feel confident in reaching and achieving your goals.
As a licensed clinical therapist with experience working with individuals, families and children, I am very aware of the many challenges we face at different stages throughout our lives. Are you currently feeling stuck, isolated and overwhelmed about how to begin facing and overcoming these challenges? You no longer have to feel alone in this process. In therapy, I will work to facilitate personal growth by creating a safe space and providing empathy, support, and feedback to empower you to feel confident in reaching and achieving your goals.
(347) 418-0763 View (347) 418-0763
Photo of Staceyann Reid, Counselor in Syracuse, NY
Staceyann Reid
Counselor, PhD, LMHC, RPT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13212
There are times throughout one’s life where we come up against seemingly overwhelming challenges that may leave us feeling lost, scared, and alone. My goal as a therapist is to offer a compassionate space that will allow you to navigate through and overcome these challenges. In doing so, I believe that together we will be able to create positive changes that will lead to growth and healing.
There are times throughout one’s life where we come up against seemingly overwhelming challenges that may leave us feeling lost, scared, and alone. My goal as a therapist is to offer a compassionate space that will allow you to navigate through and overcome these challenges. In doing so, I believe that together we will be able to create positive changes that will lead to growth and healing.
(315) 610-8475 View (315) 610-8475
Photo of Ericka Danielle Rose, Counselor in Syracuse, NY
Ericka Danielle Rose
Counselor, LMHC, BCTMH
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13206  (Online Only)
"Where were you when I needed to hear this some time ago!" Ericka focuses on quality life changing therapeutic experiences. Ericka believes in meeting people where they are at and providing them with the support and tools necessary to expand their strengths while managing their weaknesses. Ericka's warm and inviting personality makes therapy feel like a conversation between two best friends. Clients who express a commitment to the therapeutic process, insight into their current challenges, and are open to change are most ideal for Ericka's therapeutic orientation.
"Where were you when I needed to hear this some time ago!" Ericka focuses on quality life changing therapeutic experiences. Ericka believes in meeting people where they are at and providing them with the support and tools necessary to expand their strengths while managing their weaknesses. Ericka's warm and inviting personality makes therapy feel like a conversation between two best friends. Clients who express a commitment to the therapeutic process, insight into their current challenges, and are open to change are most ideal for Ericka's therapeutic orientation.
(518) 500-3087 View (518) 500-3087
Photo of Julia Massay-Donato, Marriage & Family Therapist in Syracuse, NY
Julia Massay-Donato
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13204
Hello! I am a Licensed Marriage and Family therapist and have been practicing for over 7 years working with individuals, couples, families, and minors. I specialize in issues including anxiety, life transitions, relationship issues, self esteem, trauma, women’s issues, and family issues. I primarily employ attachment based theory and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). I feel strongly that all individuals deserve to feel and experience their best selves, no matter what has happened in their lives. We have one life, and I want everyone to feel that they can make the most of it.
Hello! I am a Licensed Marriage and Family therapist and have been practicing for over 7 years working with individuals, couples, families, and minors. I specialize in issues including anxiety, life transitions, relationship issues, self esteem, trauma, women’s issues, and family issues. I primarily employ attachment based theory and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). I feel strongly that all individuals deserve to feel and experience their best selves, no matter what has happened in their lives. We have one life, and I want everyone to feel that they can make the most of it.
(518) 516-5357 View (518) 516-5357

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Syracuse, NY

400+

Average cost per session

$130

Therapists in Syracuse, NY who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
77% Self Esteem
75% Coping Skills
74% Stress
73% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

74% Aetna
64% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
56% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Syracuse, NY see their clients

53% In Person and Online
47% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Syracuse?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.