Therapists in Los Angeles, CA

View neighborhoods in Los Angeles
Photo of Jordyn Serwin, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Los Angeles, CA
Jordyn Serwin
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90026  (Online Only)
“I don’t like how that made me feel.” It’s one thing to realize when someone makes us feel badly about ourselves. And yet, it’s so much more challenging to know what to do next. Let alone if that person is a parent, boss, or authority figure. Or even a friend, partner, sibling, or loved one. Maybe you don’t want to disrupt things with them too much. But you also know what happened wasn’t okay. And you don’t want them to continue treating you that way. Or keep feeling the thoughts, feelings, and emotions that come up when they do. Your needs matter too. You have a right to feel affirmed, supported, and understood.
“I don’t like how that made me feel.” It’s one thing to realize when someone makes us feel badly about ourselves. And yet, it’s so much more challenging to know what to do next. Let alone if that person is a parent, boss, or authority figure. Or even a friend, partner, sibling, or loved one. Maybe you don’t want to disrupt things with them too much. But you also know what happened wasn’t okay. And you don’t want them to continue treating you that way. Or keep feeling the thoughts, feelings, and emotions that come up when they do. Your needs matter too. You have a right to feel affirmed, supported, and understood.
(818) 938-8213 View (818) 938-8213
Photo of Barbara Bachmeier, Psychologist in Los Angeles, CA
Barbara Bachmeier
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90044
Hi, my name is Barbara Bachmeier-Levy and I am a seasoned licensed clinical psychologist with over 20 years of experience in the field of mental health across all levels of care. My areas of focus include anxiety, chronic pain, grief, stress, and life-coaching for individuals. My clients have more often than not been motivated to engage in self-discovery, and often have some specific ideas about what they want to change, accomplish, or process. They enjoy a two-way engagement and quickly learn that I am a person that they can trust to share their personal journey with.
Hi, my name is Barbara Bachmeier-Levy and I am a seasoned licensed clinical psychologist with over 20 years of experience in the field of mental health across all levels of care. My areas of focus include anxiety, chronic pain, grief, stress, and life-coaching for individuals. My clients have more often than not been motivated to engage in self-discovery, and often have some specific ideas about what they want to change, accomplish, or process. They enjoy a two-way engagement and quickly learn that I am a person that they can trust to share their personal journey with.
(213) 772-3938 View (213) 772-3938
Photo of Gabriela Pastor, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Gabriela Pastor
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
10 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90025
Thank you for visiting my page. I work with individuals, couples and groups. I use a psychodynamic frame, however, I will meet the client with the therapeutic tool most needed. My goal is to provide a supportive and safe space which enables a transformational and healing experience that promotes self-understanding, self-compassion, differentiation, individuation and congruency. I work with clients who present with trauma, depression, anxiety, relational issues, anger issues, existential issues and I specialize in clients who have eating disorders/disordered eating. I conduct therapy in English, Spanish and Portuguese.
Thank you for visiting my page. I work with individuals, couples and groups. I use a psychodynamic frame, however, I will meet the client with the therapeutic tool most needed. My goal is to provide a supportive and safe space which enables a transformational and healing experience that promotes self-understanding, self-compassion, differentiation, individuation and congruency. I work with clients who present with trauma, depression, anxiety, relational issues, anger issues, existential issues and I specialize in clients who have eating disorders/disordered eating. I conduct therapy in English, Spanish and Portuguese.
(310) 564-0758 View (310) 564-0758
Photo of Denise Dugan, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Denise Dugan
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90045  (Online Only)
My name is Denise Dugan your Whyscounselor. Are feeling like something has to change? Have you ever thought that if only this person would change or if I could stop feeling so anxious, frustrated, and sad? Life can be hard and challenges can steal our hope for changes to take place. What if I told you that there is one thing you can change that will affect every thing else in your life and that is the way you see yourself. I am passionate about providing help and healing to people dealing with anxiety, depression, and relationship issues. In other words, real life.
My name is Denise Dugan your Whyscounselor. Are feeling like something has to change? Have you ever thought that if only this person would change or if I could stop feeling so anxious, frustrated, and sad? Life can be hard and challenges can steal our hope for changes to take place. What if I told you that there is one thing you can change that will affect every thing else in your life and that is the way you see yourself. I am passionate about providing help and healing to people dealing with anxiety, depression, and relationship issues. In other words, real life.
(424) 488-0041 View (424) 488-0041
Photo of Brenda H Rodman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Brenda H Rodman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90019
Why do people seek therapy? They want to feel better. They want to improve their relationships. They want support in times of loss and transition. A search for insight and personal growth are also reasons. With over 25 years of clinical experience I have an approach that would help you find answer to these issues. Each person brings a unique story to therapy, and I draw from various therapeutic processes utilizing insight, cognitive behavioral and mindfulness techniques to help them gain insight and feel better about their life.
Why do people seek therapy? They want to feel better. They want to improve their relationships. They want support in times of loss and transition. A search for insight and personal growth are also reasons. With over 25 years of clinical experience I have an approach that would help you find answer to these issues. Each person brings a unique story to therapy, and I draw from various therapeutic processes utilizing insight, cognitive behavioral and mindfulness techniques to help them gain insight and feel better about their life.
(213) 375-1126 View (213) 375-1126
Photo of Jennafer Rojas, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Jennafer Rojas
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90027
You're uncomfortable, and despite your best efforts, it simply will not go away on its own. Your feelings are worthy of acknowledgment and often it feels like those around you couldn't possibly understand. When our external self does such an excellent job of masking how we feel inside, it's difficult to know where to start.
You're uncomfortable, and despite your best efforts, it simply will not go away on its own. Your feelings are worthy of acknowledgment and often it feels like those around you couldn't possibly understand. When our external self does such an excellent job of masking how we feel inside, it's difficult to know where to start.
(747) 207-4258 View (747) 207-4258
Photo of Tatavia Butler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Tatavia Butler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90071  (Online Only)
Hello. I am a licensed clinical social worker. The past nine years I have provided counseling services to adults. I have experience working with clients, experiencing chronic illness, terminal diagnosis, adjustment disorder, anxiety, substance abuse, homelessness and depression. The support I provide to my clients has allowed them to overcome challenging transitions in their lives, as well as adversity. My clients have demonstrated after achieving goals, the ability to cope with life stressors and tragedies, in a healthier manner and the ability to navigate life challenges effectively.
Hello. I am a licensed clinical social worker. The past nine years I have provided counseling services to adults. I have experience working with clients, experiencing chronic illness, terminal diagnosis, adjustment disorder, anxiety, substance abuse, homelessness and depression. The support I provide to my clients has allowed them to overcome challenging transitions in their lives, as well as adversity. My clients have demonstrated after achieving goals, the ability to cope with life stressors and tragedies, in a healthier manner and the ability to navigate life challenges effectively.
(562) 620-8450 View (562) 620-8450
Photo of Jamie Carruth, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Jamie Carruth
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90039
Life can be difficult to navigate. We accumulate invisible scars and wounds over time. Balancing your personal needs with the expectations of others, while essential to developing healthy relationships, can make you feel lost and without direction. You shouldn't walk that path alone. Psychotherapy can help you understand your place in the world and how to be in relationships with others without losing yourself.
Life can be difficult to navigate. We accumulate invisible scars and wounds over time. Balancing your personal needs with the expectations of others, while essential to developing healthy relationships, can make you feel lost and without direction. You shouldn't walk that path alone. Psychotherapy can help you understand your place in the world and how to be in relationships with others without losing yourself.
(424) 233-0408 View (424) 233-0408
Photo of Dr. James McGurk, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Dr. James McGurk
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, PsyD
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90025
Dr. James McGurk has several years of experience working with adults, children, and their families. Dr. McGurk takes a collaborative, empathy-based approach that fosters reflective thinking, constructive self-talk, and healthy coping skills. Dr. McGurk has expertise in working with ADHD, anxiety, self-esteem, family conflict, relational difficulties, life transitions, and more.
Dr. James McGurk has several years of experience working with adults, children, and their families. Dr. McGurk takes a collaborative, empathy-based approach that fosters reflective thinking, constructive self-talk, and healthy coping skills. Dr. McGurk has expertise in working with ADHD, anxiety, self-esteem, family conflict, relational difficulties, life transitions, and more.
(424) 258-5368 View (424) 258-5368
Photo of Dr. James Chavers, Psychologist in Los Angeles, CA
Dr. James Chavers
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90024
I help with adjustment concerns, grief and loss, family issues, mood issues, and relationships. I use various modalities, including cognitive behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, solution-focused therapy, and motivational interviewing. Incorporating Humanistic philosophies in my work, every person deserves love and respect and is an expert in their life. My purpose as a therapist is to support, suggest, and succor as needed. Openness, curiosity, and acceptance inform my multicultural approach. Away from work, I have been blessed with other passions to enrich my life. I have traversed the globe with my spouse.
I help with adjustment concerns, grief and loss, family issues, mood issues, and relationships. I use various modalities, including cognitive behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, solution-focused therapy, and motivational interviewing. Incorporating Humanistic philosophies in my work, every person deserves love and respect and is an expert in their life. My purpose as a therapist is to support, suggest, and succor as needed. Openness, curiosity, and acceptance inform my multicultural approach. Away from work, I have been blessed with other passions to enrich my life. I have traversed the globe with my spouse.
(424) 346-9868 View (424) 346-9868
Photo of Shannon O'Connor, Psychologist in Los Angeles, CA
Shannon O'Connor
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90048
Life's experiences are wide-reaching. At times we struggle with our thoughts, our emotions, how we interact with others, and our beliefs about ourselves. Sometimes we are able to navigate through these situations quite well. Other times our capacity to cope and manage these concerns become limited. While both responses are completely normal, it can be helpful to have a supportive voice along the way via therapy.
Life's experiences are wide-reaching. At times we struggle with our thoughts, our emotions, how we interact with others, and our beliefs about ourselves. Sometimes we are able to navigate through these situations quite well. Other times our capacity to cope and manage these concerns become limited. While both responses are completely normal, it can be helpful to have a supportive voice along the way via therapy.
(323) 433-5370 View (323) 433-5370
Photo of Debra Jill Green, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Debra Jill Green
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90025
Is it ever difficult to understand your child's behavior or your teen's angst? Do they speak a language or behave in a way you find challenging? Children from infancy through adolescence can seem unmanageable at times causing parents to feel overwhelmed and powerless. Why continue struggling? If your child is having a difficult time at home, in school, or with friends, I can offer insights and recommendations as well as provide a safe space for everyone to learn respectful, meaningful communication directed toward positive change. Let me help you and your family get there together.
Is it ever difficult to understand your child's behavior or your teen's angst? Do they speak a language or behave in a way you find challenging? Children from infancy through adolescence can seem unmanageable at times causing parents to feel overwhelmed and powerless. Why continue struggling? If your child is having a difficult time at home, in school, or with friends, I can offer insights and recommendations as well as provide a safe space for everyone to learn respectful, meaningful communication directed toward positive change. Let me help you and your family get there together.
(424) 294-8849 View (424) 294-8849
Photo of Caryn Greenhut, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Caryn Greenhut
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90025
Is your way of thinking preventing a more satisfying life? Do you feel limited by symptoms of anxiety and/or depression? Do you sometimes wonder, "Where am I going?," "Who am I?," and "What is this all really about?" My job is to help you find answers to these questions and discover your unique meaning and purpose. I will provide a warm, safe, nurturing environment for you to explore the challenges getting in the way of a more balanced, mindful, and fulfilling life. By integrating my various trainings and experiences I will collaboratively construct an approach to best meet your needs and goals.
Is your way of thinking preventing a more satisfying life? Do you feel limited by symptoms of anxiety and/or depression? Do you sometimes wonder, "Where am I going?," "Who am I?," and "What is this all really about?" My job is to help you find answers to these questions and discover your unique meaning and purpose. I will provide a warm, safe, nurturing environment for you to explore the challenges getting in the way of a more balanced, mindful, and fulfilling life. By integrating my various trainings and experiences I will collaboratively construct an approach to best meet your needs and goals.
(310) 912-3461 View (310) 912-3461
Photo of Gary Penn, Psychologist in Los Angeles, CA
Gary Penn
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90024
I've seen how life changing therapy can be ... it certainly has been for me. My work centers around family issues, finding and growing healthy relationships, exploring existential issues such as work, career, unrealized desires and ambitions, and and overcoming issues such as anxiety, depression, insecurity and anger. I work with men, women and couples. The title of my first book, "I Can't Believe My Life Has Come to This" was born from hearing it many times in my office. So..if you're ready to take control of your life and operationalize your dreams, we may be a great match. I look forward to speaking with you,..
I've seen how life changing therapy can be ... it certainly has been for me. My work centers around family issues, finding and growing healthy relationships, exploring existential issues such as work, career, unrealized desires and ambitions, and and overcoming issues such as anxiety, depression, insecurity and anger. I work with men, women and couples. The title of my first book, "I Can't Believe My Life Has Come to This" was born from hearing it many times in my office. So..if you're ready to take control of your life and operationalize your dreams, we may be a great match. I look forward to speaking with you,..
(424) 484-3663 View (424) 484-3663
Photo of Gricelda Huezo, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Gricelda Huezo
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90071  (Online Only)
Hi! I am Gricelda Huezo and I am a bilingual Spanish-speaking therapist with over five years of experience working with children, teens, adults, and families.
Hi! I am Gricelda Huezo and I am a bilingual Spanish-speaking therapist with over five years of experience working with children, teens, adults, and families.
(562) 685-9725 View (562) 685-9725
Photo of Suzan Howe - Expansive Therapy , Counselor in Los Angeles, CA
Suzan Howe - Expansive Therapy
Counselor, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90004  (Online Only)
I tailor my approach to the unique needs and goals of each client. For instance, I integrate cognitive-behavioral strategies to address specific challenges, foster humanistic principles to promote self-discovery, and employ client-centered techniques to enhance the therapeutic alliance. I consider it a privilege to be invited into your life to bear witness to all of the parts of yourself that have stories to tell and wounds to heal. I am honored to collaborate in your healing and join you on your journey of self-discovery and change.
I tailor my approach to the unique needs and goals of each client. For instance, I integrate cognitive-behavioral strategies to address specific challenges, foster humanistic principles to promote self-discovery, and employ client-centered techniques to enhance the therapeutic alliance. I consider it a privilege to be invited into your life to bear witness to all of the parts of yourself that have stories to tell and wounds to heal. I am honored to collaborate in your healing and join you on your journey of self-discovery and change.
(646) 692-0394 View (646) 692-0394
Photo of Danielle Rowe, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Los Angeles, CA
Danielle Rowe
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90046  (Online Only)
I work with adults and teens around issues of anxiety, relationships, LGBTQIA+ issues, trauma, depression, and more. I aim to provide you with a reliable safe space to come to process unresolved issues and emotions. Therapy can help you make positive changes by deepening your understanding of what is driving your actions, thoughts, and feelings. I enjoy utilizing an integrative therapeutic approach influenced by psychodynamic therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and client-centered therapy.
I work with adults and teens around issues of anxiety, relationships, LGBTQIA+ issues, trauma, depression, and more. I aim to provide you with a reliable safe space to come to process unresolved issues and emotions. Therapy can help you make positive changes by deepening your understanding of what is driving your actions, thoughts, and feelings. I enjoy utilizing an integrative therapeutic approach influenced by psychodynamic therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and client-centered therapy.
(747) 529-9089 View (747) 529-9089
Photo of Debbie Summers, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Debbie Summers
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CCAPT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90035
Are you going through a hard time, in a difficult relationship or feeling overwhelmed, confused, anxious, or depressed? Are you a parent seeking support for yourself or for your child who is struggling emotionally at school or home?
Are you going through a hard time, in a difficult relationship or feeling overwhelmed, confused, anxious, or depressed? Are you a parent seeking support for yourself or for your child who is struggling emotionally at school or home?
(310) 947-8226 View (310) 947-8226
Photo of Nicole Goldberg, Associate Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Nicole Goldberg
Associate Marriage & Family Therapist, AMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90064
Are you interested in learning more about a therapeutic journey where art, play, and creativity will become powerful tools for healing and growth? I'm here to guide you through a world where therapy isn't just about talking – it's about painting, sculpting, and imagining. As a therapist deeply passionate about working with children, I've discovered that art, expressive arts, and play therapy offer profound avenues for emotional expression and transformation. So, if you're ready to witness your child's potential unfold in a space where imagination knows no bounds, I would be so honored to be a part of your journey!
Are you interested in learning more about a therapeutic journey where art, play, and creativity will become powerful tools for healing and growth? I'm here to guide you through a world where therapy isn't just about talking – it's about painting, sculpting, and imagining. As a therapist deeply passionate about working with children, I've discovered that art, expressive arts, and play therapy offer profound avenues for emotional expression and transformation. So, if you're ready to witness your child's potential unfold in a space where imagination knows no bounds, I would be so honored to be a part of your journey!
(424) 407-4775 View (424) 407-4775
Photo of Tala Johartchi, PsyD, Best Life Therapy, Psychologist in Los Angeles, CA
Tala Johartchi, PsyD, Best Life Therapy
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90025  (Online Only)
Best Life Therapy is a premier tele-therapy practice offering Virtual Therapy services to individuals, couples, and families, in Los Angeles and throughout California. At Best Life our clinicians can help you cope with changes while gaining insight, enhancing communication, improving self-concept, and meeting your goals. Whether issues you are facing are due to depression, anxiety, stress, relationships, mental illness, addictions, trauma, or of another nature, we will be able to support you in setting goals, changing patterns and thinking, and support you in living your Best Life.
Best Life Therapy is a premier tele-therapy practice offering Virtual Therapy services to individuals, couples, and families, in Los Angeles and throughout California. At Best Life our clinicians can help you cope with changes while gaining insight, enhancing communication, improving self-concept, and meeting your goals. Whether issues you are facing are due to depression, anxiety, stress, relationships, mental illness, addictions, trauma, or of another nature, we will be able to support you in setting goals, changing patterns and thinking, and support you in living your Best Life.
(424) 231-6604 View (424) 231-6604

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Los Angeles, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Los Angeles, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
74% Self Esteem
73% Relationship Issues
68% Trauma and PTSD
65% Coping Skills
63% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

76% Aetna
69% Cigna and Evernorth
68% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Los Angeles, CA see their clients

56% In Person and Online
44% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Los Angeles?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.