Therapists in Huntsville, AL

Photo of Hailee Benson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Huntsville, AL
Hailee Benson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Huntsville, AL 35805
I have experience working with individuals of various demographic backgrounds in settings such as the school system, medical systems, community mental health care, and residential treatment. I specialize in treatment of eating disorders, body image issues, mood regulation, self-harm behaviors, anxiety and depression.
I have experience working with individuals of various demographic backgrounds in settings such as the school system, medical systems, community mental health care, and residential treatment. I specialize in treatment of eating disorders, body image issues, mood regulation, self-harm behaviors, anxiety and depression.
(256) 795-3163 View (256) 795-3163
Photo of Penny Baker, Licensed Professional Counselor in Huntsville, AL
Penny Baker
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Huntsville, AL 35816
Are you looking for tangible strategies for real people facing real challenges? Penny Baker is a seasoned licensed professional counselor (LPC) with over 30 years of experience. With a down-to-earth approach and a commitment to keeping therapy real and practical, Penny incorporates a passion for empowering individuals and families to overcome life's challenges and find their own answers. She values authenticity and connection, striving to create a warm and welcoming space where clients feel comfortable being their true selves.
Are you looking for tangible strategies for real people facing real challenges? Penny Baker is a seasoned licensed professional counselor (LPC) with over 30 years of experience. With a down-to-earth approach and a commitment to keeping therapy real and practical, Penny incorporates a passion for empowering individuals and families to overcome life's challenges and find their own answers. She values authenticity and connection, striving to create a warm and welcoming space where clients feel comfortable being their true selves.
(256) 884-3728 View (256) 884-3728
Photo of Derrick Knight, Licensed Professional Counselor in Huntsville, AL
Derrick Knight
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Huntsville, AL 35802  (Online Only)
Derrick is a licensed therapist with over 20 years of experience providing services to adolescents and adults. He believes that everyone has potential to recover and heal from whatever they've been through as long as they're willing to put in the work and trust in God. He wholeheartedly believes that there is nothing you've been through that you cannot overcome. By using a myriad of psychological strategies and concepts Derrick has helped many people recover, heal, and thrive. In addition to providing therapy, he has taught psychological courses and facilitated couples and men's conferences.
Derrick is a licensed therapist with over 20 years of experience providing services to adolescents and adults. He believes that everyone has potential to recover and heal from whatever they've been through as long as they're willing to put in the work and trust in God. He wholeheartedly believes that there is nothing you've been through that you cannot overcome. By using a myriad of psychological strategies and concepts Derrick has helped many people recover, heal, and thrive. In addition to providing therapy, he has taught psychological courses and facilitated couples and men's conferences.
(256) 284-4664 View (256) 284-4664
Photo of Sarah E Mulder, Psychologist in Huntsville, AL
Sarah E Mulder
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Huntsville, AL 35801
I specialize in helping adults & adolescents express and understand their emotions, strengthen relationships, & gain confidence through self-reflection. No two people are alike, which is why I never rely on a "one-size-fits-all" approach. Instead, in a respectful environment, my clients and I co-create an individualized plan to meet their goals. We will focus on reducing current suffering, while also exploring factors from your past that may contribute to present day difficulties. I view my role as helping people become their best selves. I welcome clients who are eager for change & ready to invest in themselves.
I specialize in helping adults & adolescents express and understand their emotions, strengthen relationships, & gain confidence through self-reflection. No two people are alike, which is why I never rely on a "one-size-fits-all" approach. Instead, in a respectful environment, my clients and I co-create an individualized plan to meet their goals. We will focus on reducing current suffering, while also exploring factors from your past that may contribute to present day difficulties. I view my role as helping people become their best selves. I welcome clients who are eager for change & ready to invest in themselves.
(256) 787-1305 View (256) 787-1305
Photo of Rachel S Gulyas, Counselor in Huntsville, AL
Rachel S Gulyas
Counselor, MS, ALC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Huntsville, AL 35801
I provide therapy for children, adolescents, and young adults dealing with depression, anxiety, bipolar disorders, adjustment disorders, behavior disorders, life transitions, and relationship issues. I have experience working with adolescents with behavioral and emotional issues in a residential treatment setting; as well as with adults in a short-term inpatient setting. This background provides me with a unique understanding of potential problems and effective solutions. I work with clients (and their parents) to help develop problem-solving skills, coping tools, communication skills, and emotional resilience.
I provide therapy for children, adolescents, and young adults dealing with depression, anxiety, bipolar disorders, adjustment disorders, behavior disorders, life transitions, and relationship issues. I have experience working with adolescents with behavioral and emotional issues in a residential treatment setting; as well as with adults in a short-term inpatient setting. This background provides me with a unique understanding of potential problems and effective solutions. I work with clients (and their parents) to help develop problem-solving skills, coping tools, communication skills, and emotional resilience.
(256) 384-3971 View (256) 384-3971
Photo of Brynnan Reddy, Licensed Professional Counselor in Huntsville, AL
Brynnan Reddy
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Huntsville, AL 35801
As a therapist, I view counseling as a collaborative journey in healing and growth. I strive to provide a comfortable, confidential, and non-judgmental space where clients can engage in an interactive process. I have extensive experience working with anxiety and mood disorders, self-esteem, relationship concerns, family conflict, emotion regulation, self harm, grief and loss, and trauma. Additionally, I'm passionate about working with women and couples who are in the process of trying to conceive, pregnant, or in the postpartum stage of life.
As a therapist, I view counseling as a collaborative journey in healing and growth. I strive to provide a comfortable, confidential, and non-judgmental space where clients can engage in an interactive process. I have extensive experience working with anxiety and mood disorders, self-esteem, relationship concerns, family conflict, emotion regulation, self harm, grief and loss, and trauma. Additionally, I'm passionate about working with women and couples who are in the process of trying to conceive, pregnant, or in the postpartum stage of life.
(256) 666-1064 View (256) 666-1064
Photo of Emily J. Watson, LCSW, PIP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Huntsville, AL
Emily J. Watson, LCSW, PIP
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, PIP, LLC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Huntsville, AL 35801
Are you tired of feeling guilty and responsible for other adult's feeling and problems? Do you use alcohol or drugs to numb emotional pain? Or, are you having problems with relationships in the family, at work, or with friends? Do you feel stuck or helpless, have trouble making a decision? If you are tired of feeling sick and tired or you are feeling physical pain, I can help with all of the above. It is particularly important to me to assist in setting goals and giving practical tools for them to achieve their goals.
Are you tired of feeling guilty and responsible for other adult's feeling and problems? Do you use alcohol or drugs to numb emotional pain? Or, are you having problems with relationships in the family, at work, or with friends? Do you feel stuck or helpless, have trouble making a decision? If you are tired of feeling sick and tired or you are feeling physical pain, I can help with all of the above. It is particularly important to me to assist in setting goals and giving practical tools for them to achieve their goals.
(256) 578-3173 View (256) 578-3173
Photo of Mizani Johnson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Huntsville, AL
Mizani Johnson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Huntsville, AL 35806
Waitlist for new clients
As a therapist, I am passionate about holistic healing and believe that Person-Centered therapy is an effective approach for supporting clients in their journey towards growth and well-being. I understand that counseling can be a transformative experience that encompasses physical, emotional, and mental aspects of a person's life. My goal is to provide a safe and supportive space where clients can explore their thoughts and feelings without judgment. I strive to build a therapeutic relationship based on trust and respect, which allows clients to explore their unique patterns of behavior, goals, and limitations.
As a therapist, I am passionate about holistic healing and believe that Person-Centered therapy is an effective approach for supporting clients in their journey towards growth and well-being. I understand that counseling can be a transformative experience that encompasses physical, emotional, and mental aspects of a person's life. My goal is to provide a safe and supportive space where clients can explore their thoughts and feelings without judgment. I strive to build a therapeutic relationship based on trust and respect, which allows clients to explore their unique patterns of behavior, goals, and limitations.
(256) 719-2305 View (256) 719-2305
Photo of Amy Player, Licensed Professional Counselor in Huntsville, AL
Amy Player
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LPCS, LPCMHSP, NBCC
Verified Verified
Huntsville, AL 35802
Just so you know, my eyes don't see the person you used to be, I only see the person you are fighting to become! This defines the work I do daily with my clients. The willingness to face things you want to change, is all it takes. Fear is expected as change comes, however we can BUILD a toolbox of coping skills to diminish the fear & anxiety you have. I will support you with empathy & compassion along the pathway to healing. Peace does not mean to be in a place where there is no noise, trouble or hard work. It means to be in the midst of those things and still be calm in your heart. Peace in your soul is obtainable, let me help you
Just so you know, my eyes don't see the person you used to be, I only see the person you are fighting to become! This defines the work I do daily with my clients. The willingness to face things you want to change, is all it takes. Fear is expected as change comes, however we can BUILD a toolbox of coping skills to diminish the fear & anxiety you have. I will support you with empathy & compassion along the pathway to healing. Peace does not mean to be in a place where there is no noise, trouble or hard work. It means to be in the midst of those things and still be calm in your heart. Peace in your soul is obtainable, let me help you
(256) 824-9823 x210 View (256) 824-9823 x210
Photo of Shawn Swafford, Counselor in Huntsville, AL
Shawn Swafford
Counselor, ALC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Huntsville, AL 35801
In my time both in education and in practice, Counseling has always been about doing what is best for the client in every aspect. Our job as professionals has been to help our clients become educated in their issues, learn how to identify the root of the problems, and learn to cope with these issues. I have had the luck not only to learn about counseling theories and techniques to equip me for any and all challenges. I can help with anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, substance use, and those suffering from more advance mental Illness such as schizotypical, bipolar etc.
In my time both in education and in practice, Counseling has always been about doing what is best for the client in every aspect. Our job as professionals has been to help our clients become educated in their issues, learn how to identify the root of the problems, and learn to cope with these issues. I have had the luck not only to learn about counseling theories and techniques to equip me for any and all challenges. I can help with anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, substance use, and those suffering from more advance mental Illness such as schizotypical, bipolar etc.
(256) 578-4875 View (256) 578-4875
Photo of Lindsay Harrison Burleson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Huntsville, AL
Lindsay Harrison Burleson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, MEd, MTS, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Huntsville, AL 35801
I am a practicing LPC-S in the Huntsville, AL area specializing in helping adolescents and adults struggling with OCD, substance abuse/addiction issues, behavioral problems, anxiety, depression, and ADD/ADHD. I have additional experience with marriage and family counseling. I am a licensing supervisor (SC-03282), currently accepting individuals working toward their LPC.
I am a practicing LPC-S in the Huntsville, AL area specializing in helping adolescents and adults struggling with OCD, substance abuse/addiction issues, behavioral problems, anxiety, depression, and ADD/ADHD. I have additional experience with marriage and family counseling. I am a licensing supervisor (SC-03282), currently accepting individuals working toward their LPC.
(256) 258-8531 View (256) 258-8531
Photo of Jonathan Gilbert, Pre-Licensed Professional in Huntsville, AL
Jonathan Gilbert
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, ALC
Verified Verified
Huntsville, AL 35801  (Online Only)
As a Clinician, I prefer a warm and inviting counseling style. I believe that each client should be met where he or she is currently, and supported to where they are trying to go. My approach to psychotherapy combines Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution-focused therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy. I believe that each client will benefit from an eclectic therapeutic approach which is tailored to the intricacies of their life and psychological makeup.
As a Clinician, I prefer a warm and inviting counseling style. I believe that each client should be met where he or she is currently, and supported to where they are trying to go. My approach to psychotherapy combines Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution-focused therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy. I believe that each client will benefit from an eclectic therapeutic approach which is tailored to the intricacies of their life and psychological makeup.
(256) 748-0977 View (256) 748-0977
Photo of Calah Fite, Licensed Professional Counselor in Huntsville, AL
Calah Fite
Licensed Professional Counselor, M Ed, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Huntsville, AL 35801
Not accepting new clients
Have you recently had a big life change or lost a relationship or someone close to you? Are you trapped in a cycle of worry, shame, people pleasing, or exhaustion? My specialties include pre-marital and couples counseling, anxiety, depression, womens' issues, perfectionism, grief, relationship issues, self sabotage, trauma, boundaries, spirituality, and life-transitions for young adult women, adolescents, and couples. As a Christian, I offer faith-based counseling and believe that our minds, bodies, and souls are all interconnected and we can dive into correcting any negative beliefs with God's truth to find peace and wholeness.
Have you recently had a big life change or lost a relationship or someone close to you? Are you trapped in a cycle of worry, shame, people pleasing, or exhaustion? My specialties include pre-marital and couples counseling, anxiety, depression, womens' issues, perfectionism, grief, relationship issues, self sabotage, trauma, boundaries, spirituality, and life-transitions for young adult women, adolescents, and couples. As a Christian, I offer faith-based counseling and believe that our minds, bodies, and souls are all interconnected and we can dive into correcting any negative beliefs with God's truth to find peace and wholeness.
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Photo of Jason Gladden, Licensed Professional Counselor in Huntsville, AL
Jason Gladden
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Huntsville, AL 35801
Although I enjoy working with a wide variety of people, I have developed a special interest in trauma, anxiety, borderline personality and LGBTQ+ issues. I have an extensive background in major mental illness including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression and anxiety.
Although I enjoy working with a wide variety of people, I have developed a special interest in trauma, anxiety, borderline personality and LGBTQ+ issues. I have an extensive background in major mental illness including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression and anxiety.
(256) 887-5764 View (256) 887-5764
Photo of Gina Mullins, Licensed Professional Counselor in Huntsville, AL
Gina Mullins
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, RPT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Huntsville, AL 35806
Not accepting new clients
Making that initial call to a counselor and scheduling the first appointment can sometimes feel daunting and challenging. You are not alone. It takes courage to seek support and I am pleased that you are taking the first step in finding a therapist. I believe that when people come to therapy, they allow themselves opportunities for self-exploration and growth. It is my goal to create a safe space where you can make positive changes and live a more fulfilling life. My style is client-centered and incorporates perspectives and tools from cognitive behavioral therapy, reality therapy, and humanistic approaches.
Making that initial call to a counselor and scheduling the first appointment can sometimes feel daunting and challenging. You are not alone. It takes courage to seek support and I am pleased that you are taking the first step in finding a therapist. I believe that when people come to therapy, they allow themselves opportunities for self-exploration and growth. It is my goal to create a safe space where you can make positive changes and live a more fulfilling life. My style is client-centered and incorporates perspectives and tools from cognitive behavioral therapy, reality therapy, and humanistic approaches.
(256) 242-5469 x106 View (256) 242-5469 x106
Photo of Aaron Shaffer, Licensed Professional Counselor in Huntsville, AL
Aaron Shaffer
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CSAT, CMAT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Huntsville, AL 35801
Waitlist for new clients
I am Aaron Shaffer, I am the founder and owner of Songbird Counseling. I started Songbird Counseling when I saw Huntsville’s growing demand for a relational approach to therapeutic care in a rapidly expanding city. We’re a team of trauma-informed clinical mental health professionals trained in a variety of specialties and methodologies and focused on meeting the growing needs of Huntsville. I often have a waitlist, but If you need to get started sooner, one of the associate counselors in my practice or one of the interns I supervise could be a good fit for you. Please visit SongbirdCounselingHSV.com to learn more.
I am Aaron Shaffer, I am the founder and owner of Songbird Counseling. I started Songbird Counseling when I saw Huntsville’s growing demand for a relational approach to therapeutic care in a rapidly expanding city. We’re a team of trauma-informed clinical mental health professionals trained in a variety of specialties and methodologies and focused on meeting the growing needs of Huntsville. I often have a waitlist, but If you need to get started sooner, one of the associate counselors in my practice or one of the interns I supervise could be a good fit for you. Please visit SongbirdCounselingHSV.com to learn more.
(256) 286-0308 View (256) 286-0308
Photo of Cindy Eades, Licensed Professional Counselor in Huntsville, AL
Cindy Eades
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Huntsville, AL 35811  (Online Only)
As a Christian my faith in Christ is the most vital aspect of who I am. As my client you can be assured that my counsel is governed by biblical principles and informed by the latest research. I will listen attentively and help you find the sources of your problems and learn new ways to live in the freedom that Christ promises us. I believe that there is tremendous strength when a person is able to tell their story in a way that is honoring to the Lord, and I am committed to guiding people toward truth and the freedom that follows.
As a Christian my faith in Christ is the most vital aspect of who I am. As my client you can be assured that my counsel is governed by biblical principles and informed by the latest research. I will listen attentively and help you find the sources of your problems and learn new ways to live in the freedom that Christ promises us. I believe that there is tremendous strength when a person is able to tell their story in a way that is honoring to the Lord, and I am committed to guiding people toward truth and the freedom that follows.
(256) 945-0879 View (256) 945-0879
Photo of Kenny Tannehill, Licensed Professional Counselor in Huntsville, AL
Kenny Tannehill
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S
Verified Verified
Huntsville, AL 35801
Sometimes the journey of life hasn't been what we envisioned. Perhaps it is full of anxiety, depression, or stress. Maybe you find yourself angry at everyone around you or angry with yourself. If so, asking for help shows strength not weakness. Contact me so that we can talk about how to find your inner strength and explore the avenues to help you find the life you truly desire.
Sometimes the journey of life hasn't been what we envisioned. Perhaps it is full of anxiety, depression, or stress. Maybe you find yourself angry at everyone around you or angry with yourself. If so, asking for help shows strength not weakness. Contact me so that we can talk about how to find your inner strength and explore the avenues to help you find the life you truly desire.
(256) 858-7160 View (256) 858-7160
Photo of Cailin Howie, Counselor in Huntsville, AL
Cailin Howie
Counselor, MS, ALC, RBT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Huntsville, AL 35805
I strive to create a warm and supportive environment, to allow clients to feel at ease while exploring their thoughts and emotions. My approach emphasizes collaboration, empowering clients to actively participate in their own therapeutic journey.  I believe a strong therapeutic relationship is built on a foundation of trust within a nonjudgmental atmosphere.
I strive to create a warm and supportive environment, to allow clients to feel at ease while exploring their thoughts and emotions. My approach emphasizes collaboration, empowering clients to actively participate in their own therapeutic journey.  I believe a strong therapeutic relationship is built on a foundation of trust within a nonjudgmental atmosphere.
(256) 904-5126 View (256) 904-5126
Photo of Scott Tonight, Counselor in Huntsville, AL
Scott Tonight
Counselor, MA, ALC, NCC
Verified Verified
Huntsville, AL 35801
Here you are. Ready to navigate the journey of finding the right therapist? The process of selecting a new therapist can be both frustrating and exasperating. You deserve a professional with active listening skills, the capacity to understand your identity, and a willingness to engage without passing judgment.
Here you are. Ready to navigate the journey of finding the right therapist? The process of selecting a new therapist can be both frustrating and exasperating. You deserve a professional with active listening skills, the capacity to understand your identity, and a willingness to engage without passing judgment.
(256) 242-5356 View (256) 242-5356

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Huntsville, AL

400+

Average cost per session

$135

Therapists in Huntsville, AL who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
88% Depression
75% Coping Skills
75% Self Esteem
74% Relationship Issues
69% Stress
62% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

88% BlueCross and BlueShield
46% Cigna and Evernorth
43% New Directions | Lucet

How Therapists in Huntsville, AL see their clients

78% In Person and Online
22% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Huntsville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.