Therapists in Montgomery, AL

Photo of James Taylor Groves, MEd, ALC, NCC, Counselor
James Taylor Groves
Counselor, MEd, ALC, NCC
Verified Verified
Montgomery, AL 36117
Do you worry about what's next in life? Do you dwell in the past, searching for meaning? Perhaps past trauma is holding you back from moving forward. Sometimes our own thoughts can hinder our growth and leave us feeling stuck. If you need help getting out of a mental rut, you’ve made the first step!
Do you worry about what's next in life? Do you dwell in the past, searching for meaning? Perhaps past trauma is holding you back from moving forward. Sometimes our own thoughts can hinder our growth and leave us feeling stuck. If you need help getting out of a mental rut, you’ve made the first step!
(334) 633-2501 View (334) 633-2501
Photo of Rebecca Martinez, PhD, HSPP, Psychologist
Rebecca Martinez
Psychologist, PhD, HSPP
Verified Verified
Montgomery, AL 36130  (Online Only)
I offer psychological testing for persons (18+) who want to be evaluated for high-functioning autism.
I offer psychological testing for persons (18+) who want to be evaluated for high-functioning autism.
View
Photo of Tamekia Cathright - Honest Counseling and Psychological Medicine
Honest Counseling and Psychological Medicine
Verified Verified
Montgomery, AL 36117
Our doctors and counselors are empathetic to your needs and allow you the space to have honest conversations about matters that impact your mental health. Ever felt like you were a hamster on a never-ending wheel? Have you ever felt stuck? Are you always blaming everyone else for the problems in your life? Have you ever felt like everyone is always criticizing you? These are just examples of common issues that people attribute to their struggle. Here at Honest Counseling & Psychological Medicine you gain the inspiration to discover unknown or repressed answers while learning healthy coping skills that work just for you.
Our doctors and counselors are empathetic to your needs and allow you the space to have honest conversations about matters that impact your mental health. Ever felt like you were a hamster on a never-ending wheel? Have you ever felt stuck? Are you always blaming everyone else for the problems in your life? Have you ever felt like everyone is always criticizing you? These are just examples of common issues that people attribute to their struggle. Here at Honest Counseling & Psychological Medicine you gain the inspiration to discover unknown or repressed answers while learning healthy coping skills that work just for you.
(334) 336-0522 View (334) 336-0522
Photo of Stephan Idris Mambazo, PhD-, (ABD), MSW, LICSW-S, PIP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Stephan Idris Mambazo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD-, (ABD), MSW, LICSW-S, PIP
Verified Verified
Montgomery, AL 36106  (Online Only)
I am a licensed clinical social worker, a professionally certified specialist in The Grief Recovery Method®, clinical trauma, transgender care, The Gottman Method, and EMDR trained. I have been in the helping profession, licensed, for nearly thirty years, and I strive to apply authenticity professionally as I strive to personally. I believe together, we will unleash the power and insight already within you. I applaud your courage to enter this journey with me beyond the familiar. I think you will not regret the choice you have now made. We will develop a plan to meet your unique and specific needs.
I am a licensed clinical social worker, a professionally certified specialist in The Grief Recovery Method®, clinical trauma, transgender care, The Gottman Method, and EMDR trained. I have been in the helping profession, licensed, for nearly thirty years, and I strive to apply authenticity professionally as I strive to personally. I believe together, we will unleash the power and insight already within you. I applaud your courage to enter this journey with me beyond the familiar. I think you will not regret the choice you have now made. We will develop a plan to meet your unique and specific needs.
(334) 384-8058 View (334) 384-8058
Photo of Mary R Graydon, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Mary R Graydon
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Montgomery, AL 36104
Not accepting new clients
I'm NOT accepting new clients currently. I echo these words from Dr. Brené Brown: "When we deny the story, it defines us. When we own the story, we can write a brave new ending." I enjoy working as a team with my clients to create new endings through understanding personal narratives, pin-pointing sources blocking growth, and identifying steps towards achieving desired outcomes. I provide a relatable, empathic, creative, and professional environment. Because each person holds unique qualities and circumstances, I work to holistically understand clients and tailor the counseling experience around clients' specific needs and desires.
I'm NOT accepting new clients currently. I echo these words from Dr. Brené Brown: "When we deny the story, it defines us. When we own the story, we can write a brave new ending." I enjoy working as a team with my clients to create new endings through understanding personal narratives, pin-pointing sources blocking growth, and identifying steps towards achieving desired outcomes. I provide a relatable, empathic, creative, and professional environment. Because each person holds unique qualities and circumstances, I work to holistically understand clients and tailor the counseling experience around clients' specific needs and desires.
(334) 468-6413 View (334) 468-6413
Photo of Porschia Fisher, LPC , Licensed Professional Counselor
Porschia Fisher
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Montgomery, AL 36117  (Online Only)
My name is Porschia Fisher, and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor based in Alabama who works with clients via telehealth. I work with couples, individuals, families, and adolescents. I specialize in anxiety, depression, stress management, work-life balance, women's issues, life transitions, and self-esteem while using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to help my clients make progress and start feeling better. My communication style is calm, neutral, accommodating, and personable. I want my clients to feel comfortable talking with me about anything, and I pride myself on my ability to listen without judgment.
My name is Porschia Fisher, and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor based in Alabama who works with clients via telehealth. I work with couples, individuals, families, and adolescents. I specialize in anxiety, depression, stress management, work-life balance, women's issues, life transitions, and self-esteem while using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to help my clients make progress and start feeling better. My communication style is calm, neutral, accommodating, and personable. I want my clients to feel comfortable talking with me about anything, and I pride myself on my ability to listen without judgment.
(323) 643-8569 View (323) 643-8569
Photo of Claudette E. Rogers, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Claudette E. Rogers
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Montgomery, AL 36106
You matter! I am an experienced Psychotherapist, trained EMDR Therapist and a Believer/Christian. I am passionate about helping you achieve and maintain mental wellness, and recover from trauma. Provided individual counseling and psychotherapy groups that included Women and Families of Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault, Individual male and female Felony and Misdemeanor clients, Incarcerated women in Montgomery prisons, and Individuals with mental disorders. Spent 30 plus years providing services to people in need. You cannot do what you don't know, nor give what you don't have, I will help you get there.
You matter! I am an experienced Psychotherapist, trained EMDR Therapist and a Believer/Christian. I am passionate about helping you achieve and maintain mental wellness, and recover from trauma. Provided individual counseling and psychotherapy groups that included Women and Families of Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault, Individual male and female Felony and Misdemeanor clients, Incarcerated women in Montgomery prisons, and Individuals with mental disorders. Spent 30 plus years providing services to people in need. You cannot do what you don't know, nor give what you don't have, I will help you get there.
(334) 326-2802 View (334) 326-2802
Photo of Leandra Baxter - Leandra Baxter of Rich Therapy, LLC, LMSW
Leandra Baxter of Rich Therapy, LLC
LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Montgomery, AL 36117  (Online Only)
Hey my name is Leandra Baxter, LMSW. I have over 12 years of experience in the healthcare field working with children, adults, individuals with disabilities, and the elderly population. As a military wife, and mother that had to learn how to balance life with it’s changes, challenges, and losses, I have gained a compassion and focus point on helping Mother’s navigate Motherhood, and postpartum, as they continue to chase their dreams and aspirations. I also offer Faith-based and Christian counseling. Let me help you balance life as a mother, as you strive to reach one goal at a time!
Hey my name is Leandra Baxter, LMSW. I have over 12 years of experience in the healthcare field working with children, adults, individuals with disabilities, and the elderly population. As a military wife, and mother that had to learn how to balance life with it’s changes, challenges, and losses, I have gained a compassion and focus point on helping Mother’s navigate Motherhood, and postpartum, as they continue to chase their dreams and aspirations. I also offer Faith-based and Christian counseling. Let me help you balance life as a mother, as you strive to reach one goal at a time!
(334) 589-5984 View (334) 589-5984
Photo of Chelsea Taylor, LPC , Licensed Professional Counselor
Chelsea Taylor
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Montgomery, AL 36117  (Online Only)
My name is Dr. Chelsea Taylor, and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Alabama. I work with all ages up to 99+. I have extensive experience with assisting individuals with life changes, grief/ loss, and relationship issues. I specialize in child/adolescent behaviors and disorders such as ADHD, anxiety, autism spectrum disorder, stress, and adjustment utilizing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. My goal is to help clients thrive despite life’s challenges.
My name is Dr. Chelsea Taylor, and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Alabama. I work with all ages up to 99+. I have extensive experience with assisting individuals with life changes, grief/ loss, and relationship issues. I specialize in child/adolescent behaviors and disorders such as ADHD, anxiety, autism spectrum disorder, stress, and adjustment utilizing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. My goal is to help clients thrive despite life’s challenges.
(334) 489-5989 View (334) 489-5989
Photo of Fallon Reynolds, EdS, ALC, Counselor
Fallon Reynolds
Counselor, EdS, ALC
Verified Verified
Montgomery, AL 36117
Happiness is not an illusion but a reality worth striving for, and with therapy (together) we can find real solutions to change the course of your life. Many times we are displaced by grief, job loss, and relationship stressors, which increases our depression & anxiety. Life is like a roller coaster with ups, downs and wide turns; however, life can be enjoyable with help from a trained therapist. I prefer using different methods that are aimed at addressing a client needs and wants. As a trained, skilled professional, I look forward to helping you address your problems, issues and meeting your goals to improve your mental health.
Happiness is not an illusion but a reality worth striving for, and with therapy (together) we can find real solutions to change the course of your life. Many times we are displaced by grief, job loss, and relationship stressors, which increases our depression & anxiety. Life is like a roller coaster with ups, downs and wide turns; however, life can be enjoyable with help from a trained therapist. I prefer using different methods that are aimed at addressing a client needs and wants. As a trained, skilled professional, I look forward to helping you address your problems, issues and meeting your goals to improve your mental health.
(334) 249-1439 View (334) 249-1439
Photo of Austin Michael Isler, MS, LPC, NCC, Counselor
Austin Michael Isler
Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Montgomery, AL 36109
Mental wellness is an important piece of living our best life. Furthermore, it is my goal to begin your journey towards that life. Utilizing a collaborative approach we can individualize your experience.
Mental wellness is an important piece of living our best life. Furthermore, it is my goal to begin your journey towards that life. Utilizing a collaborative approach we can individualize your experience.
(334) 954-6010 View (334) 954-6010
Photo of Tela Sanders, EdS, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Tela Sanders
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Montgomery, AL 36106  (Online Only)
I’m deeply passionate about supporting individuals on their journey toward balance and happiness, whether you are a teen, college student, parent, etc. I’ve dedicated my career to helping people navigate life's challenges and uncover their true potential. I believe everyone has the strength and resilience to overcome obstacles and create a fulfilling life. My approach is centered around empathy, understanding, and evidence-based practices. I am committed to providing a safe and nurturing environment where you can explore your thoughts, emotions, and goals that align with your values and aspirations.
I’m deeply passionate about supporting individuals on their journey toward balance and happiness, whether you are a teen, college student, parent, etc. I’ve dedicated my career to helping people navigate life's challenges and uncover their true potential. I believe everyone has the strength and resilience to overcome obstacles and create a fulfilling life. My approach is centered around empathy, understanding, and evidence-based practices. I am committed to providing a safe and nurturing environment where you can explore your thoughts, emotions, and goals that align with your values and aspirations.
(334) 454-2114 View (334) 454-2114
Photo of William Lockhart, LPC , Licensed Professional Counselor
William Lockhart
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Montgomery, AL 36117
Hi, I'm William Lockhart, LPC. However, I go by Lee. I had sadistic parents who named me one thing and called me something else. I'm licensed in Alabama as an LPC. My license number is 2936. In my 16+ years of practice, I have worked with almost every type of client and an array of issues, though my primary focus has been on clients with substance use issues and mood disorders. I have a generally directive approach while fully respecting your right to choose and live your life as you see fit. I primarily work from a Cognitive Behavioral, Person-Centered, and Solution-Focused frame of reference.
Hi, I'm William Lockhart, LPC. However, I go by Lee. I had sadistic parents who named me one thing and called me something else. I'm licensed in Alabama as an LPC. My license number is 2936. In my 16+ years of practice, I have worked with almost every type of client and an array of issues, though my primary focus has been on clients with substance use issues and mood disorders. I have a generally directive approach while fully respecting your right to choose and live your life as you see fit. I primarily work from a Cognitive Behavioral, Person-Centered, and Solution-Focused frame of reference.
(334) 605-8813 View (334) 605-8813
Photo of Rebecca L. Cohen, EdD, LPC, Counselor
Rebecca L. Cohen
Counselor, EdD, LPC
Verified Verified
Montgomery, AL 36117
I have experience working with children, teens and adults. I have spent the past few years specializing in working with women. I have experience working with clients who deal with anxiety, depression, trauma, ADHD, chronic stress, substance use/recovery, and grief. I have primarily worked with individuals, but do have some experience working with couples dealing with issues such as communication and relationship stress. I offer both in person therapy sessions and telehealth with options for homework/client success portal for worksheet and information to help between sessions to keep you making progress toward your goals.
I have experience working with children, teens and adults. I have spent the past few years specializing in working with women. I have experience working with clients who deal with anxiety, depression, trauma, ADHD, chronic stress, substance use/recovery, and grief. I have primarily worked with individuals, but do have some experience working with couples dealing with issues such as communication and relationship stress. I offer both in person therapy sessions and telehealth with options for homework/client success portal for worksheet and information to help between sessions to keep you making progress toward your goals.
(334) 378-2920 View (334) 378-2920
Photo of Libby Fitzpatrick, MA, LPC, Counselor
Libby Fitzpatrick
Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Montgomery, AL 36109
I believe that within each of us is the desire to thrive, love, connect, and succeed in life! At times it can be overwhelming to surmount the difficulties and stress of life. You do not have to do it alone! I work with my clients to develop a plan that fits their personality, so that you can reach your life goals.
I believe that within each of us is the desire to thrive, love, connect, and succeed in life! At times it can be overwhelming to surmount the difficulties and stress of life. You do not have to do it alone! I work with my clients to develop a plan that fits their personality, so that you can reach your life goals.
(334) 603-8983 View (334) 603-8983
Photo of Jerrod Crittenden - Defib Clinical Counseling, LLC, MS, ALC, | CEO, Counselor
Defib Clinical Counseling, LLC
Counselor, MS, ALC, | CEO
Verified Verified
Montgomery, AL 36117
www.DefibClinicalCounseling.WordPress.com is the start of where you'll be accepted but dissected, heard but enlightened, & validated but challenged. Defib is where you can enjoy beach vibes while correcting your heart’s beaten path for life which is tailored & essential. Remember, Defib is where hearts connect & change happens!
www.DefibClinicalCounseling.WordPress.com is the start of where you'll be accepted but dissected, heard but enlightened, & validated but challenged. Defib is where you can enjoy beach vibes while correcting your heart’s beaten path for life which is tailored & essential. Remember, Defib is where hearts connect & change happens!
(334) 423-4394 View (334) 423-4394
Photo of Emmanuel Rock, LPC , Licensed Professional Counselor
Emmanuel Rock
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Montgomery, AL 36117  (Online Only)
Hey everyone! I'm Emmanuel Rock, a licensed professional counselor who is passionate about helping people through life's ups and downs. I believe in creating a safe, supportive space where you can explore your thoughts and feelings and work towards a happier, healthier you. My therapeutic approach focuses on creating a compassionate, client-centered environment where you feel safe to explore and process your thoughts and emotions. I use a combination of evidence-based practices, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and integrative techniques, tailored to each client's unique needs.
Hey everyone! I'm Emmanuel Rock, a licensed professional counselor who is passionate about helping people through life's ups and downs. I believe in creating a safe, supportive space where you can explore your thoughts and feelings and work towards a happier, healthier you. My therapeutic approach focuses on creating a compassionate, client-centered environment where you feel safe to explore and process your thoughts and emotions. I use a combination of evidence-based practices, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and integrative techniques, tailored to each client's unique needs.
(334) 449-7163 View (334) 449-7163
Photo of Lasita Kirkland, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Lasita Kirkland
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Montgomery, AL 36116  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I am accepting new clients for weekday mornings & early afternoons! I see individuals, couples, and families virtually! Our journey through life can be challenging at times. We often allow our past, present, and even future circumstances to prevent us from optimizing our journey. Whether you are a mother juggling multiple roles, a spouse feeling unappreciated, a young adult figuring out life, or a child/teen whose parents don't understand, I will work with you to identify your needs, create goals, and help you conquer emotional and behavioral challenges that arise at each stage of your journey.
I am accepting new clients for weekday mornings & early afternoons! I see individuals, couples, and families virtually! Our journey through life can be challenging at times. We often allow our past, present, and even future circumstances to prevent us from optimizing our journey. Whether you are a mother juggling multiple roles, a spouse feeling unappreciated, a young adult figuring out life, or a child/teen whose parents don't understand, I will work with you to identify your needs, create goals, and help you conquer emotional and behavioral challenges that arise at each stage of your journey.
(334) 454-3162 View (334) 454-3162
Photo of Marquita Wooley, LPC , Licensed Professional Counselor
Marquita Wooley
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Montgomery, AL 36117  (Online Only)
Hi, my name is Marquita Wooley. I received my Bachelor's Degree in Sociology with a double minor in Religion and Abnormal Psychology and received my Master's Degree in Counseling Psychology. I am licensed in Alabama as a License Professional Counselor and in the great state of Texas as a Licensed Professional Counselor- Supervisor as well as a Certified Clinical Hypnotherapist. My goal is to help facilitate change at your pace by creating a supportive safe and non-judgmental space to explore your issues and thoughts. I will tailor our dialog and goals to meet your unique and specific needs.
Hi, my name is Marquita Wooley. I received my Bachelor's Degree in Sociology with a double minor in Religion and Abnormal Psychology and received my Master's Degree in Counseling Psychology. I am licensed in Alabama as a License Professional Counselor and in the great state of Texas as a Licensed Professional Counselor- Supervisor as well as a Certified Clinical Hypnotherapist. My goal is to help facilitate change at your pace by creating a supportive safe and non-judgmental space to explore your issues and thoughts. I will tailor our dialog and goals to meet your unique and specific needs.
(323) 643-8569 View (323) 643-8569
Photo of Delta C. Kelly, MS, LPC, NCC , Counselor
Delta C. Kelly
Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Montgomery, AL 36117
Waitlist for new clients
Our stories contain many chapters, and often those chapters are very difficult. I work with many people who find themselves with life stories that include times of trauma, depression, anxiety, loneliness, grief, shame, difficult relationships or just feeling stuck. It is a privilege for me to hear your story, hold hope for you, and walk with you in whatever chapter you find yourself in, to find wholeness, healing and health.
Our stories contain many chapters, and often those chapters are very difficult. I work with many people who find themselves with life stories that include times of trauma, depression, anxiety, loneliness, grief, shame, difficult relationships or just feeling stuck. It is a privilege for me to hear your story, hold hope for you, and walk with you in whatever chapter you find yourself in, to find wholeness, healing and health.
(334) 344-7081 View (334) 344-7081
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Montgomery, AL

200+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Montgomery, AL who prioritize treating:

89% Depression
89% Anxiety
74% Coping Skills
73% Self Esteem
72% Relationship Issues
70% Stress
66% Grief

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

72% BlueCross and BlueShield
65% Cigna and Evernorth
62% Aetna

How Therapists in Montgomery, AL see their clients

64% In Person and Online
36% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Montgomery?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.