Therapists in Fairbanks, AK

Photo of Sarah Jensen, MSW, LCSW, PMH-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sarah Jensen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, PMH-C
Verified Verified
Fairbanks, AK 99701
I help adults navigate life transitions and explore themselves to encourage deeper personal understanding and improve well-being. I aim to create a nurturing space in which clients feel safe to explore thoughts, feelings, and behaviors together. My approach is eclectic and collaborative. It often combines looking to past experiences to understand how they impact the present as well as working mindfully to understand dynamics that occur in the here-and-now. This approach allows for individualized treatment accounting for each person's unique needs and reasons for seeking counseling.
I help adults navigate life transitions and explore themselves to encourage deeper personal understanding and improve well-being. I aim to create a nurturing space in which clients feel safe to explore thoughts, feelings, and behaviors together. My approach is eclectic and collaborative. It often combines looking to past experiences to understand how they impact the present as well as working mindfully to understand dynamics that occur in the here-and-now. This approach allows for individualized treatment accounting for each person's unique needs and reasons for seeking counseling.
(907) 451-8208 View (907) 451-8208
Photo of Mike Worrall, PhD, ABPP, Psychologist
Mike Worrall
Psychologist, PhD, ABPP
Verified Verified
Fairbanks, AK 99709
I work with individuals and couples who are struggling with intense emotions and/or behaviors that feel out of control. My approach is flexible and collaborative, working with the person or persons to tailor treatment to help them reach their desired therapy goals.
I work with individuals and couples who are struggling with intense emotions and/or behaviors that feel out of control. My approach is flexible and collaborative, working with the person or persons to tailor treatment to help them reach their desired therapy goals.
(907) 712-7667 View (907) 712-7667
Photo of Sally Caldwell, LPC-S, MAC, SEP, Counselor
Sally Caldwell
Counselor, LPC-S, MAC, SEP
Verified Verified
Fairbanks, AK 99701
Child and family therapy is a valuable tool. After over 24 years in the field, I've started a practice Counseling Parents and Grandparents, specifically. Insurance will cover this the same as any other counseling appointment. I have specialties in parenting children, teens and adults with ADHD, Autism, Gifted, FASD and children who have experienced Adoption, Divorce and Death and Trauma. I have moved to Quest Counseling and Wellness. I’ve started scheduling clients and have a few open spaces.
Child and family therapy is a valuable tool. After over 24 years in the field, I've started a practice Counseling Parents and Grandparents, specifically. Insurance will cover this the same as any other counseling appointment. I have specialties in parenting children, teens and adults with ADHD, Autism, Gifted, FASD and children who have experienced Adoption, Divorce and Death and Trauma. I have moved to Quest Counseling and Wellness. I’ve started scheduling clients and have a few open spaces.
(907) 891-7877 View (907) 891-7877
Photo of Lawrence (Larry) Moen, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Lawrence (Larry) Moen
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Fairbanks, AK 99709
I provide a form of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) that combines standard "talk therapy" with Jungian-based tools and art/play therapy approaches that allow for greater exploration of the unconscious. With 25 years counseling experience using a variety of therapy techniques I have found this combination works far better than other approaches for getting good results. I work with clients ages 5 and up, as well as with couples and families. Please see my website www.utherapy,net for full details on me and my practice.
I provide a form of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) that combines standard "talk therapy" with Jungian-based tools and art/play therapy approaches that allow for greater exploration of the unconscious. With 25 years counseling experience using a variety of therapy techniques I have found this combination works far better than other approaches for getting good results. I work with clients ages 5 and up, as well as with couples and families. Please see my website www.utherapy,net for full details on me and my practice.
(907) 318-8720 View (907) 318-8720
Photo of Priscilla Westfield, MA MFT, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Priscilla Westfield
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA MFT, LPC
Verified Verified
Fairbanks, AK 99712  (Online Only)
Life can be challenging and painful. Medication and antibiotics may be needed to address significant infected physical wounds. The same process is needed to address infections of the Heart. Medication takes time to work. The healing process takes effort. It doesn’t come easy. There are no quick fixes. The right medications attack the root, which in turn, fixes the symptoms. What are some HEART medications needed to address psychological/emotional infections? Self-awareness, forgiveness, understanding/acceptance, renewal of the mind, purpose, connection and belonging! Find freedom TODAY!
Life can be challenging and painful. Medication and antibiotics may be needed to address significant infected physical wounds. The same process is needed to address infections of the Heart. Medication takes time to work. The healing process takes effort. It doesn’t come easy. There are no quick fixes. The right medications attack the root, which in turn, fixes the symptoms. What are some HEART medications needed to address psychological/emotional infections? Self-awareness, forgiveness, understanding/acceptance, renewal of the mind, purpose, connection and belonging! Find freedom TODAY!
(901) 205-9787 View (901) 205-9787
Photo of Dennis Hojna, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dennis Hojna
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Fairbanks, AK 99701
Not accepting new clients
I have 46 years experience and have worked with children, teens, adults and families in mental health and substance abuse outpatient, intensive outpatient, day hospital, residential and inpatient settings, in urban and rural and areas including native villages. I have extensive trauma treatment experience including VA/DoD with combat veterans. I'd like to help you clear away the wreckage of the past and step forward as your authentic self.
I have 46 years experience and have worked with children, teens, adults and families in mental health and substance abuse outpatient, intensive outpatient, day hospital, residential and inpatient settings, in urban and rural and areas including native villages. I have extensive trauma treatment experience including VA/DoD with combat veterans. I'd like to help you clear away the wreckage of the past and step forward as your authentic self.
(833) 893-6529 View (833) 893-6529
Photo of Mariel Gebhardt - Siena Counseling, LLC, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Siena Counseling, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fairbanks, AK 99709  (Online Only)
Please email to inquire about availability. Messages are checked Monday through Thursday. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I take a strengths-based approach in helping clients reach personal goals for well-being. Self-care, coping skills, positive communication, social supports, and a belief in the dignity and worth of each person are central to my work.
Please email to inquire about availability. Messages are checked Monday through Thursday. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I take a strengths-based approach in helping clients reach personal goals for well-being. Self-care, coping skills, positive communication, social supports, and a belief in the dignity and worth of each person are central to my work.
(907) 251-7664 View (907) 251-7664
Photo of Randy Lewis - Randy Lewis LCSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Randy Lewis LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fairbanks, AK 99701
Many of us encounter struggles in our lives and react in ways that are not necessarily effective or in our best interest. In those stressful situations, it is not uncommon to have thoughts, harbor feelings or act in ways that damage relationships, work, or other areas of our lives. When people need to repair those damages or make personal changes, counseling can help. I provide counseling for individuals and families, youth, adults and couples with Cognitive/Behavioral Therapy (CBT). The cognitive component of therapy addresses the way thoughts can be automatic and self-defeating.
Many of us encounter struggles in our lives and react in ways that are not necessarily effective or in our best interest. In those stressful situations, it is not uncommon to have thoughts, harbor feelings or act in ways that damage relationships, work, or other areas of our lives. When people need to repair those damages or make personal changes, counseling can help. I provide counseling for individuals and families, youth, adults and couples with Cognitive/Behavioral Therapy (CBT). The cognitive component of therapy addresses the way thoughts can be automatic and self-defeating.
(907) 891-8218 View (907) 891-8218
Photo of Jennifer Lynn Tanner - Riverside Therapy LLC, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Riverside Therapy LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fairbanks, AK 99701
Not accepting new clients
There is no ‘perfect person’ for therapy. Anyone dealing with any type of behavioral or emotional issues, from depression to ADHD, and everything in between, is welcome. Here, you will find a comfortable, supportive, and encouraging environment, where the focus will be on you alone – your individual needs to achieve growth are the top priority. My goal as a therapist is to find solutions that work for you on an individual basis, helping you to discover the true potential of your life.
There is no ‘perfect person’ for therapy. Anyone dealing with any type of behavioral or emotional issues, from depression to ADHD, and everything in between, is welcome. Here, you will find a comfortable, supportive, and encouraging environment, where the focus will be on you alone – your individual needs to achieve growth are the top priority. My goal as a therapist is to find solutions that work for you on an individual basis, helping you to discover the true potential of your life.
(833) 613-0723 View (833) 613-0723
Photo of Shawndean Hutchison - WindRose Counseling, LLC, MS, NCC, LPC, BH-TMH, Licensed Professional Counselor
WindRose Counseling, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC, BH-TMH
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Fairbanks, AK 99709
Often people begin looking for a counselor when things in their life haven’t been going the way they want. Perhaps you’re struggling with worrying about the future, or stuck thinking about the past. Maybe something feels missing, or maybe you feel lost and unsure how to move forward in your life. Or like many, perhaps you’re sitting there wishing life came with directions so you could start sorting out the storm of thoughts, emotions, and memories you face each day. If so, I want you to know you don’t have to face this alone. I’m here to help.
Often people begin looking for a counselor when things in their life haven’t been going the way they want. Perhaps you’re struggling with worrying about the future, or stuck thinking about the past. Maybe something feels missing, or maybe you feel lost and unsure how to move forward in your life. Or like many, perhaps you’re sitting there wishing life came with directions so you could start sorting out the storm of thoughts, emotions, and memories you face each day. If so, I want you to know you don’t have to face this alone. I’m here to help.
(907) 891-8280 View (907) 891-8280
Photo of Laurey Gronemeier - Laureate Counseling & Development LLC, MEd, LPC, LMHC, NCC, MAC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Laureate Counseling & Development LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, LMHC, NCC, MAC
Verified Verified
Fairbanks, AK 99710  (Online Only)
Hello, I'm Laurey Gronemeier, and I provide online counseling across Alaska. Isn't it time you felt better? More empowered to become what you hope to be? How many times have you tried? You go into the woods to clear your mind, you confide in your friends, time after time, yet nothing seems to last. One day you're adrift, and the next you're high-centered, with no lasting improvement in sight. At times like these, it can be worthwhile to seek professional help. No judgment or pressure. Just respectful, specialized support from an Alaskan who gets it. Teletherapy is an art that takes expertise to do well. Reach out today.
Hello, I'm Laurey Gronemeier, and I provide online counseling across Alaska. Isn't it time you felt better? More empowered to become what you hope to be? How many times have you tried? You go into the woods to clear your mind, you confide in your friends, time after time, yet nothing seems to last. One day you're adrift, and the next you're high-centered, with no lasting improvement in sight. At times like these, it can be worthwhile to seek professional help. No judgment or pressure. Just respectful, specialized support from an Alaskan who gets it. Teletherapy is an art that takes expertise to do well. Reach out today.
(833) 248-3382 View (833) 248-3382
Photo of Emily Matthew - Winter Moon Child & Family Counseling, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Winter Moon Child & Family Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fairbanks, AK 99701
Hi, I'm Emily Matthew - Psychotherapist, Artist, and Human of the Tanana Valley in Fairbanks, Alaska. I help clients improve their self-esteem, relationships, and quality of life through relational approaches. As an artist I have a special curiosity of light and my work with clients often involves finding the light, the strength, within themselves to help them navigate their world. By using my own humanness - humor, kindness, and authentic self - I create a safe and nurturing environment for clients to be themselves while also encouraging them to dig deeper to create better understanding of self.
Hi, I'm Emily Matthew - Psychotherapist, Artist, and Human of the Tanana Valley in Fairbanks, Alaska. I help clients improve their self-esteem, relationships, and quality of life through relational approaches. As an artist I have a special curiosity of light and my work with clients often involves finding the light, the strength, within themselves to help them navigate their world. By using my own humanness - humor, kindness, and authentic self - I create a safe and nurturing environment for clients to be themselves while also encouraging them to dig deeper to create better understanding of self.
(907) 750-2540 View (907) 750-2540
Photo of Virginia Redmond, LCSW, CDC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Virginia Redmond
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CDC
Verified Verified
Fairbanks, AK 99701
Finding the right fit therapist is a very personalized experience, so it's important to me that clients are confident in this choice. This may be the first time talking about painful experiences, uncomfortable feelings or unhealthy choices. My goal is that clients feel safe in a supportive environment. My approach is less concern for diagnoses, though that's part of the process, and more concern with identifying symptoms. By focusing on these, clients can experience a better quality of life, feel less confused about situations, have confidence in making decisions and feel like they are more in control of their lives.
Finding the right fit therapist is a very personalized experience, so it's important to me that clients are confident in this choice. This may be the first time talking about painful experiences, uncomfortable feelings or unhealthy choices. My goal is that clients feel safe in a supportive environment. My approach is less concern for diagnoses, though that's part of the process, and more concern with identifying symptoms. By focusing on these, clients can experience a better quality of life, feel less confused about situations, have confidence in making decisions and feel like they are more in control of their lives.
(907) 474-0059 View (907) 474-0059
Photo of Angelina Gauley, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Angelina Gauley
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Fairbanks, AK 99701
Hi, I’m so glad you’ve found me to help you start your healing journey. As a pre-licensed therapist, I work with teens, adults, and couples to guide them toward freeing themselves from suffering. I see counseling as a deeply collaborative process where our relationship is key to facilitating healing. Together, we can address problems that may have felt insurmountable on your own. I’m passionate about finding resolutions even in the most challenging situations, and I’m committed to walking this path with you. My approach is rooted in holistic healing, focusing on deep, nourishing change that addresses the root cause of your wounds.
Hi, I’m so glad you’ve found me to help you start your healing journey. As a pre-licensed therapist, I work with teens, adults, and couples to guide them toward freeing themselves from suffering. I see counseling as a deeply collaborative process where our relationship is key to facilitating healing. Together, we can address problems that may have felt insurmountable on your own. I’m passionate about finding resolutions even in the most challenging situations, and I’m committed to walking this path with you. My approach is rooted in holistic healing, focusing on deep, nourishing change that addresses the root cause of your wounds.
(907) 322-3033 View (907) 322-3033
Photo of Olivia Foote - Counseling Collective of Alaska, Licensed Professional Counselor
Counseling Collective of Alaska
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Fairbanks, AK 99709
Waitlist for new clients
We are a group of six dedicated Counselors whose priority is to provide compassionate, trauma-informed, holistic mental health care services. The collective is housed in a multidisciplinary clinic, sharing office space and working closely with Fairbanks Family Wellness and Golden Heart Heath and Wellness. It is our hope that you will be supported in an integrative environment that understands the mind-body connection. We offer counseling services for all ages and we treat individuals, couples and families for an array of concerns.
We are a group of six dedicated Counselors whose priority is to provide compassionate, trauma-informed, holistic mental health care services. The collective is housed in a multidisciplinary clinic, sharing office space and working closely with Fairbanks Family Wellness and Golden Heart Heath and Wellness. It is our hope that you will be supported in an integrative environment that understands the mind-body connection. We offer counseling services for all ages and we treat individuals, couples and families for an array of concerns.
(907) 531-5991 View (907) 531-5991
Photo of Olivia Foote, LPC-S, Licensed Professional Counselor
Olivia Foote
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S
Verified Verified
Fairbanks, AK 99709  (Online Only)
I am currently accepting new adult patients, via telehealth. I believe in providing holistic, strength based therapy, that empowers patients to make the changes they want to see in their lives. If you are experiencing anxiety, depression, attention disorders, relationship issues, women's issues, or trauma it may be a good fit.
I am currently accepting new adult patients, via telehealth. I believe in providing holistic, strength based therapy, that empowers patients to make the changes they want to see in their lives. If you are experiencing anxiety, depression, attention disorders, relationship issues, women's issues, or trauma it may be a good fit.
(907) 531-5991 View (907) 531-5991
Photo of Laura Volmert, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Laura Volmert
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Fairbanks, AK 99701
I enjoy working with both adults and adolescents in a way that assists them in gaining greater self-understanding and compassion. Ultimately, I hope to help each client find a path to a more genuine and integrated way of being with others. I bring curiosity and a fresh look to each client, addressing them where they are in the moment. I see psychotherapy as a collaborative effort between therapist and client, and encourage feedback about our direction and progress.
I enjoy working with both adults and adolescents in a way that assists them in gaining greater self-understanding and compassion. Ultimately, I hope to help each client find a path to a more genuine and integrated way of being with others. I bring curiosity and a fresh look to each client, addressing them where they are in the moment. I see psychotherapy as a collaborative effort between therapist and client, and encourage feedback about our direction and progress.
(844) 680-7035 View (844) 680-7035
Photo of Carly Lyle, LMSW
Carly Lyle
LMSW
Verified Verified
Fairbanks, AK 99701
I offer counseling in the shape of companionship, sanctuary, and a safe harbor in the storms of life. My aim is, first and foremost, connection. A trusting relationship and emotional safety will enable us to explore together the hurting, confusing, and intimidating places we all experience. The decision to begin counseling is not an easy one. Facing yourself, your trauma, and your pain takes real courage. My mission and passion are to guide you sensitively and surely towards finding and embracing your courage, your clarity, and your power.
I offer counseling in the shape of companionship, sanctuary, and a safe harbor in the storms of life. My aim is, first and foremost, connection. A trusting relationship and emotional safety will enable us to explore together the hurting, confusing, and intimidating places we all experience. The decision to begin counseling is not an easy one. Facing yourself, your trauma, and your pain takes real courage. My mission and passion are to guide you sensitively and surely towards finding and embracing your courage, your clarity, and your power.
(866) 951-7908 View (866) 951-7908
Photo of Andrew V Hopper, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Andrew V Hopper
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fairbanks, AK 99701
Treating all clients with dignity and respect, I work to aid each individual in determining their own path forward. Whether we are working to pioneer new meaning to life events; discover, develop, and achieve long-term goals; or address short-term problems, here is a safe environment for a wide variety of personal needs.
Treating all clients with dignity and respect, I work to aid each individual in determining their own path forward. Whether we are working to pioneer new meaning to life events; discover, develop, and achieve long-term goals; or address short-term problems, here is a safe environment for a wide variety of personal needs.
(615) 471-6443 View (615) 471-6443
Photo of Sara Wood - Aurora Counseling , LPC , LCSW, Licensed Professional Counselor
Aurora Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC , LCSW
Verified Verified
Fairbanks, AK 99701
We are currently accepting new clients. Here at Aurora Counseling, we are a dedicated team of 8 counselors focused on healing hearts, minds, and relationships through compassionate, trauma-informed therapy. Our team’s commitment to providing the highest quality care sets us apart. Located in Fairbanks, AK, we offer both in-person and telehealth therapy for adults, teens, and children, ensuring that every individual or family has access to the support they need, no matter where they are in Alaska.
We are currently accepting new clients. Here at Aurora Counseling, we are a dedicated team of 8 counselors focused on healing hearts, minds, and relationships through compassionate, trauma-informed therapy. Our team’s commitment to providing the highest quality care sets us apart. Located in Fairbanks, AK, we offer both in-person and telehealth therapy for adults, teens, and children, ensuring that every individual or family has access to the support they need, no matter where they are in Alaska.
(907) 799-7500 View (907) 799-7500
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Fairbanks, AK

80+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in Fairbanks, AK who prioritize treating:

89% Anxiety
81% Depression
81% Trauma and PTSD
73% Relationship Issues
63% Life Transitions
62% Self Esteem
58% Stress

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

77% Aetna
67% BlueCross and BlueShield
67% Premera Blue Cross

How Therapists in Fairbanks, AK see their clients

53% In Person and Online
47% Online Only

Gender breakdown

86% Female
13% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Fairbanks?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.