Therapists in Downtown, Anchorage, AK

Photo of Kurtis L Walton, Counselor, LPC, MS
Kurtis L Walton
Counselor, LPC, MS
Downtown, Anchorage, AK 99501
As a Therapist, I specialize in ILF Neurofeedback. Neurofeedback is a noninvasive brain training method that does not involve "traditional talk therapy." Neurofeedback works by training your brain like a personal trainer at the gym. EEG Biofeedback has been around for over 40 years. It was originally used to help epilepsy and has now advanced to help a multitude of issues from PTST, Autism, ADHD, Migraines, and more. I have trained both in Europe and in the USA. What I love about Neurofeedback is it offers another and different method in helping us with our own issues.
As a Therapist, I specialize in ILF Neurofeedback. Neurofeedback is a noninvasive brain training method that does not involve "traditional talk therapy." Neurofeedback works by training your brain like a personal trainer at the gym. EEG Biofeedback has been around for over 40 years. It was originally used to help epilepsy and has now advanced to help a multitude of issues from PTST, Autism, ADHD, Migraines, and more. I have trained both in Europe and in the USA. What I love about Neurofeedback is it offers another and different method in helping us with our own issues.
(907) 312-2485 View (907) 312-2485
Photo of Delroy Duckworth - Karuna Counseling, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Karuna Counseling, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Downtown, Anchorage, AK 99501
My motto is: "some things might be difficult to resolve, but not impossible." I believe that people, with the right support and tools, have the capacity to change, improve, and experience a better quality of life for themselves and with their loved ones.
My motto is: "some things might be difficult to resolve, but not impossible." I believe that people, with the right support and tools, have the capacity to change, improve, and experience a better quality of life for themselves and with their loved ones.
(855) 699-3545 View (855) 699-3545
Photo of Roseanna Commini, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, EdS, MFTI
Roseanna Commini
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, EdS, MFTI
1 Endorsed
Downtown, Anchorage, AK 99501
Hi, I’m Roseanna! I’m a therapist-in-training who believes therapy should be a place where you can exhale, feel truly seen, and start showing up as your authentic self. My goal is to help you feel supported, curious, and even a little inspired as we explore what matters most to you. Before becoming a therapist, I spent nearly a decade as a Nationally Certified School Psychologist, helping individuals and families navigate emotional, social, and learning challenges. That experience taught me the power of compassion, flexibility, humor in healing, and how growth often begins when we feel genuinely understood.
Hi, I’m Roseanna! I’m a therapist-in-training who believes therapy should be a place where you can exhale, feel truly seen, and start showing up as your authentic self. My goal is to help you feel supported, curious, and even a little inspired as we explore what matters most to you. Before becoming a therapist, I spent nearly a decade as a Nationally Certified School Psychologist, helping individuals and families navigate emotional, social, and learning challenges. That experience taught me the power of compassion, flexibility, humor in healing, and how growth often begins when we feel genuinely understood.
(844) 629-3645 View (844) 629-3645
Photo of Lynden C Grothe, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Lynden C Grothe
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
2 Endorsed
Downtown, Anchorage, AK 99501
Healing is a journey. Maybe you have already started and maybe reaching out today is your first step. What have you tried so far? My name is Lynden Grothe. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in private practice in Anchorage, Alaska. I see clients in person and via telehealth in my office, Moonstone Counseling LLC, located in historic downtown Anchorage by the Coastal Trails. I am trauma-informed and inclusive. I can accommodate clients ages 14 and up.
Healing is a journey. Maybe you have already started and maybe reaching out today is your first step. What have you tried so far? My name is Lynden Grothe. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in private practice in Anchorage, Alaska. I see clients in person and via telehealth in my office, Moonstone Counseling LLC, located in historic downtown Anchorage by the Coastal Trails. I am trauma-informed and inclusive. I can accommodate clients ages 14 and up.
(907) 529-3699 View (907) 529-3699
Lawrence Whitaker
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LPC-S
Downtown, Anchorage, AK 99501
Currently, accepting wait list clients only.
Currently, accepting wait list clients only.
(844) 491-2008 View (844) 491-2008
Photo of Dr. Nathan Fearrington, Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC-S, LCMHC, CDCS, MAC
Dr. Nathan Fearrington
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC-S, LCMHC, CDCS, MAC
Downtown, Anchorage, AK 99501
Greetings, allow me to introduce myself. I have a Ph.D. in Psychology. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, Master Addictions Counselor, Licensed Professional Counselor Supervisor, and Chemical Dependency Clinical Supervisor. I have over 20 years of experience working with individuals, groups, and families. The services that I provide are tailored to service the needs of adolescents and adults. The following are some of the treatment areas that I typically address: family dynamics, mood disorders, substance use, stress, anxiety, personal growth, and other behaviors and disorders.
Greetings, allow me to introduce myself. I have a Ph.D. in Psychology. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, Master Addictions Counselor, Licensed Professional Counselor Supervisor, and Chemical Dependency Clinical Supervisor. I have over 20 years of experience working with individuals, groups, and families. The services that I provide are tailored to service the needs of adolescents and adults. The following are some of the treatment areas that I typically address: family dynamics, mood disorders, substance use, stress, anxiety, personal growth, and other behaviors and disorders.
(844) 758-0463 View (844) 758-0463
Photo of Jennifer Euler - Jennifer Euler, LPC w/Coastal Wellness, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Jennifer Euler, LPC w/Coastal Wellness
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Downtown, Anchorage, AK 99501
I specialize in helping children, adolescents, individual adults, couples, and families through the stressors of life by supporting person-centered goals to challenge issues like depression, anxiety, poor self-concept, shame, traumatic experiences, and relationship struggles. I also have experience working with first responders and with children and families in the foster care system. We all get stuck and feel lost at times. Having a helping hand can make it easier to feel better.
I specialize in helping children, adolescents, individual adults, couples, and families through the stressors of life by supporting person-centered goals to challenge issues like depression, anxiety, poor self-concept, shame, traumatic experiences, and relationship struggles. I also have experience working with first responders and with children and families in the foster care system. We all get stuck and feel lost at times. Having a helping hand can make it easier to feel better.
(907) 917-0191 View (907) 917-0191
Photo of Jen Gessert - Jen Gessert- White Wave Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CDC
Jen Gessert- White Wave Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CDC
6 Endorsed
Downtown, Anchorage, AK 99501
Life is too short to be bogged down with troubles that keep you from living your life to the fullest. Do you want to break free from bad habits, old ways of thinking of yourself, or restrictive fears? It is my life's passion to help my clients overcome the shadows that trauma, addiction, depression, anxiety, and difficult relationships cast on their lives. I consider it a great honor to help my clients navigate their lives to become their whole, vibrant, uninhibited, healthy selves. I customize my approach, including session duration and frequency, to best meet their needs. I meet with clients virtually, in person, and outdoors.
Life is too short to be bogged down with troubles that keep you from living your life to the fullest. Do you want to break free from bad habits, old ways of thinking of yourself, or restrictive fears? It is my life's passion to help my clients overcome the shadows that trauma, addiction, depression, anxiety, and difficult relationships cast on their lives. I consider it a great honor to help my clients navigate their lives to become their whole, vibrant, uninhibited, healthy selves. I customize my approach, including session duration and frequency, to best meet their needs. I meet with clients virtually, in person, and outdoors.
(907) 313-8478 View (907) 313-8478
Photo of Dr. Jessie Brown, Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MFT, MFT-S
Dr. Jessie Brown
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MFT, MFT-S
7 Endorsed
Downtown, Anchorage, AK 99501
Are you and your partner stuck in a repeating conflict cycle? Are you struggling with intimacy? Would you like to feel more authentic or whole in connecting with your partner and others? I work with couples and individuals to create a warm and safe relationship where they can explore who they are, why they are, and what is in the way of their intimacy and thriving.
Are you and your partner stuck in a repeating conflict cycle? Are you struggling with intimacy? Would you like to feel more authentic or whole in connecting with your partner and others? I work with couples and individuals to create a warm and safe relationship where they can explore who they are, why they are, and what is in the way of their intimacy and thriving.
(907) 341-3220 View (907) 341-3220
Photo of Michael Aanavi, Psychologist, PhD, LAC
Michael Aanavi
Psychologist, PhD, LAC
1 Endorsed
Downtown, Anchorage, AK 99501
We all encounter grief, fear, trauma, shame, pain. These human difficulties are not just problems to be solved; they are sacred portals that offer the possibility of deepening our connection with who we are, of entering wholeheartedly into our soul’s path. They are friends to be made in the process of finding compassion and acceptance for ourselves, rather than symptoms to be eliminated in a continual drive to change, fix, improve. In the Jungian tradition, the vehicle for this process is the heart, engaged in therapeutic relationship, in spiritual cultivation, in dreams.
We all encounter grief, fear, trauma, shame, pain. These human difficulties are not just problems to be solved; they are sacred portals that offer the possibility of deepening our connection with who we are, of entering wholeheartedly into our soul’s path. They are friends to be made in the process of finding compassion and acceptance for ourselves, rather than symptoms to be eliminated in a continual drive to change, fix, improve. In the Jungian tradition, the vehicle for this process is the heart, engaged in therapeutic relationship, in spiritual cultivation, in dreams.
(833) 468-0721 View (833) 468-0721
Photo of Wendi Compton, Counselor, MS, LPC (S), HT
Wendi Compton
Counselor, MS, LPC (S), HT
2 Endorsed
Downtown, Anchorage, AK 99515
I specialize in providing care to veterans, families, couples, and individuals facing overwhelming life struggles in need of guidance. My clients are typically committed to learning, processing, and mastering skill sets that will generate personal growth, better relationships, and, most importantly, improved quality of life. I have helped people navigate complicated marital problems, and parent-child relationships. I provide therapeutic support to single parents, grandparents, and multigenerational caregivers. I also work with people in recovery from addiction, religion-based abuse, toxic workplaces, and manipulation.
I specialize in providing care to veterans, families, couples, and individuals facing overwhelming life struggles in need of guidance. My clients are typically committed to learning, processing, and mastering skill sets that will generate personal growth, better relationships, and, most importantly, improved quality of life. I have helped people navigate complicated marital problems, and parent-child relationships. I provide therapeutic support to single parents, grandparents, and multigenerational caregivers. I also work with people in recovery from addiction, religion-based abuse, toxic workplaces, and manipulation.
(907) 917-4787 View (907) 917-4787
Photo of Amanda Kookesh, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Amanda Kookesh
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
2 Endorsed
Downtown, Anchorage, AK 99501
Managing life and all the emotions that come with it can be hard. Many people want to make sense of their life. Why do I react the way I do? Starting therapy is a great way to start unpacking answers to those life questions. I will provide you the safe and non-judgmental environment to begin to explore your thoughts, memories, and long-term goals. I can meet you where you are at in your life and together, we will begin your journey towards healing. I will be your biggest advocate in reaching your future goals. Together we will process your past and current life stressors to enable you to live your life in the present.
Managing life and all the emotions that come with it can be hard. Many people want to make sense of their life. Why do I react the way I do? Starting therapy is a great way to start unpacking answers to those life questions. I will provide you the safe and non-judgmental environment to begin to explore your thoughts, memories, and long-term goals. I can meet you where you are at in your life and together, we will begin your journey towards healing. I will be your biggest advocate in reaching your future goals. Together we will process your past and current life stressors to enable you to live your life in the present.
(907) 519-0353 View (907) 519-0353
Richard F. Lazur, PsyD
Psychologist
Downtown, Anchorage, AK 99501
We live in a culture that encourages us not to take our own suffering seriously, but rather to make light of it, even laugh about it. What is more, this attitude is regarded as a virtue, and many people are proud of thier lack of sensitivity to their own fate, particularly, thier fate as a child. Alice Miller
We live in a culture that encourages us not to take our own suffering seriously, but rather to make light of it, even laugh about it. What is more, this attitude is regarded as a virtue, and many people are proud of thier lack of sensitivity to their own fate, particularly, thier fate as a child. Alice Miller
(907) 318-1812 View (907) 318-1812
Photo of Roxie Powell - Roxie Powell, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Roxie Powell, LMFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Downtown, Anchorage, AK 99501
Roxie Powell is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist who works within a humanistic-experiential perspective. Roxie enjoys working with a broad spectrum of clients including children ages 5+, adolescents, individual adults, couples, and families. Roxie is passionate about relational counseling and uses Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) as her primary approach to working with couples and families to transform their communication style. She utilizes an attachment-based lens and believes that healing relational trauma is essential for lasting connection. This is supported by research in the field of attachment science.
Roxie Powell is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist who works within a humanistic-experiential perspective. Roxie enjoys working with a broad spectrum of clients including children ages 5+, adolescents, individual adults, couples, and families. Roxie is passionate about relational counseling and uses Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) as her primary approach to working with couples and families to transform their communication style. She utilizes an attachment-based lens and believes that healing relational trauma is essential for lasting connection. This is supported by research in the field of attachment science.
(877) 851-3573 View (877) 851-3573
Photo of Jen Gessert - White Wave Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor
White Wave Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor
1 Endorsed
Downtown, Anchorage, AK 99501
At White Wave Counseling, we offer a warm, grounded space where you can explore what's weighing on your heart and mind—whether it's anxiety, grief, life transitions, relationship struggles, depression, or the ripple effects of trauma. We are a compassionate, client-centered group of counselors with a wide range of modalities offered. We believe healing happens when you are understood, seen, and heard for who you are and what you're going through. We see adults, teens, couples, and families. Pget in touch to learn how we can help.
At White Wave Counseling, we offer a warm, grounded space where you can explore what's weighing on your heart and mind—whether it's anxiety, grief, life transitions, relationship struggles, depression, or the ripple effects of trauma. We are a compassionate, client-centered group of counselors with a wide range of modalities offered. We believe healing happens when you are understood, seen, and heard for who you are and what you're going through. We see adults, teens, couples, and families. Pget in touch to learn how we can help.
(855) 619-2968 View (855) 619-2968
Photo of Stefanie Anne Goggins, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC-S
Stefanie Anne Goggins
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC-S
Downtown, Anchorage, AK 99501
I specialize in working with neurodiverse children, teens, and their families using play therapy. My style of play includes directive and non-directive play therapy, sand tray therapy, movement therapy, social skill development, and mindfulness. I strive to incorporate my client's parents in therapy for a family systems approach with the multifaceted goal of improving familial relationships and behavioral dynamics in the home. I aim to keep therapy fun and inviting for the client while allowing them space to process their emotions, focus on developing adaptive coping strategies, and helping them form healthy relationships.
I specialize in working with neurodiverse children, teens, and their families using play therapy. My style of play includes directive and non-directive play therapy, sand tray therapy, movement therapy, social skill development, and mindfulness. I strive to incorporate my client's parents in therapy for a family systems approach with the multifaceted goal of improving familial relationships and behavioral dynamics in the home. I aim to keep therapy fun and inviting for the client while allowing them space to process their emotions, focus on developing adaptive coping strategies, and helping them form healthy relationships.
(844) 748-4384 View (844) 748-4384
Photo of Theresa Rutchka, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Theresa Rutchka
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Downtown, Anchorage, AK 99501
Hello! Welcome to Phoenix Rising Counseling! My private practice is focused on working collaboratively to assist individuals develop a sense of empowerment, build self-esteem/confidence, and ease mental health related stressors.
Hello! Welcome to Phoenix Rising Counseling! My private practice is focused on working collaboratively to assist individuals develop a sense of empowerment, build self-esteem/confidence, and ease mental health related stressors.
(855) 718-0406 View (855) 718-0406
Photo of Megan Spears, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Megan Spears
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Downtown, Anchorage, AK 99501
Megan’s passion is guiding individuals toward transformation, from mere survival to true thriving. She believes that each person’s journey is unique; their path to healing and change must be tailored to suit their distinct experiences. Her training encompasses therapeutic approaches such as Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Schema Therapy, Cognitive Analytic Therapy, and Internal Family Systems. She specializes in working with people struggling with suicidal ideations, self-injurious behaviors, anxiety, depression, trauma, and chemical dependency. She welcomes families, children five and older, individual adults and elders, couples.
Megan’s passion is guiding individuals toward transformation, from mere survival to true thriving. She believes that each person’s journey is unique; their path to healing and change must be tailored to suit their distinct experiences. Her training encompasses therapeutic approaches such as Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Schema Therapy, Cognitive Analytic Therapy, and Internal Family Systems. She specializes in working with people struggling with suicidal ideations, self-injurious behaviors, anxiety, depression, trauma, and chemical dependency. She welcomes families, children five and older, individual adults and elders, couples.
(855) 729-3215 x405464 View (855) 729-3215 x405464
Photo of Jenna Henchey - Karuna Counseling, LLC (Jenna Henchey), Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Karuna Counseling, LLC (Jenna Henchey)
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Downtown, Anchorage, AK 99501
I am a compassionate and dedicated therapist with a passion for helping individuals from pre-teens to adults navigate the complexities of life. My approach to therapy is integrative, drawing from a range of evidence-based modalities to create customized treatment plans that empower clients to reach their goals. I hold a Master of Social Work and have worked in a National Child Trauma Center as a Child and Family Therapist, providing trauma-informed, strengths-based and neurodiversity affirming therapy where clients can process experiences, build coping skills, and cultivate their own self-compass.
I am a compassionate and dedicated therapist with a passion for helping individuals from pre-teens to adults navigate the complexities of life. My approach to therapy is integrative, drawing from a range of evidence-based modalities to create customized treatment plans that empower clients to reach their goals. I hold a Master of Social Work and have worked in a National Child Trauma Center as a Child and Family Therapist, providing trauma-informed, strengths-based and neurodiversity affirming therapy where clients can process experiences, build coping skills, and cultivate their own self-compass.
(844) 944-2833 View (844) 944-2833
Photo of Denise M Wray, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPCS, MAC, SAP
Denise M Wray
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPCS, MAC, SAP
Downtown, Anchorage, AK 99501
Since 1993, I have helped people find direction and resources to deal with many of life's challenges. I have worked with diverse treatment campuses, ministers, life coaches, mental health and behavioral health specialists to provide the most comprehensive treatment programs for individuals, families, groups, and communities. I provide a multitude of clinical services and treatment modalities. If you have a DUI/OUI and need a court-ordered or SAP assessment. I can help. Do you need a high-conflict parenting evaluation for custody? I'm available. My passion is couple's counseling. I have an above 90% success rate.
Since 1993, I have helped people find direction and resources to deal with many of life's challenges. I have worked with diverse treatment campuses, ministers, life coaches, mental health and behavioral health specialists to provide the most comprehensive treatment programs for individuals, families, groups, and communities. I provide a multitude of clinical services and treatment modalities. If you have a DUI/OUI and need a court-ordered or SAP assessment. I can help. Do you need a high-conflict parenting evaluation for custody? I'm available. My passion is couple's counseling. I have an above 90% success rate.
(888) 486-3806 View (888) 486-3806

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Downtown, Anchorage, AK

40+

Average cost per session

$250

Therapists in Downtown, Anchorage, AK who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
83% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
80% Trauma and PTSD
74% Self Esteem
74% Stress
65% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

76% Aetna
64% BlueCross and BlueShield
60% Premera Blue Cross

How Therapists in Downtown, Anchorage, AK see their clients

76% In Person and Online
24% Online Only

Gender breakdown

72% Female
28% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Downtown, Anchorage?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.