Black and African American Therapists in Prince William County, VA

Photo of Dr. Kerley Perminio Most, Pastoral Counselor in Prince William County, VA
Dr. Kerley Perminio Most
Pastoral Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Woodbridge, VA 22193
As a Black therapist I also support clients who experience exclusion.
Hello, it is so good to connect with you! Welcome to my practice! You may be ready to explore your life in an intentional environment. To engage in a space where you can fully embrace yourself, your journey, and your gifts. I believe in your ability to process, validate, and overcome life's unexpected events, such as grief, breakups, career or academic setbacks, relationship disconnection, and loneliness. Let's work together to uncover your inner strength and build a foundation for your well-being.
As a Black therapist I also support clients who experience exclusion.
Hello, it is so good to connect with you! Welcome to my practice! You may be ready to explore your life in an intentional environment. To engage in a space where you can fully embrace yourself, your journey, and your gifts. I believe in your ability to process, validate, and overcome life's unexpected events, such as grief, breakups, career or academic setbacks, relationship disconnection, and loneliness. Let's work together to uncover your inner strength and build a foundation for your well-being.
(202) 733-6475 View (202) 733-6475
Photo of Samantha Saunders, Licensed Professional Counselor in Prince William County, VA
Samantha Saunders
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Woodbridge, VA 22192  (Online Only)
Samantha is a Licensed Professional Counselor with over 15 years of experience working with individuals with trauma, anxiety, depression, life transitions, self-esteem, struggling with trusting themselves, and/or interpersonal relationship problems (narcissistic parents or past partners, unhealthy/toxic relationships). She specializes with adults 21 and up in using years of study and personal experience to assist clients in boundary-setting, healing, and thriving within themselves and their personal relationships.
Samantha is a Licensed Professional Counselor with over 15 years of experience working with individuals with trauma, anxiety, depression, life transitions, self-esteem, struggling with trusting themselves, and/or interpersonal relationship problems (narcissistic parents or past partners, unhealthy/toxic relationships). She specializes with adults 21 and up in using years of study and personal experience to assist clients in boundary-setting, healing, and thriving within themselves and their personal relationships.
(571) 200-8389 View (571) 200-8389
Photo of Tabbie Mann, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Prince William County, VA
Tabbie Mann
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Woodbridge, VA 22192  (Online Only)
Tabbie Mann, LCSW, is a dedicated and compassionate Licensed Clinical Social Worker whose mission is to facilitate transformation and healing in the lives of her clients. With nearly two decades of experience in the field, Tabbie has become a trusted figure in the world of mental health, known for her expertise, warmth, and unwavering commitment to improving the well-being of those she serves. She has worked with expatriate communities worldwide providing counseling support rooted in empathy, active listening, and fostering a safe and non-judgmental environment for her clients.
Tabbie Mann, LCSW, is a dedicated and compassionate Licensed Clinical Social Worker whose mission is to facilitate transformation and healing in the lives of her clients. With nearly two decades of experience in the field, Tabbie has become a trusted figure in the world of mental health, known for her expertise, warmth, and unwavering commitment to improving the well-being of those she serves. She has worked with expatriate communities worldwide providing counseling support rooted in empathy, active listening, and fostering a safe and non-judgmental environment for her clients.
View
Photo of Crystal Boateng, Pre-Licensed Professional in Prince William County, VA
Crystal Boateng
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW, LCSW-S
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Woodbridge, VA 22191  (Online Only)
My unconditional passion for the Mental Health field is beyond measures. I have worked with a dynamic age range, but mostly specialize in the ages of 11-45 years of age. I provide services to clients that have struggled with behavioral issues, mental health issues, addictions, active psychosis, psychological disorders, genetic disorders, crisis stabilization purposes, substance abuse, and much more. My motto for all my clients is that I do not have a magic wand to ensure all issues will disappear in the blink of an eye, but I do have the patience, endurance, and heart to create change in any individual's life that I may encounter.
My unconditional passion for the Mental Health field is beyond measures. I have worked with a dynamic age range, but mostly specialize in the ages of 11-45 years of age. I provide services to clients that have struggled with behavioral issues, mental health issues, addictions, active psychosis, psychological disorders, genetic disorders, crisis stabilization purposes, substance abuse, and much more. My motto for all my clients is that I do not have a magic wand to ensure all issues will disappear in the blink of an eye, but I do have the patience, endurance, and heart to create change in any individual's life that I may encounter.
(571) 200-5627 View (571) 200-5627
Photo of The Center for Connection, Healing and Change (RM), Pre-Licensed Professional in Prince William County, VA
The Center for Connection, Healing and Change (RM)
Pre-Licensed Professional, LMFT-R, LPC-R, LMFT, LPC, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Woodbridge, VA 22192
Accepting new clients -The Center for Connection, Healing & Change focuses on the creation of secure, close, and satisfying relationships- within us and between us. We choose to specialize in relationships because we know the importance of satisfying connections for our mental, emotional, and physical well-being. Services explore the relationship we have with both ourselves and others; how well we can live with emotional ease, know who we are, ask for what we need, be responsive to loved ones, set boundaries, deal with loss, heal trauma, move through stressful experiences, find our purpose, and access resilience in moments of need.
Accepting new clients -The Center for Connection, Healing & Change focuses on the creation of secure, close, and satisfying relationships- within us and between us. We choose to specialize in relationships because we know the importance of satisfying connections for our mental, emotional, and physical well-being. Services explore the relationship we have with both ourselves and others; how well we can live with emotional ease, know who we are, ask for what we need, be responsive to loved ones, set boundaries, deal with loss, heal trauma, move through stressful experiences, find our purpose, and access resilience in moments of need.
(804) 336-3063 View (804) 336-3063
Photo of Danielle Winfield, Supervisee in Clinical Social Work in Prince William County, VA
Danielle Winfield
Supervisee in Clinical Social Work, LMSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Dumfries, VA 22025  (Online Only)
Hello! I am a mental health clinician with an MSW in social work and a certified executive coach. I am a Licensed Master Social Worker (LMSW) and am currently under supervision to obtain my clinical license (LCSW). I've worked with diverse populations, including adults, teenagers, and their families. My experience extends to supporting military personnel, survivors of sexual assault, individuals coping with trauma, anxiety, and depression, and those involved in the criminal justice system.
Hello! I am a mental health clinician with an MSW in social work and a certified executive coach. I am a Licensed Master Social Worker (LMSW) and am currently under supervision to obtain my clinical license (LCSW). I've worked with diverse populations, including adults, teenagers, and their families. My experience extends to supporting military personnel, survivors of sexual assault, individuals coping with trauma, anxiety, and depression, and those involved in the criminal justice system.
(571) 556-8858 View (571) 556-8858
Photo of Talifa Bailey, Licensed Professional Counselor in Prince William County, VA
Talifa Bailey
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MS
Verified Verified
Gainesville, VA 20155  (Online Only)
Are you suffering from trauma, depression or anxiety that has left you feeling hopeless, unmotivated and in despair? Have you ever wondered how the closest relationship(s) in your life shifted from being your source of pure joy to causing you to feel overwhelmed? Maybe your relationship/marriage feels like it's falling apart, or you're unable to spend quality time with your child(ren) without arguments/conflict. Could it be that divorce has taken a toll on your entire family and what you thought would finally bring peace appears to have destroyed everyone’s lives? Are you have difficulty seeing a path forward? This is a safe space!
Are you suffering from trauma, depression or anxiety that has left you feeling hopeless, unmotivated and in despair? Have you ever wondered how the closest relationship(s) in your life shifted from being your source of pure joy to causing you to feel overwhelmed? Maybe your relationship/marriage feels like it's falling apart, or you're unable to spend quality time with your child(ren) without arguments/conflict. Could it be that divorce has taken a toll on your entire family and what you thought would finally bring peace appears to have destroyed everyone’s lives? Are you have difficulty seeing a path forward? This is a safe space!
(571) 570-3470 View (571) 570-3470
Photo of Indelible Changes, LLC (Nick Williams), Licensed Professional Counselor in Prince William County, VA
Indelible Changes, LLC (Nick Williams)
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Woodbridge, VA 22192
Our mission is "To empower individuals, couples, and families to break free from the chains that bind them, in order to create present and multi-generational changes that last forever." Indelible means that which cannot be undone; permanent." Too often, individuals, couples, and families cycle through services and treatment providers, only to continue suffering and feeling as if no one understands and/or no one can help. This can be traumatic. Often, issues can run deep and last for generations. Indelible Changes was born out of the desire to help individuals, couples, and families break free from the chains that bind them.
Our mission is "To empower individuals, couples, and families to break free from the chains that bind them, in order to create present and multi-generational changes that last forever." Indelible means that which cannot be undone; permanent." Too often, individuals, couples, and families cycle through services and treatment providers, only to continue suffering and feeling as if no one understands and/or no one can help. This can be traumatic. Often, issues can run deep and last for generations. Indelible Changes was born out of the desire to help individuals, couples, and families break free from the chains that bind them.
(571) 458-1989 View (571) 458-1989
Photo of Deshia Holmes, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Prince William County, VA
Deshia Holmes
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Dumfries, VA 22026
Complacency is not always a good thing, sometimes you must be uncomfortable to be successful. We as humans need help from neutral parties to help us understand things that have been passed down generation to generation, to process the unspoken, the unknown, and many other difficult conversations we don’t want to have with people that know us. I have an interest in women issues, generational issues, families, couples, social justice, and I am sex/kink positive.
Complacency is not always a good thing, sometimes you must be uncomfortable to be successful. We as humans need help from neutral parties to help us understand things that have been passed down generation to generation, to process the unspoken, the unknown, and many other difficult conversations we don’t want to have with people that know us. I have an interest in women issues, generational issues, families, couples, social justice, and I am sex/kink positive.
(571) 200-5284 View (571) 200-5284
Photo of Complete Choice Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor in Prince William County, VA
Complete Choice Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, LSATP, ACS, CCS
Verified Verified
Dumfries, VA 22026  (Online Only)
Your well-being, confidentiality of your information, and confidence in us as your are my top three priorities. We all need a little help working through everyday stressors that become too much for us to handle alone at times. For we were not meant to exist alone but to help build each other up, to help meet and exceed our potential. Going to a Counselor when you feel sad or overwhelmed needs to be as normal as going to the doctor when you're sick. Let's end the stigma about mental health.
Your well-being, confidentiality of your information, and confidence in us as your are my top three priorities. We all need a little help working through everyday stressors that become too much for us to handle alone at times. For we were not meant to exist alone but to help build each other up, to help meet and exceed our potential. Going to a Counselor when you feel sad or overwhelmed needs to be as normal as going to the doctor when you're sick. Let's end the stigma about mental health.
(571) 496-9452 View (571) 496-9452
Photo of Ramla A Aden, Pre-Licensed Professional in Prince William County, VA
Ramla A Aden
Pre-Licensed Professional, CAC II , MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Haymarket, VA 20169
I am Ramla Aden, a Resident in Clinical Mental Health Counseling. I obtained my Masters in Clinical Mental Health from Grand Canyon University. Grand Canyon provided me with cutting-edge techniques and interventions to better serve my clients and community. Prior to starting my master’s program, I obtained my undergraduate degree from George Mason University. My mission in life is to help clients understand the value of mental health and self-care, to assist break down stigmas associated with mental health conditions, to end prejudice against those who seek treatment or medication, and to promote confidence and self-acceptance.
I am Ramla Aden, a Resident in Clinical Mental Health Counseling. I obtained my Masters in Clinical Mental Health from Grand Canyon University. Grand Canyon provided me with cutting-edge techniques and interventions to better serve my clients and community. Prior to starting my master’s program, I obtained my undergraduate degree from George Mason University. My mission in life is to help clients understand the value of mental health and self-care, to assist break down stigmas associated with mental health conditions, to end prejudice against those who seek treatment or medication, and to promote confidence and self-acceptance.
(571) 520-5686 View (571) 520-5686
Photo of Sharquita Johnson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Prince William County, VA
Sharquita Johnson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Woodbridge, VA 22192
You’re torn, reliving the painful experience over and over in your mind. Your body betrays you. Your emotions run out of control. Anger and sadness give you whiplash – they come on so fast. The incident is ever-present in your mind. Your life hasn’t been the same since. It’s a constant struggle to get out of bed most days. Every day is full of triggers that can send you running to the bathroom to cry. A loud noise, a stranger’s voice, there’s nowhere to hide. You’re beginning to lose hope. You don’t understand why you’re not over it already. It feels like you’ll never climb out of this hole. You’ve suffered in silence long enough.
You’re torn, reliving the painful experience over and over in your mind. Your body betrays you. Your emotions run out of control. Anger and sadness give you whiplash – they come on so fast. The incident is ever-present in your mind. Your life hasn’t been the same since. It’s a constant struggle to get out of bed most days. Every day is full of triggers that can send you running to the bathroom to cry. A loud noise, a stranger’s voice, there’s nowhere to hide. You’re beginning to lose hope. You don’t understand why you’re not over it already. It feels like you’ll never climb out of this hole. You’ve suffered in silence long enough.
(571) 568-7978 View (571) 568-7978
Photo of Holistically You Therapeutic Services, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Prince William County, VA
Holistically You Therapeutic Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Woodbridge, VA 22192  (Online Only)
Now accepting new clients! Life and living can be hard; and the real world issues and concerns that you face deserve real world solutions! I offer solution-focused interventions for teens and adults who are looking to make positive changes in their "now." But sometimes today's issues are rooted in the past and resolving traumatic histories is the way to improve the present. Regaining power over your narrative allows you to heal mind, body, and soul... to be holistically you! Whether it is anxiety, depression, or familial/relationship issues, I take a person-centered approach in assisting you in your wellness journey.
Now accepting new clients! Life and living can be hard; and the real world issues and concerns that you face deserve real world solutions! I offer solution-focused interventions for teens and adults who are looking to make positive changes in their "now." But sometimes today's issues are rooted in the past and resolving traumatic histories is the way to improve the present. Regaining power over your narrative allows you to heal mind, body, and soul... to be holistically you! Whether it is anxiety, depression, or familial/relationship issues, I take a person-centered approach in assisting you in your wellness journey.
(571) 946-4848 View (571) 946-4848
Photo of Prince William Family Counseling, Pre-Licensed Professional in Prince William County, VA
Prince William Family Counseling
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Woodbridge, VA 22192  (Online Only)
I am is a student at Liberty University studying in the Master of Arts program for a Licensed Professional Counselor. I retired from the military after serving for 30 years and now dedicated to serving his community in battling mental health concerns. I work with all populations including, children, elders, and families. My education and life experiences are tools that I use in the therapeutic process. My goal is to help solve some of the challenging situations in your life to be viewed clearer, making your response to the challenge more effective.
I am is a student at Liberty University studying in the Master of Arts program for a Licensed Professional Counselor. I retired from the military after serving for 30 years and now dedicated to serving his community in battling mental health concerns. I work with all populations including, children, elders, and families. My education and life experiences are tools that I use in the therapeutic process. My goal is to help solve some of the challenging situations in your life to be viewed clearer, making your response to the challenge more effective.
(732) 582-5365 View (732) 582-5365
Photo of Karen Bagley, Psychologist in Prince William County, VA
Karen Bagley
Psychologist, PhD, MPH
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Woodbridge, VA 22192  (Online Only)
Welcome! Sometimes we decide that we need a change in our lives. Maybe anxiety, depression, or a past experience has limited our views of ourselves and what we think we are able to do. Or we’re struggling with who we are and what feels most meaningful to us. Or we want to improve the way we perform. Taking a step toward change—especially the first step—can feel like standing still. But notice what happens when you can string a few steps together: suddenly you're a little bit further than you were before, and before you realize it, you're a lot further. That's the power of MOMENTUM.
Welcome! Sometimes we decide that we need a change in our lives. Maybe anxiety, depression, or a past experience has limited our views of ourselves and what we think we are able to do. Or we’re struggling with who we are and what feels most meaningful to us. Or we want to improve the way we perform. Taking a step toward change—especially the first step—can feel like standing still. But notice what happens when you can string a few steps together: suddenly you're a little bit further than you were before, and before you realize it, you're a lot further. That's the power of MOMENTUM.
(703) 552-9830 x100 View (703) 552-9830 x100
Photo of Mmere Dane Counseling (Cortnee Williams), Resident in Counseling in Prince William County, VA
Mmere Dane Counseling (Cortnee Williams)
Resident in Counseling, MS, LPC-R
Verified Verified
Montclair, VA 22025  (Online Only)
I specialize in childhood, adolescent, and young adult mental health, as well as Sports/Performance counseling. I have helped individuals with barriers associated with self-confidence, identity, relationships, depression, anxiety, life transitions (including educational and career changes), family dynamics, lack of motivation, and misplaced meaning and purpose.
I specialize in childhood, adolescent, and young adult mental health, as well as Sports/Performance counseling. I have helped individuals with barriers associated with self-confidence, identity, relationships, depression, anxiety, life transitions (including educational and career changes), family dynamics, lack of motivation, and misplaced meaning and purpose.
(571) 946-6493 View (571) 946-6493
Photo of Candace Fleming, Licensed Professional Counselor in Prince William County, VA
Candace Fleming
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
Manassas, VA 20109  (Online Only)
I provide a safe, non-judgmental environment where we focus on healing as we address issues with: Family, relationships, unresolved emotional issues, self-doubt and low self-esteem, guilt and shame, emotional intimacy and trust, anxiety and depression, parenting, substance use and addiction, processing traumatic or painful experiences that may have occurred during childhood, and fertility and pregnancy issues. I work with individuals, couples, and families to help them value, trust, and connect more deeply with themselves and their loved ones.
I provide a safe, non-judgmental environment where we focus on healing as we address issues with: Family, relationships, unresolved emotional issues, self-doubt and low self-esteem, guilt and shame, emotional intimacy and trust, anxiety and depression, parenting, substance use and addiction, processing traumatic or painful experiences that may have occurred during childhood, and fertility and pregnancy issues. I work with individuals, couples, and families to help them value, trust, and connect more deeply with themselves and their loved ones.
(703) 775-4518 View (703) 775-4518
Photo of Couples Therapy at The Center for Connection, Pre-Licensed Professional in Prince William County, VA
Couples Therapy at The Center for Connection
Pre-Licensed Professional, LMFT-R, LPC-R, LMFT, LPC, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Woodbridge, VA 22192
We help couples build person-to-person, heart-to-heart, soul-to-soul connections. We all long to be seen, heard, understood, held, and cherished by our precious person. Being in secure connection often conflicts with how life has shaped us. For many of us, relationship experiences have included bumps in the road, needs have been missed, wounds have developed, protections have grown, trust has been broken, limited beliefs have emerged, and parts of us have been hidden away. We help couples explore how life has influenced their interactions and then find lasting ways to heal, connect, repair, meet unmet needs, and build security.
We help couples build person-to-person, heart-to-heart, soul-to-soul connections. We all long to be seen, heard, understood, held, and cherished by our precious person. Being in secure connection often conflicts with how life has shaped us. For many of us, relationship experiences have included bumps in the road, needs have been missed, wounds have developed, protections have grown, trust has been broken, limited beliefs have emerged, and parts of us have been hidden away. We help couples explore how life has influenced their interactions and then find lasting ways to heal, connect, repair, meet unmet needs, and build security.
(571) 339-0247 View (571) 339-0247
Photo of Sit Awhile & Heal LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Prince William County, VA
Sit Awhile & Heal LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Woodbridge, VA 22192  (Online Only)
Being a human can be hard. We are given tools early in life to navigate this world and sometimes we get it right and other times we struggle for one reason or another. Sometimes milestones such as marriage, children, graduation and other life changes unearth unresolved trauma or repressed emotions. We do our best to recover from anxiety, depression, trauma and other stressors but sometimes we need outside support that goes beyond what friends, family and loved ones can provide.
Being a human can be hard. We are given tools early in life to navigate this world and sometimes we get it right and other times we struggle for one reason or another. Sometimes milestones such as marriage, children, graduation and other life changes unearth unresolved trauma or repressed emotions. We do our best to recover from anxiety, depression, trauma and other stressors but sometimes we need outside support that goes beyond what friends, family and loved ones can provide.
(571) 556-9380 View (571) 556-9380
Photo of Anwar Taylor, Pre-Licensed Professional in Prince William County, VA
Anwar Taylor
Pre-Licensed Professional, LMFT-R
Verified Verified
Woodbridge, VA 22192
When we are in conflict, disconnection, or misunderstanding with a loved one, we all experience distress. Our protective strategies come alive- we shut down, criticize, go numb, or pursue for reconnection. We find ourselves in the same old dance, talking different relational languages we can’t seem to reconcile, and having the same old fight. I help individuals, couples, and families talk about what is happening inside them, identify needs, and understand what is at the core of any recurring patterns. I make space for all the ways life has shaped each of you, how this impacts your interactions, and where the misses are taking place.
When we are in conflict, disconnection, or misunderstanding with a loved one, we all experience distress. Our protective strategies come alive- we shut down, criticize, go numb, or pursue for reconnection. We find ourselves in the same old dance, talking different relational languages we can’t seem to reconcile, and having the same old fight. I help individuals, couples, and families talk about what is happening inside them, identify needs, and understand what is at the core of any recurring patterns. I make space for all the ways life has shaped each of you, how this impacts your interactions, and where the misses are taking place.
(571) 496-9933 View (571) 496-9933

See more therapy options for Prince William County


Black and African American Therapists

As an African American, why might I wish to see a therapist who is African American?

African American clients may seek out African American therapists for several reasons, foremost being a sense of cultural understanding and the possibility of shared experiences. Cultural sensitivity and context on the part of the therapist may make it easier to form a therapeutic alliance and to focus on the work of therapy without the need to explain or educate a therapist on cultural matters. It may also be empowering to work with a therapist who shares one’s racial or ethnic background. It is important to note that a therapist who demonstrates cultural sensitivity can be highly effective even if they do not share a client’s background or race.

Can clients benefit from working with a therapist who shares their race or ethnicity?

Yes, having a therapist who shares a client’s race or ethnicity is often valuable, especially if it fosters a strong therapeutic alliance between the two. While training, qualifications, and experience are always important, a strong alliance between client and therapist is a major contributor to therapeutic effectiveness. An alliance is likely to be strengthened with a therapist who has an understanding of a client’s background and perhaps also shared life experiences. It should be noted that many clients form a strong bond with their therapist regardless of their race or ethnicity. This is a personal decision, and it depends on the therapist, the client, and the connection between the two.

How might I inquire about a therapist’s experience working with African American clients?

Clients can ask therapists directly about their experience working with clients of diverse backgrounds, including with African American individuals. You may wish to inquire whether a therapist has undertaken training in cultural competence broadly, and how specifically they would ensure that their approach is sensitive to the needs of African American clients. Therapy involves honesty and trust, so it’s best for clients to share concerns about their therapist’s cultural competence at the outset. And a good clinician who is nonetheless not the right fit for you is often happy to make referrals based on the concerns you articulate.

Why is it important for a therapist to be culturally sensitive?

It’s important for a therapist to be culturally sensitive because everyone comes to therapy with a unique background and set of experiences. Being aware of culture and cultural differences between people is important for understanding clients, as is coming to therapy with an open mind, recognizing that the therapist doesn’t necessarily understand everything and that the client can help guide the way.

Who is included in Psychology Today's directory of Black therapists?

The directory of Black therapists includes therapists who have self-identified their ethnicity in their profiles. Psychology Today uses this information to assist clients in finding a therapist who can provide a cultural match. However, not all therapists choose to disclose their ethnicity in their profile, and they may not appear in search results for this reason. In situations where the number of therapists who have identified as Black is limited, the directory will also show therapists who have undergone specific multicultural training or have extensive experience working with clients from relevant cultural backgrounds.