Therapists in Miami, FL

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Photo of Loreley Caplan, Counselor in Miami, FL
Loreley Caplan
Counselor, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Miami, FL 33126
I am a bilingual psychotherapist, licensed in Florida who specializes in working with young adults (18-30 y/o), helping them to redefine their personal values, priorities, and goals to reach a more fulfilling life. I also work with adult individuals (30-65 y/o) with diverse psychological concerns. While I have experience with multiple therapeutic models, my clinical approach is personalized to suit your specific needs and goals. I deeply value the uniqueness of each individual, acknowledging that we come from diverse backgrounds, beliefs, cultures, and ethnicities.
I am a bilingual psychotherapist, licensed in Florida who specializes in working with young adults (18-30 y/o), helping them to redefine their personal values, priorities, and goals to reach a more fulfilling life. I also work with adult individuals (30-65 y/o) with diverse psychological concerns. While I have experience with multiple therapeutic models, my clinical approach is personalized to suit your specific needs and goals. I deeply value the uniqueness of each individual, acknowledging that we come from diverse backgrounds, beliefs, cultures, and ethnicities.
(786) 977-8563 View (786) 977-8563
Photo of Hazel Garcia, Counselor in Miami, FL
Hazel Garcia
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Miami, FL 33145
Hi there, I'm Hazel Garcia, a Licensed Mental Health Clinician dedicated to supporting your well-being. Whether you prefer in-person sessions or the convenience of Telehealth, I provide services in the Miami area. My specializations encompass Anxiety, Trauma, OCD, eating disorders, Addiction, Anger Management, ADHD, ODD, and LGBTQ issues. Over the past five years, I've been actively involved with the school district, assisting adolescents in navigating the transition from adolescence to adulthood. I focus on helping individuals with career choices, building positive relationships, and fostering healthy family interactions.
Hi there, I'm Hazel Garcia, a Licensed Mental Health Clinician dedicated to supporting your well-being. Whether you prefer in-person sessions or the convenience of Telehealth, I provide services in the Miami area. My specializations encompass Anxiety, Trauma, OCD, eating disorders, Addiction, Anger Management, ADHD, ODD, and LGBTQ issues. Over the past five years, I've been actively involved with the school district, assisting adolescents in navigating the transition from adolescence to adulthood. I focus on helping individuals with career choices, building positive relationships, and fostering healthy family interactions.
(786) 743-8966 View (786) 743-8966
Photo of Janice Griffin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Miami, FL
Janice Griffin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Miami, FL 33131  (Online Only)
Hello! My name is Janice. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Palm Beach County. I was born and raised in a traditional African-American family in Southeast Florida. My parents were hard-working people and promoted values of responsibility, honesty, and the ability to care for others. I enjoy listening to smooth jazz and am an avid reader, mostly of spiritual and life-enhancing material. I have 11 years of experience in the mental/behavioral health field; received both a B.A. in Psychology and Masters of Social Work from Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton. In a prior life, I worked as a Licensed Mortgage Broker.
Hello! My name is Janice. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Palm Beach County. I was born and raised in a traditional African-American family in Southeast Florida. My parents were hard-working people and promoted values of responsibility, honesty, and the ability to care for others. I enjoy listening to smooth jazz and am an avid reader, mostly of spiritual and life-enhancing material. I have 11 years of experience in the mental/behavioral health field; received both a B.A. in Psychology and Masters of Social Work from Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton. In a prior life, I worked as a Licensed Mortgage Broker.
(786) 891-5026 View (786) 891-5026
Photo of DeCarlos Scippio, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Miami, FL
DeCarlos Scippio
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Miami, FL 33142
Hello, my name is DeCarlos Scippio. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Florida with 8 years of professional work experience. I have experience helping clients with trauma, abuse, motivation, self-esteem, confidence, anger, career difficulties, & depression. I work with my clients to create an open and safe environment where thoughts and feelings can be shared without fear of judgment. Taking the first step to sign up for therapy can take courage, and I am proud of you for getting started!
Hello, my name is DeCarlos Scippio. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Florida with 8 years of professional work experience. I have experience helping clients with trauma, abuse, motivation, self-esteem, confidence, anger, career difficulties, & depression. I work with my clients to create an open and safe environment where thoughts and feelings can be shared without fear of judgment. Taking the first step to sign up for therapy can take courage, and I am proud of you for getting started!
(786) 829-5929 View (786) 829-5929
Photo of Dr. Jonathan J Tomlin, Counselor in Miami, FL
Dr. Jonathan J Tomlin
Counselor, EdD, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Miami, FL 33109  (Online Only)
Hello! My name is Dr. Tomlin, and I am a licensed and nationally certified professional counselor and traumatologist. I specialize in various modalities, including strength-based coaching, existentialism, multicultural awareness, and cognitive behavioral therapy. I am passionate about helping others achieve social, emotional, and behavioral improvements and providing them with the fundamental tools to overcome life struggles so they can prosper. Life is full of obstacles and difficult circumstances, which can feel overwhelming and all-consuming.
Hello! My name is Dr. Tomlin, and I am a licensed and nationally certified professional counselor and traumatologist. I specialize in various modalities, including strength-based coaching, existentialism, multicultural awareness, and cognitive behavioral therapy. I am passionate about helping others achieve social, emotional, and behavioral improvements and providing them with the fundamental tools to overcome life struggles so they can prosper. Life is full of obstacles and difficult circumstances, which can feel overwhelming and all-consuming.
(754) 238-0159 View (754) 238-0159
Photo of Tiffany Grey, Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern in Miami, FL
Tiffany Grey
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, LMHCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Miami, FL 33139  (Online Only)
As a trauma therapist, my specialization lies in addressing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), complex childhood trauma (CPTSD), narcissistic abuse, and religious trauma. I am deeply committed to helping my clients understand the profound ways in which trauma impacts their lives, guiding them through the journey of healing and recovery. Utilizing EMDR, I focus on aiding nervous system regulation and healing. Additionally, I offer couples/marriage counseling, grounded in attachment theory, to foster deeper, healthier relationships. My commitment is to guide you towards healing and growth.
As a trauma therapist, my specialization lies in addressing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), complex childhood trauma (CPTSD), narcissistic abuse, and religious trauma. I am deeply committed to helping my clients understand the profound ways in which trauma impacts their lives, guiding them through the journey of healing and recovery. Utilizing EMDR, I focus on aiding nervous system regulation and healing. Additionally, I offer couples/marriage counseling, grounded in attachment theory, to foster deeper, healthier relationships. My commitment is to guide you towards healing and growth.
(754) 254-2637 View (754) 254-2637
Photo of Claudia Fraga, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Miami, FL
Claudia Fraga
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Miami, FL 33131  (Online Only)
Welcome! You have taken the first step to challenge your current way of thinking/behaving. In therapy, together we will arrive at a plan to establish goal-focused therapy. I have seen the most progress with clients who integrate their value system with their daily choices/daily living. It can take time to challenge current ways of thinking or destructive ways of behaving. However, one goal is to help you, independently achieve the ability to cope with life's stressors. I encourage you to ask questions and to provide feedback so the counseling experience is beneficial for your needs. I also offer Christian counseling.
Welcome! You have taken the first step to challenge your current way of thinking/behaving. In therapy, together we will arrive at a plan to establish goal-focused therapy. I have seen the most progress with clients who integrate their value system with their daily choices/daily living. It can take time to challenge current ways of thinking or destructive ways of behaving. However, one goal is to help you, independently achieve the ability to cope with life's stressors. I encourage you to ask questions and to provide feedback so the counseling experience is beneficial for your needs. I also offer Christian counseling.
(786) 410-6520 View (786) 410-6520
Photo of Carolina A Correa, Psychologist in Miami, FL
Carolina A Correa
Psychologist, PsyD, LSP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Miami, FL 33176
Dr. Carolina Correa is a Bilingual (Spanish-English) Licensed School Psychologist who specializes in providing assessment and treatment to children, adolescents, young adults, and families. She has worked with clients who present with a wide range of diagnoses and life stressors, including attention and concentration issues, academic/learning difficulties, behavioral problems, anxiety, self-esteem issues, and challenging life transitions. Dr. Correa’s clinical expertise lies in conducting psycho-educational evaluations for the assessment of giftedness, learning disorders, ADHD, and social-emotional functioning.
Dr. Carolina Correa is a Bilingual (Spanish-English) Licensed School Psychologist who specializes in providing assessment and treatment to children, adolescents, young adults, and families. She has worked with clients who present with a wide range of diagnoses and life stressors, including attention and concentration issues, academic/learning difficulties, behavioral problems, anxiety, self-esteem issues, and challenging life transitions. Dr. Correa’s clinical expertise lies in conducting psycho-educational evaluations for the assessment of giftedness, learning disorders, ADHD, and social-emotional functioning.
(305) 942-2519 View (305) 942-2519
Photo of Deborah Scott, Marriage & Family Therapist in Miami, FL
Deborah Scott
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
Miami, FL 33131  (Online Only)
Hello, I’m Deborah Scott, a national certified counselor with dual licensure as a mental health counselor and marriage and family therapist. I also hold certification with international reciprocity as a master’s level addictions therapist. I have a master's in science in counseling psychology. With 20+ years experience in providing supportive therapy, I ensure each client receives individualized and ethical service. My training, education and experience includes individual and couples' work addressing communication, stress, depression, anxiety, PTSD, healthy relationships, recovery, career counseling and life transitions.
Hello, I’m Deborah Scott, a national certified counselor with dual licensure as a mental health counselor and marriage and family therapist. I also hold certification with international reciprocity as a master’s level addictions therapist. I have a master's in science in counseling psychology. With 20+ years experience in providing supportive therapy, I ensure each client receives individualized and ethical service. My training, education and experience includes individual and couples' work addressing communication, stress, depression, anxiety, PTSD, healthy relationships, recovery, career counseling and life transitions.
(786) 613-4736 View (786) 613-4736
Photo of Nadia Elissa Fiorita, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Miami, FL
Nadia Elissa Fiorita
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CMWC
Verified Verified
Miami, FL 33158  (Online Only)
Does your high functioning anxiety make you worry all the time and make it hard to say no to others? On the outside, maybe you appear to have it all together, you're successful, ambitious and a problem solver. But on the inside, it's a very different story because you struggle with overthinking, self doubt and a mind that can't stop overanalyzing!
Does your high functioning anxiety make you worry all the time and make it hard to say no to others? On the outside, maybe you appear to have it all together, you're successful, ambitious and a problem solver. But on the inside, it's a very different story because you struggle with overthinking, self doubt and a mind that can't stop overanalyzing!
(786) 705-4510 View (786) 705-4510
Photo of Andrea Puech, Counselor in Miami, FL
Andrea Puech
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
Miami, FL 33155
People seek my professional help for a variety of reasons. Sometimes, something in their lives is just not right. They may wish to make specific changes or to understand themselves better. They may struggle with their relationships, have difficulties in their jobs or studies, and/or old traumas continue to negatively affect their present. Also, sometimes they just don’t know what to do with their inner voice that is too critical and sabotages their lives. Therapy or counseling is not always about making big changes or exploring past issues. It can be used to simply have a place to check-in and stay attuned with themselves.
People seek my professional help for a variety of reasons. Sometimes, something in their lives is just not right. They may wish to make specific changes or to understand themselves better. They may struggle with their relationships, have difficulties in their jobs or studies, and/or old traumas continue to negatively affect their present. Also, sometimes they just don’t know what to do with their inner voice that is too critical and sabotages their lives. Therapy or counseling is not always about making big changes or exploring past issues. It can be used to simply have a place to check-in and stay attuned with themselves.
(786) 509-4098 View (786) 509-4098
Photo of Stephanie Munro, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Miami, FL
Stephanie Munro
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Miami, FL 33130  (Online Only)
Hello. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Florida, I approach my practice with unconditional positive regard and mutual collaboration with those I serve. My clients are the experts on their lives and experiences, and it is my role to offer tools, active listening, and an individualized framework geared towards achieving their unique goals. My primary focus lies with emerging and young adults; supporting them in their journey as they navigate their experiences and the ever flowing changes and transitions; including stress, trauma, grief, anxiety, and more.
Hello. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Florida, I approach my practice with unconditional positive regard and mutual collaboration with those I serve. My clients are the experts on their lives and experiences, and it is my role to offer tools, active listening, and an individualized framework geared towards achieving their unique goals. My primary focus lies with emerging and young adults; supporting them in their journey as they navigate their experiences and the ever flowing changes and transitions; including stress, trauma, grief, anxiety, and more.
(786) 933-9705 View (786) 933-9705
Photo of Marie Dillinger, Counselor in Miami, FL
Marie Dillinger
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Miami, FL 33130  (Online Only)
Welcome! I am Marie Dillinger, a licensed therapist who has been working with individuals, couples and families pursuing counseling for over 15 years. My experience has centered around mood disorders, adjustment issues, complicated grief and trauma. I work exclusively with adults ages 18 and over.
Welcome! I am Marie Dillinger, a licensed therapist who has been working with individuals, couples and families pursuing counseling for over 15 years. My experience has centered around mood disorders, adjustment issues, complicated grief and trauma. I work exclusively with adults ages 18 and over.
(305) 780-6481 View (305) 780-6481
Photo of Ashley Jiron, Pre-Licensed Professional in Miami, FL
Ashley Jiron
Pre-Licensed Professional, RMHI
Verified Verified
Miami, FL 33155
My name is Ashley Maria Jiron and I am a Registered Mental Health Intern (RMHI). I graduated from The University of North Carolina with a bachelor’s degree in Psychology and Neuroscience and earned my Master’s degree in Psychology with a major in professional counseling from Florida International University.
My name is Ashley Maria Jiron and I am a Registered Mental Health Intern (RMHI). I graduated from The University of North Carolina with a bachelor’s degree in Psychology and Neuroscience and earned my Master’s degree in Psychology with a major in professional counseling from Florida International University.
(786) 833-7509 View (786) 833-7509
Photo of M Camila Rodriguez, Marriage & Family Therapist in Miami, FL
M Camila Rodriguez
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
Miami, FL 33133  (Online Only)
Our journey together begins by establishing a secure relationship based on respect, empathy, understanding and active listening. With a trauma informed and culturally sensitive approach, within the first four sessions we establish therapeutic goals based on your needs and preferences. The rest will unfold naturally.
Our journey together begins by establishing a secure relationship based on respect, empathy, understanding and active listening. With a trauma informed and culturally sensitive approach, within the first four sessions we establish therapeutic goals based on your needs and preferences. The rest will unfold naturally.
(786) 671-8602 View (786) 671-8602
Photo of Sean Phelan, Counselor in Miami, FL
Sean Phelan
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Miami, FL 33176
Sean Phelan is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in Florida who has been practicing since 2018. He has a B.S. in Criminal Justice and a B.A. in Psychology from Florida International University and an M.S. in Mental Health Counseling from Carlos Albizu University. Sean believes in a treatment philosophy that includes a primary focus in CBT and Motivational Interviewing with a specialty focus in Trauma Focused-CBT with Children and Adolescents. In his spare time, Sean enjoys traveling, basketball, and reading.
Sean Phelan is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in Florida who has been practicing since 2018. He has a B.S. in Criminal Justice and a B.A. in Psychology from Florida International University and an M.S. in Mental Health Counseling from Carlos Albizu University. Sean believes in a treatment philosophy that includes a primary focus in CBT and Motivational Interviewing with a specialty focus in Trauma Focused-CBT with Children and Adolescents. In his spare time, Sean enjoys traveling, basketball, and reading.
(786) 789-3627 View (786) 789-3627
Photo of Insight Neurocognitive and Behavioral Center, Psychologist in Miami, FL
Insight Neurocognitive and Behavioral Center
Psychologist, PsyD, LMHC, LMFT
Verified Verified
Miami, FL 33130
Welcome to Insight Neurocognitive and Behavioral Center! At Insight Neurocognitive and Behavioral Center, our Clinical Neuropsychologists and Therapists are highly specialized in the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral assessment and treatment of children and adults, and are able to provide testing and therapy services in English and Spanish.
Welcome to Insight Neurocognitive and Behavioral Center! At Insight Neurocognitive and Behavioral Center, our Clinical Neuropsychologists and Therapists are highly specialized in the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral assessment and treatment of children and adults, and are able to provide testing and therapy services in English and Spanish.
(786) 772-6795 View (786) 772-6795
Photo of Rico Counseling Corp, Counselor in Miami, FL
Rico Counseling Corp
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
Miami, FL 33176
Everyone, at some point of their life may need the help of a professional in order to come out of a crisis. Our therapists have experience treating people suffering from a wide range of problems including family problems, relationship issues, parenting problems, depression, anxiety, and sexual disorders. Sometimes you may feel there is something missing in your life. We are here to help.
Everyone, at some point of their life may need the help of a professional in order to come out of a crisis. Our therapists have experience treating people suffering from a wide range of problems including family problems, relationship issues, parenting problems, depression, anxiety, and sexual disorders. Sometimes you may feel there is something missing in your life. We are here to help.
(786) 628-9417 View (786) 628-9417
Photo of Christopher Santini, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Miami, FL
Christopher Santini
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Miami, FL 33131  (Online Only)
I feel that building a positive rapport and non judgmental therapeutic alliance with my clients the key to processing important underlying emotional challenges and conflicts in order to effect meaningful change. I use a cognitive based-person centered and task oriented approach with my clients. My specialties include: anxiety, depression, self-esteem, bereavement, couples counseling and marital/family conflict, as well as unique training and insight into issues affecting the LGBTQ+ community.
I feel that building a positive rapport and non judgmental therapeutic alliance with my clients the key to processing important underlying emotional challenges and conflicts in order to effect meaningful change. I use a cognitive based-person centered and task oriented approach with my clients. My specialties include: anxiety, depression, self-esteem, bereavement, couples counseling and marital/family conflict, as well as unique training and insight into issues affecting the LGBTQ+ community.
(786) 823-3594 View (786) 823-3594
Photo of Jon Dodds Therapy For Men, Counselor in Miami, FL
Jon Dodds Therapy For Men
Counselor, PhD, LCPC, LMHC
Verified Verified
Miami, FL 33137  (Online Only)
Not happy about something? Haven't been able to fix it? Let's talk! I help individuals have the freedom to get unstuck with something that has been bothering them. Here are benefits my clients experience: simple to use techniques that cause life change and bring results sooner and more easily, shifts in thinking that are understandable and bring rapid results, sessions are light and enjoyable with some humor sprinkled in, and you will feel better rather quickly once our conversation is underway. Send me a message or use the self scheduler on my website at www.counselingjondodds.com.
Not happy about something? Haven't been able to fix it? Let's talk! I help individuals have the freedom to get unstuck with something that has been bothering them. Here are benefits my clients experience: simple to use techniques that cause life change and bring results sooner and more easily, shifts in thinking that are understandable and bring rapid results, sessions are light and enjoyable with some humor sprinkled in, and you will feel better rather quickly once our conversation is underway. Send me a message or use the self scheduler on my website at www.counselingjondodds.com.
(754) 225-6354 View (754) 225-6354

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Miami, FL

3,000+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Miami, FL who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
85% Depression
76% Self Esteem
70% Coping Skills
63% Relationship Issues
62% Trauma and PTSD
60% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% Aetna
85% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
81% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Miami, FL see their clients

56% Online Only
44% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Miami?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.