Therapists in Bakersfield, CA

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Photo of Christine Moore, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Christine Moore
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93308  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
My goal is to create a safe, non-judgmental, open space for clients to explore barriers to current fulfillment in their lives and uncover and heal any past wounds. It is important for me to create a therapeutic environment that allows the client to openly explore and go where they want within the session and meet the client wherever they are at in their life while also holding the therapeutic structure for them.
My goal is to create a safe, non-judgmental, open space for clients to explore barriers to current fulfillment in their lives and uncover and heal any past wounds. It is important for me to create a therapeutic environment that allows the client to openly explore and go where they want within the session and meet the client wherever they are at in their life while also holding the therapeutic structure for them.
(661) 732-1948 View (661) 732-1948
Photo of Meghan Murphy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Meghan Murphy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93311
Facing difficult emotional and interpersonal challenges in our lives can be terrifying but can also be a time for growth and healing. Talking with someone who listens without judgment, understands your concerns, and helps you clarify issues can be invaluable. I am a culturally competent therapist with experience working with various populations including, the LGBTQ community, patients struggling with chronic/serious/life threatening illness (Palliative Care) adolescents, adults, couples, veterans, anxiety and depression.
Facing difficult emotional and interpersonal challenges in our lives can be terrifying but can also be a time for growth and healing. Talking with someone who listens without judgment, understands your concerns, and helps you clarify issues can be invaluable. I am a culturally competent therapist with experience working with various populations including, the LGBTQ community, patients struggling with chronic/serious/life threatening illness (Palliative Care) adolescents, adults, couples, veterans, anxiety and depression.
(661) 491-5209 View (661) 491-5209
Photo of Karen Chaney, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Karen Chaney
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93309
I work mainly with adults who are experiencing grief and loss, trauma from betrayal, and recurring issues from childhood trauma. Are you currently struggling in your life? Are there repeating patterns in your life that you just cannot seem to shake off regardless of how fast you attempt to run away from them? Do you find that when you engage in new relationships they always end up the same? Many times, we will try to change a relationship dynamic, or shift a situation in our lives, hoping for better results, but we seem to end up in the same place where we started, with essentially the same people with different faces.
I work mainly with adults who are experiencing grief and loss, trauma from betrayal, and recurring issues from childhood trauma. Are you currently struggling in your life? Are there repeating patterns in your life that you just cannot seem to shake off regardless of how fast you attempt to run away from them? Do you find that when you engage in new relationships they always end up the same? Many times, we will try to change a relationship dynamic, or shift a situation in our lives, hoping for better results, but we seem to end up in the same place where we started, with essentially the same people with different faces.
(661) 641-4916 View (661) 641-4916
Photo of Marcela Lopez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Marcela Lopez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bakersfield, CA 93309
Hello there! I’m a licensed clinical social worker in California, and a certified anger management counselor, CAMS-ll, under the National Anger Management Association. I have vast experience working with children, teenagers, and adults within an outpatient and inpatient hospital setting. My best interest for clients is to help them achieve personal self-development and awareness, cope with life transitions, emotions, stressors, and develop healthier relationships. I believe we are capable of self-resiliency and I aim to be a guide for you to achieve it.
Hello there! I’m a licensed clinical social worker in California, and a certified anger management counselor, CAMS-ll, under the National Anger Management Association. I have vast experience working with children, teenagers, and adults within an outpatient and inpatient hospital setting. My best interest for clients is to help them achieve personal self-development and awareness, cope with life transitions, emotions, stressors, and develop healthier relationships. I believe we are capable of self-resiliency and I aim to be a guide for you to achieve it.
(661) 215-6540 View (661) 215-6540
Photo of Lauren Rutledge, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Lauren Rutledge
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93306
My name is Lauren, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in Calistoga, California where I work with clients statewide via telehealth. I work with adolescents, young adults, and adults. I specialize in anxiety, grief, life transitions, trauma, PTSD, and addiction. Depending on the needs of each client, I like to explore cognitive, affective, and somatic approaches to support them in experiencing well-being.
My name is Lauren, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in Calistoga, California where I work with clients statewide via telehealth. I work with adolescents, young adults, and adults. I specialize in anxiety, grief, life transitions, trauma, PTSD, and addiction. Depending on the needs of each client, I like to explore cognitive, affective, and somatic approaches to support them in experiencing well-being.
(661) 485-4657 View (661) 485-4657
Photo of Solutions Family Counseling Center, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Solutions Family Counseling Center
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93309  (Online Only)
Greetings, my name is Mark and I've been working professionally with families and youth in the foster care system for over 14 years in several positions such as; a facility social worker, substance abuse counselor and as an intern therapist. Currently as a licensed clinician I hope to share joy and compassion for those that I work with, by using a person-centered approach as a basis for everything that I do. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist LMFT135452 practicing here in the state of California. I work with individuals, couples, adults and teens.
Greetings, my name is Mark and I've been working professionally with families and youth in the foster care system for over 14 years in several positions such as; a facility social worker, substance abuse counselor and as an intern therapist. Currently as a licensed clinician I hope to share joy and compassion for those that I work with, by using a person-centered approach as a basis for everything that I do. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist LMFT135452 practicing here in the state of California. I work with individuals, couples, adults and teens.
(661) 762-5833 View (661) 762-5833
Photo of Hector Barajas, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Hector Barajas
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93307
My name is Hector Barajas, and I am a bilingual (Spanish) Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist who is passionate about helping children, adolescents and families meet their full potential. I work with children and teens who are struggling with emotional dysregulation, defiance, anger, depression and social-emotional challenges. My expertise lies in working with children, and teen/adolescents who suffer from depression, anxiety, anger and defiance. I specialize in treating adolescents and juveniles in a group setting.
My name is Hector Barajas, and I am a bilingual (Spanish) Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist who is passionate about helping children, adolescents and families meet their full potential. I work with children and teens who are struggling with emotional dysregulation, defiance, anger, depression and social-emotional challenges. My expertise lies in working with children, and teen/adolescents who suffer from depression, anxiety, anger and defiance. I specialize in treating adolescents and juveniles in a group setting.
(661) 690-2208 View (661) 690-2208
Photo of Tessa Palmer Williams, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Tessa Palmer Williams
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93389
Life has its ups and downs. Sometimes we have a hard time figuring out which direction to go or which door to open. I certainly do not have all the answers, but I would like to help you find your own solutions. I would like to help you turn your struggles into positive lessons and to look at the world with a better view. I will provide an honest and open atmosphere for you to express your feelings and emotions.
Life has its ups and downs. Sometimes we have a hard time figuring out which direction to go or which door to open. I certainly do not have all the answers, but I would like to help you find your own solutions. I would like to help you turn your struggles into positive lessons and to look at the world with a better view. I will provide an honest and open atmosphere for you to express your feelings and emotions.
(661) 491-7385 View (661) 491-7385
Photo of Monica M Morovich Certified Emdr Therapist, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Monica M Morovich Certified Emdr Therapist
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, PPSC, EMDR
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Bakersfield, CA 93301
Waitlist for new clients
I believe building a genuine connection between the therapist and client is a very important first step. Within this relationship I offer a safe, non-judgmental, compassionate environment. My goal is to meet you where you are; whether you are struggling with trauma, relationship issues, depression, anxiety, or stress, counseling can be a life-enriching experience. I will be walking with you on your journey to facing life's challenges.
I believe building a genuine connection between the therapist and client is a very important first step. Within this relationship I offer a safe, non-judgmental, compassionate environment. My goal is to meet you where you are; whether you are struggling with trauma, relationship issues, depression, anxiety, or stress, counseling can be a life-enriching experience. I will be walking with you on your journey to facing life's challenges.
(661) 768-1130 View (661) 768-1130
Photo of Jonathan Fonseca, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Jonathan Fonseca
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93312
Hello, I am Jonathan Fonseca, LCSW CA. License number 115200. As your licensed therapist, I am here to support you on your journey of self-discovery, healing, and personal transformation. Together, we will explore your thoughts, emotions, and experiences, and work towards fostering resilience, finding clarity, and cultivating a sense of inner peace. Thank you for choosing me as your therapist.
Hello, I am Jonathan Fonseca, LCSW CA. License number 115200. As your licensed therapist, I am here to support you on your journey of self-discovery, healing, and personal transformation. Together, we will explore your thoughts, emotions, and experiences, and work towards fostering resilience, finding clarity, and cultivating a sense of inner peace. Thank you for choosing me as your therapist.
(661) 927-0623 View (661) 927-0623
Photo of Lowell Lueck, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Lowell Lueck
Marriage & Family Therapist, ThD, LMFT, BCPCC, PPSC
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93309
I have been counseling for 36+ years. I am a published author of the book Maturation Through Marriage and The Enticement of Divorce and am available for seminars in churches and group organizations. I have 34 years teaching experience with at risk high school students. Extensive internship training with alcohol and substance dependent patients equips me to work with clientele with these issues. I am an ordained minister with 3 years of full time Christian service which equips me for pastoral counseling. Having personally experienced the pain of divorce, I can empathize with spouses who are experiencing marital discord.
I have been counseling for 36+ years. I am a published author of the book Maturation Through Marriage and The Enticement of Divorce and am available for seminars in churches and group organizations. I have 34 years teaching experience with at risk high school students. Extensive internship training with alcohol and substance dependent patients equips me to work with clientele with these issues. I am an ordained minister with 3 years of full time Christian service which equips me for pastoral counseling. Having personally experienced the pain of divorce, I can empathize with spouses who are experiencing marital discord.
(661) 903-8972 View (661) 903-8972
Photo of Hope Empowers Counseling Services , Marriage & Family Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Hope Empowers Counseling Services
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA , LMFT
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93389
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist practicing in Kern County. I have treated both adults, adolescents, and couples who have struggled with depression, anxiety, PTSD, grief, bipolar, ODD, and relational stressors. I also enjoy working with transitional youth between the ages of 16-21yrs old assisting with goal setting and developing meaningful living. I further have experience working with clients on spiritual and faith matters.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist practicing in Kern County. I have treated both adults, adolescents, and couples who have struggled with depression, anxiety, PTSD, grief, bipolar, ODD, and relational stressors. I also enjoy working with transitional youth between the ages of 16-21yrs old assisting with goal setting and developing meaningful living. I further have experience working with clients on spiritual and faith matters.
(661) 475-8072 View (661) 475-8072
Photo of Angeli Fernandez, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Angeli Fernandez
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93309  (Online Only)
It takes a lot of courage to ask for help, and it is an honor to be trusted with your healing journey. I provide a compassionate and supportive therapeutic environment for my clients. Together, we will work on identifying what is no longer serving you, develop goals and a plan that work for you to make changes to reduce, and even eliminate, these feelings and behaviors causing pain and distress in your life today. My style is warm, open, engaging, occasionally humorous, and at all times respectful. My approach to counseling is caring, supportive, and genuine.
It takes a lot of courage to ask for help, and it is an honor to be trusted with your healing journey. I provide a compassionate and supportive therapeutic environment for my clients. Together, we will work on identifying what is no longer serving you, develop goals and a plan that work for you to make changes to reduce, and even eliminate, these feelings and behaviors causing pain and distress in your life today. My style is warm, open, engaging, occasionally humorous, and at all times respectful. My approach to counseling is caring, supportive, and genuine.
(661) 215-8242 View (661) 215-8242
Photo of Ramon Audelo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Ramon Audelo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bakersfield, CA 93309
As a practicing Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I believe that people can make small changes in their lives that can have a profound impact in their quality of life. Life happens and prioritizing our mental health can be a challenge. That is why I am here to help you start that journey. I work alongside pre-teens, adolescents, and adults in addressing mental health challenges, such as trauma, anxiety, grief, and compassion fatigue for service providers. Together we can discuss challenges and strengths aimed to address your mental health wellbeing.
As a practicing Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I believe that people can make small changes in their lives that can have a profound impact in their quality of life. Life happens and prioritizing our mental health can be a challenge. That is why I am here to help you start that journey. I work alongside pre-teens, adolescents, and adults in addressing mental health challenges, such as trauma, anxiety, grief, and compassion fatigue for service providers. Together we can discuss challenges and strengths aimed to address your mental health wellbeing.
(661) 218-2076 View (661) 218-2076
Photo of Sandy Lim, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Sandy Lim
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bakersfield, CA 93306
Hi, my name is Sandy Lim. My pronouns are she/her/hers and I am Korean and Filipino American born and raised in the Bay Area, California. I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 10 years of experience in the mental health field. I look forward to building connections and cultivating a safe space with folks in their journey of self exploration and healing. I have specific experience working with people of color, young adults and teenagers dealing with life transitions, poverty and homelessness, anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship and self-esteem issues. I have also worked with adults who are formerly incarcerated.
Hi, my name is Sandy Lim. My pronouns are she/her/hers and I am Korean and Filipino American born and raised in the Bay Area, California. I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 10 years of experience in the mental health field. I look forward to building connections and cultivating a safe space with folks in their journey of self exploration and healing. I have specific experience working with people of color, young adults and teenagers dealing with life transitions, poverty and homelessness, anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship and self-esteem issues. I have also worked with adults who are formerly incarcerated.
(661) 438-0384 View (661) 438-0384
Photo of Samantha Hill, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Samantha Hill
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PsyD, LCSW, CCTP-II
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Bakersfield, CA 93309  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Let’s get through this time and start your journey to a better version of you! My specialty is helping people deal with anxiety, stress, unhealthy/excessive behaviors or a traumatic event. You may have tried therapy many times in the past without the results you want. I'll help you learn ways to cope with anxiety, depression, relationship problems, low confidence, isolation, and uncertainty. We'll figure out what matters most to you, set goals, and set a path to action so you'll see results!
Let’s get through this time and start your journey to a better version of you! My specialty is helping people deal with anxiety, stress, unhealthy/excessive behaviors or a traumatic event. You may have tried therapy many times in the past without the results you want. I'll help you learn ways to cope with anxiety, depression, relationship problems, low confidence, isolation, and uncertainty. We'll figure out what matters most to you, set goals, and set a path to action so you'll see results!
(661) 368-5065 View (661) 368-5065
Photo of Yesica Pantoja, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Yesica Pantoja
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93301  (Online Only)
As an LMFT, my therapeutic approach is one that can help you understand how individual problems can, at times, be connected to past and current social experiences. I have found success working with individuals interested in diving deeper into their thought patterns and exploring how their early life experiences play a role in the development of their current self. We would work well together if you are interested in addressing relationship difficulties, trauma, generational and cultural pressures, anxiety, and depression.
As an LMFT, my therapeutic approach is one that can help you understand how individual problems can, at times, be connected to past and current social experiences. I have found success working with individuals interested in diving deeper into their thought patterns and exploring how their early life experiences play a role in the development of their current self. We would work well together if you are interested in addressing relationship difficulties, trauma, generational and cultural pressures, anxiety, and depression.
(661) 370-2780 View (661) 370-2780
Photo of Michelle Watson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Michelle Watson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93308
My name is Michelle Watson, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state of California. I specialize in the treatment of addiction and help people recover from depression, anxiety, co-dependency, trauma, and dysfunctional behavior that results from trauma. I especially enjoy working with Adult Children of Alcoholics (ACA) and dysfunctional families. I take a strength-based and client-centered approach to therapy with a focus on skill-building. I'm trained in motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based stress reduction, and cognitive processing therapy.
My name is Michelle Watson, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state of California. I specialize in the treatment of addiction and help people recover from depression, anxiety, co-dependency, trauma, and dysfunctional behavior that results from trauma. I especially enjoy working with Adult Children of Alcoholics (ACA) and dysfunctional families. I take a strength-based and client-centered approach to therapy with a focus on skill-building. I'm trained in motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based stress reduction, and cognitive processing therapy.
(661) 410-7476 View (661) 410-7476
Photo of Alexander A Lopez, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Alexander A Lopez
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFTI
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93301
Waitlist for new clients
I have experience working with individuals providing treatment for mood disorders, irrational core beliefs, and behavioral difficulties. I have also worked with couples on issues related to relational repair, attachment enhancement, and conflict resolution. My work in family systems focus on increasing attachment bonds within the family system, help with re-orienting established norms, and conflict resolution.
I have experience working with individuals providing treatment for mood disorders, irrational core beliefs, and behavioral difficulties. I have also worked with couples on issues related to relational repair, attachment enhancement, and conflict resolution. My work in family systems focus on increasing attachment bonds within the family system, help with re-orienting established norms, and conflict resolution.
(661) 437-3738 View (661) 437-3738
Photo of Jessica Lynn Burzlaff, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bakersfield, CA
Jessica Lynn Burzlaff
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93309
Not accepting new clients
Please note I am not currently accepting any new clients in my practice. If you are currently looking for a therapist, please reach out to Aji Issac, AMFT at 661-241-8768, Melissa Navarro, AMFT at 661-368-5807, or Jennifer Hopes, LMFT at 661-477-2196.
Please note I am not currently accepting any new clients in my practice. If you are currently looking for a therapist, please reach out to Aji Issac, AMFT at 661-241-8768, Melissa Navarro, AMFT at 661-368-5807, or Jennifer Hopes, LMFT at 661-477-2196.
(661) 228-3398 View (661) 228-3398

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Bakersfield, CA

500+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Bakersfield, CA who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
88% Depression
77% Coping Skills
72% Self Esteem
68% Stress
67% Relationship Issues
60% Grief

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

86% Aetna
83% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
82% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Bakersfield, CA see their clients

84% In Person and Online
16% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Bakersfield?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.