Therapists in Wakefield, MA

Photo of Becky Azia-Donahue, Counselor in Wakefield, MA
Becky Azia-Donahue
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Wakefield, MA 01880
Not accepting new clients
I am a licensed mental health counselor whose work focuses on Existential Philosophy. I strongly believe that it is each person's responsibility to find meaning and joy in their own lives. I believe that individuals begin to utilize their own strengths and coping skills to lead a more satisfying life. Through our past events and hope for the future, people can focus on their present and begin to better appreciate daily experiences. My philosophy about counseling has helped people dealing with depression, anxiety, and people struggling with substance abuse.
I am a licensed mental health counselor whose work focuses on Existential Philosophy. I strongly believe that it is each person's responsibility to find meaning and joy in their own lives. I believe that individuals begin to utilize their own strengths and coping skills to lead a more satisfying life. Through our past events and hope for the future, people can focus on their present and begin to better appreciate daily experiences. My philosophy about counseling has helped people dealing with depression, anxiety, and people struggling with substance abuse.
(857) 277-7471 View (857) 277-7471
Photo of Counseling Services of Greater Boston, Counselor in Wakefield, MA
Counseling Services of Greater Boston
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Wakefield, MA 01880
Waitlist for new clients
Thank you for visiting our profile. Taking the first step can sometimes be a little overwhelming. Our large group practice consists of dedicated therapists with different specialities and approaches that we can match to best fit your needs. If you, or a loved one is struggling, or if you need some support and guidance, please contact us to learn more about our services and therapists.
Thank you for visiting our profile. Taking the first step can sometimes be a little overwhelming. Our large group practice consists of dedicated therapists with different specialities and approaches that we can match to best fit your needs. If you, or a loved one is struggling, or if you need some support and guidance, please contact us to learn more about our services and therapists.
(339) 217-9138 x100 View (339) 217-9138 x100
Photo of Jim Morin, Counselor in Wakefield, MA
Jim Morin
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Wakefield, MA 01880
I enjoy working with all ages, and bring a calming presence to the issues brought by children and their parents, as well as to the problems and concerns of adults. I specialize in working with people in their relationships. I an eager to work with couples, and also work with individuals on relationship issues. With adults, particularly men, I facilitate addressing the many barriers that undermine healthy relationships such as unmanaged anger, domestic violence and controlling behavior, substance abuse, and codependency. I encourage and help all my clients to utilize effective stress management strategies, including mindfulness meditation.
I enjoy working with all ages, and bring a calming presence to the issues brought by children and their parents, as well as to the problems and concerns of adults. I specialize in working with people in their relationships. I an eager to work with couples, and also work with individuals on relationship issues. With adults, particularly men, I facilitate addressing the many barriers that undermine healthy relationships such as unmanaged anger, domestic violence and controlling behavior, substance abuse, and codependency. I encourage and help all my clients to utilize effective stress management strategies, including mindfulness meditation.
(339) 337-1413 View (339) 337-1413
Photo of Marcello Cugno (Mind Matters Counseling LLC), Counselor in Wakefield, MA
Marcello Cugno (Mind Matters Counseling LLC)
Counselor, LMHC, Owner
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Wakefield, MA 01880  (Online Only)
We have multiple therapists available to provide the support you need- Are you feeling stuck, burnt out or struggling to get through each day? Is your anxiety or depression making you feel hopeless? Thoughts of making changes are leaving you feeling overwhelmed or frustrated. You don't know who you can trust to express how you honestly feel so that you can move forward. Mind Matters Counseling can help you explore your thoughts, feelings, and relationships.
We have multiple therapists available to provide the support you need- Are you feeling stuck, burnt out or struggling to get through each day? Is your anxiety or depression making you feel hopeless? Thoughts of making changes are leaving you feeling overwhelmed or frustrated. You don't know who you can trust to express how you honestly feel so that you can move forward. Mind Matters Counseling can help you explore your thoughts, feelings, and relationships.
(781) 268-8489 View (781) 268-8489
Photo of Nicholas Baldo, Counselor in Wakefield, MA
Nicholas Baldo
Counselor, BCC
Verified Verified
Wakefield, MA 01880
In order to maintain your safety, we are currently providing counseling services via telephone and face to face video sessions. If we are unable to answer your phone inquiry, please email and we will get back to you within 48 hours. I help my clients challenge the inhibiting beliefs that fuel self-defeating feelings and behaviors. My focus is on guiding people to develop greater emotional intelligence. My approach is humanistic and emphasizes the good in all of us. My goal is to impart powerful decision making and communication tools that you'll find yourself using constantly in all areas of your life.
In order to maintain your safety, we are currently providing counseling services via telephone and face to face video sessions. If we are unable to answer your phone inquiry, please email and we will get back to you within 48 hours. I help my clients challenge the inhibiting beliefs that fuel self-defeating feelings and behaviors. My focus is on guiding people to develop greater emotional intelligence. My approach is humanistic and emphasizes the good in all of us. My goal is to impart powerful decision making and communication tools that you'll find yourself using constantly in all areas of your life.
(781) 451-3073 View (781) 451-3073
Photo of Maureen Kenny-Woodworth, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wakefield, MA
Maureen Kenny-Woodworth
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Wakefield, MA 01880
Unfortunately, I am unable to accept new patients at this time. Welcome, my name is Maureen Kenny-Woodworth and I have been practicing psychotherapy for 25 years. It is my goal to assist you in reaching your goals! Congratulations on taking the first step, I know it can be intimidating to talk to someone about your concerns. It would be my pleasure to work with you in creating a comfortable safe place to reflect inward.
Unfortunately, I am unable to accept new patients at this time. Welcome, my name is Maureen Kenny-Woodworth and I have been practicing psychotherapy for 25 years. It is my goal to assist you in reaching your goals! Congratulations on taking the first step, I know it can be intimidating to talk to someone about your concerns. It would be my pleasure to work with you in creating a comfortable safe place to reflect inward.
(781) 361-9138 View (781) 361-9138
Photo of Amanda Donahoe, Counselor in Wakefield, MA
Amanda Donahoe
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Wakefield, MA 01880  (Online Only)
Hello! I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in MA and I am currently accepting new clients. My approach to therapy resembles teamwork, as we will be working together in a direct and collaborative way. I specialize in helping those struggling with anxiety, depression, stress, and sports performance related concerns. As a former D1 athlete and current coach, I understand the demands and hardships that come with being an athlete. By focusing our your strengths, your self talk, and your thought processes, we can work together to overcome any adversity that you are currently facing.
Hello! I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in MA and I am currently accepting new clients. My approach to therapy resembles teamwork, as we will be working together in a direct and collaborative way. I specialize in helping those struggling with anxiety, depression, stress, and sports performance related concerns. As a former D1 athlete and current coach, I understand the demands and hardships that come with being an athlete. By focusing our your strengths, your self talk, and your thought processes, we can work together to overcome any adversity that you are currently facing.
(339) 233-4394 View (339) 233-4394
Photo of Heather Gray, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wakefield, MA
Heather Gray
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Wakefield, MA 01880  (Online Only)
As the daughter of a narcissistic or emotionally limited mother, you know what it’s like to be your mother’s saving grace at 9 am and the reason for everything wrong in her life by noon. Your mom very likely made you responsible for her feelings while completely invalidating your own. You were “being difficult” and “too sensitive” when upset. Your slightest mistakes were made out to be your biggest transgressions. Now, without a roadmap, intimacy and relationships are a challenge for you. Intellectually, you know how you got here but making sense of your own mess is painful and confusing.
As the daughter of a narcissistic or emotionally limited mother, you know what it’s like to be your mother’s saving grace at 9 am and the reason for everything wrong in her life by noon. Your mom very likely made you responsible for her feelings while completely invalidating your own. You were “being difficult” and “too sensitive” when upset. Your slightest mistakes were made out to be your biggest transgressions. Now, without a roadmap, intimacy and relationships are a challenge for you. Intellectually, you know how you got here but making sense of your own mess is painful and confusing.
View
Photo of Regina M Paolini, Counselor in Wakefield, MA
Regina M Paolini
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Wakefield, MA 01880
Most people seek therapy when they are struggling with an issue that they are unable to resolve. I look forward to helping you recognize your strengths and validate your feelings in a safe therapeutic environment. I have a great deal of experience with anxiety, depression, grief, and trauma. I love to see my clients grow and blossom as they learn to challenge themselves to be the best that they can be. My past background includes working in a clinical hospital setting for ten years. I provide support to individuals to resolve challenging and difficult situations.
Most people seek therapy when they are struggling with an issue that they are unable to resolve. I look forward to helping you recognize your strengths and validate your feelings in a safe therapeutic environment. I have a great deal of experience with anxiety, depression, grief, and trauma. I love to see my clients grow and blossom as they learn to challenge themselves to be the best that they can be. My past background includes working in a clinical hospital setting for ten years. I provide support to individuals to resolve challenging and difficult situations.
(781) 651-4051 View (781) 651-4051
Photo of Jamie Farrelly, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wakefield, MA
Jamie Farrelly
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Wakefield, MA 01880
Not accepting new clients
Our experiences, traumas, and unexpected transitions shape our lives and perspectives. Sometimes we need help to process and proceed. Through experience working with people coping with their most difficult moments I've gained a unique understanding of resiliency and finding peace through life's chaos.
Our experiences, traumas, and unexpected transitions shape our lives and perspectives. Sometimes we need help to process and proceed. Through experience working with people coping with their most difficult moments I've gained a unique understanding of resiliency and finding peace through life's chaos.
(316) 333-5854 View (316) 333-5854
Photo of Nyla Mcculloch, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wakefield, MA
Nyla Mcculloch
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Wakefield, MA 01880
My work with my clients is active and collaborative. I see adults, adolescents, and younger children in the context of family therapy. I provide individual, couples and family therapy. I have 30+ years experience working with people to enhance their lives and relationships, problem solve, and make decisions. I use a CBT approach; also, EMDR to treat trauma, anxiety, and fears. I am currently seeing clients in person as well as offering telehealth. Please visit www.nylamcculloch.com.
My work with my clients is active and collaborative. I see adults, adolescents, and younger children in the context of family therapy. I provide individual, couples and family therapy. I have 30+ years experience working with people to enhance their lives and relationships, problem solve, and make decisions. I use a CBT approach; also, EMDR to treat trauma, anxiety, and fears. I am currently seeing clients in person as well as offering telehealth. Please visit www.nylamcculloch.com.
(781) 549-7062 View (781) 549-7062
Photo of Jade Palladino, Counselor in Wakefield, MA
Jade Palladino
Counselor, LMHC, MS
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Wakefield, MA 01880
Not accepting new clients
ALERT: Now taking individual clients for in person or virtual sessions — Attending therapy for the first time can be scary for many. Individuals tend to fear judgment, change, the unknown, and what they might discover in therapy but my aim is to provide a safe and welcoming place for one to talk about their concerns. I strive to create a space that feels safe, grounding and compassionate for all. From this space I believe individuals can improve coping skills, communication skills, improve relationships, establish healthy boundaries, set goals, decrease levels of depression and anxiety along with much more.
ALERT: Now taking individual clients for in person or virtual sessions — Attending therapy for the first time can be scary for many. Individuals tend to fear judgment, change, the unknown, and what they might discover in therapy but my aim is to provide a safe and welcoming place for one to talk about their concerns. I strive to create a space that feels safe, grounding and compassionate for all. From this space I believe individuals can improve coping skills, communication skills, improve relationships, establish healthy boundaries, set goals, decrease levels of depression and anxiety along with much more.
(781) 886-7477 View (781) 886-7477
Photo of Audra Bartz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wakefield, MA
Audra Bartz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Wakefield, MA 01880
I welcome a collaboration with individuals, couples and families that are looking to address issues that are getting in the way of feeling satisfied, happy and positively engaged in their lives. Whether suffering from a mental health issue such as Depression, Anxiety, Eating Disorders or working through life transitions, relational issues and challenges, I encourage an active curiosity in one's personal experience. I view therapy as a safe space to process complex feelings, thoughts and experiences in a non-judgmental way.
I welcome a collaboration with individuals, couples and families that are looking to address issues that are getting in the way of feeling satisfied, happy and positively engaged in their lives. Whether suffering from a mental health issue such as Depression, Anxiety, Eating Disorders or working through life transitions, relational issues and challenges, I encourage an active curiosity in one's personal experience. I view therapy as a safe space to process complex feelings, thoughts and experiences in a non-judgmental way.
(339) 329-8791 View (339) 329-8791
Photo of Andrea Saccardo, Counselor in Wakefield, MA
Andrea Saccardo
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Wakefield, MA 01880
Waitlist for new clients
E-mail is the best form of contact - Hi! I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor with years of experience in 1:1 therapy and group therapy (CBT, DBT & Mindfulness). I work with clients on how to cope with stressful/traumatic events, automatic negative thoughts, dysregulated emotions and self destructive behaviors by mindfully teaching the therapeutic techniques of CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy). During therapy clients will identify and reframe negative self depreciating thoughts in hopes to implement healthy behavioral outcomes to create personal changes that last.
E-mail is the best form of contact - Hi! I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor with years of experience in 1:1 therapy and group therapy (CBT, DBT & Mindfulness). I work with clients on how to cope with stressful/traumatic events, automatic negative thoughts, dysregulated emotions and self destructive behaviors by mindfully teaching the therapeutic techniques of CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy). During therapy clients will identify and reframe negative self depreciating thoughts in hopes to implement healthy behavioral outcomes to create personal changes that last.
(774) 260-8162 View (774) 260-8162
Photo of Dr. Kaitlin White, Pre-Licensed Professional in Wakefield, MA
Dr. Kaitlin White
Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD
Verified Verified
Wakefield, MA 01880
Waitlist for new clients
Currently accepting new clients with availability Mon-Thurs, mornings and early afternoons (my evenings are unfortunately booked!) I specialize in working with children, adolescents, and young adults. As a former teacher, I know how challenging it can be to manage a child's behavioral and emotional needs. My specialties include interventions for individuals involved with the child welfare system, child abuse and neglect, mood disorders, trauma, interpersonal conflict, anxiety, school difficulties, and play therapy. My work emphasizes the importance of a compassionate, collaborative, flexible, and holistic approach to healing.
Currently accepting new clients with availability Mon-Thurs, mornings and early afternoons (my evenings are unfortunately booked!) I specialize in working with children, adolescents, and young adults. As a former teacher, I know how challenging it can be to manage a child's behavioral and emotional needs. My specialties include interventions for individuals involved with the child welfare system, child abuse and neglect, mood disorders, trauma, interpersonal conflict, anxiety, school difficulties, and play therapy. My work emphasizes the importance of a compassionate, collaborative, flexible, and holistic approach to healing.
(339) 675-2879 View (339) 675-2879
Photo of Patrick Casaletto, Pre-Licensed Professional in Wakefield, MA
Patrick Casaletto
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Wakefield, MA 01880
Are you or your teen struggling with anxiety, ADD, OCD or feelings of sadness and overwhelm? Are you questioning whether your substance use is too much? I can help. I am warm and thoughtful clinician who is dedicated to providing excellent individually tailored care. I have immediate availability in person in Reading Center.
Are you or your teen struggling with anxiety, ADD, OCD or feelings of sadness and overwhelm? Are you questioning whether your substance use is too much? I can help. I am warm and thoughtful clinician who is dedicated to providing excellent individually tailored care. I have immediate availability in person in Reading Center.
(781) 650-6996 View (781) 650-6996
Photo of Erin Cronan Lasker, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wakefield, MA
Erin Cronan Lasker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Wakefield, MA 01880
Are you struggling with school/work, feeling anxious and/or depressed and not sure how to manage these feelings? Do you feel like you aren't measuring up to those around you? Do you constantly worry about what life will hand you next? Or feel like you can't get out of bed and be a successful member of society? Need support dealing with life's challenges or someone to help you set goals and objectives? Life can be challenging and it can be helpful to have someone alongside you instead of facing challenges alone. No two people are the same and therefore therapy should not be either. Therapy doesn’t have to feel like a chore!
Are you struggling with school/work, feeling anxious and/or depressed and not sure how to manage these feelings? Do you feel like you aren't measuring up to those around you? Do you constantly worry about what life will hand you next? Or feel like you can't get out of bed and be a successful member of society? Need support dealing with life's challenges or someone to help you set goals and objectives? Life can be challenging and it can be helpful to have someone alongside you instead of facing challenges alone. No two people are the same and therefore therapy should not be either. Therapy doesn’t have to feel like a chore!
(339) 331-2274 View (339) 331-2274
Photo of Michelle L Rauseo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wakefield, MA
Michelle L Rauseo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Wakefield, MA 01880
Not accepting new clients
It is a privilege when clients allow me to walk beside them and assist when they are on their life's journey. I am an interactive therapist who utilizes a strengths based and compassion focused approach with clients.
It is a privilege when clients allow me to walk beside them and assist when they are on their life's journey. I am an interactive therapist who utilizes a strengths based and compassion focused approach with clients.
(339) 217-8062 View (339) 217-8062
Photo of Maria Ceddia, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wakefield, MA
Maria Ceddia
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Wakefield, MA 01880
I am committed to helping people live healthier, happier lives. I obtained my undergraduate degree at University of New Hampshire, and my Master’s in Community and School Counseling at Salem State University. Lastly, I obtained my LCSW at Boston University. My early years of work with children and families were in the trenches, working in Philadelphia’s elite protective services unit helping under-served and neglected families. Since that time, I’ve enjoyed working as a guidance counselor, school adjustment counselor, and a department head in local High Schools. I am passionate about helping people succeed.
I am committed to helping people live healthier, happier lives. I obtained my undergraduate degree at University of New Hampshire, and my Master’s in Community and School Counseling at Salem State University. Lastly, I obtained my LCSW at Boston University. My early years of work with children and families were in the trenches, working in Philadelphia’s elite protective services unit helping under-served and neglected families. Since that time, I’ve enjoyed working as a guidance counselor, school adjustment counselor, and a department head in local High Schools. I am passionate about helping people succeed.
(339) 500-7235 View (339) 500-7235
Photo of Lauren Brierly, Psychologist in Wakefield, MA
Lauren Brierly
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Wakefield, MA 01880  (Online Only)
Immediate Availability M-Th for telehealth only. Being a parent is hard, even under the best of circumstances. When you have a child struggling with mental health, the job can become even harder. You might find yourself feeling scared or overwhelmed, having lots of questions but finding few answers. The good news is that you and your child don't have to go through this alone- I'm here to help. As a clinician, I know that the effects of mental health are felt far beyond the individual. Though I work with children and adolescents, I believe in having a collaborative relationship with all members of the family.
Immediate Availability M-Th for telehealth only. Being a parent is hard, even under the best of circumstances. When you have a child struggling with mental health, the job can become even harder. You might find yourself feeling scared or overwhelmed, having lots of questions but finding few answers. The good news is that you and your child don't have to go through this alone- I'm here to help. As a clinician, I know that the effects of mental health are felt far beyond the individual. Though I work with children and adolescents, I believe in having a collaborative relationship with all members of the family.
(339) 330-2369 View (339) 330-2369

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Wakefield, MA

90+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Wakefield, MA who prioritize treating:

89% Anxiety
85% Depression
77% Self Esteem
74% Relationship Issues
74% Coping Skills
66% Trauma and PTSD
58% Peer Relationships

Average years in practice

8 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

96% BlueCross and BlueShield
73% Harvard Pilgrim
73% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Wakefield, MA see their clients

77% In Person and Online
23% Online Only

Gender breakdown

85% Female
15% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Wakefield?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.