Therapists in Sudbury, MA

Photo of Isabel Poznanski, Pre-Licensed Professional in Sudbury, MA
Isabel Poznanski
Pre-Licensed Professional, MHC
Verified Verified
Sudbury, MA 01776
Given that I am still early into my career in the mental health counseling field, I am really open and eager to work with a wide array of clients. In my previous experiences, I have worked with individuals with a variety of needs and diagnoses and I am hoping to continue that through my work at Northeast Health Services! Ideally, I would want to work with someone who is hoping to strive for growth and success in their lives.
Given that I am still early into my career in the mental health counseling field, I am really open and eager to work with a wide array of clients. In my previous experiences, I have worked with individuals with a variety of needs and diagnoses and I am hoping to continue that through my work at Northeast Health Services! Ideally, I would want to work with someone who is hoping to strive for growth and success in their lives.
(978) 643-2691 View (978) 643-2691
Photo of Steven Ioanilli, LMHC, Mindful Path Therapy, Counselor in Sudbury, MA
Steven Ioanilli, LMHC, Mindful Path Therapy
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Sudbury, MA 01776  (Online Only)
Life challenges us in many ways, and sometimes we find ourselves struggling. We may lack energy, motivation, or direction, and find ourselves not enjoying life very much at all. Stressful events, over-thinking, and an unbalanced lifestyle can knock us out of our “window of tolerance” and decrease our resilience. If we don't take the time to slow down and attend to our bodies as well as our thoughts and emotions, life can become a rush of activity without meaning and can lead to anxiety, depression, and disconnection. Therapy is a powerful way to take that time for yourself.
Life challenges us in many ways, and sometimes we find ourselves struggling. We may lack energy, motivation, or direction, and find ourselves not enjoying life very much at all. Stressful events, over-thinking, and an unbalanced lifestyle can knock us out of our “window of tolerance” and decrease our resilience. If we don't take the time to slow down and attend to our bodies as well as our thoughts and emotions, life can become a rush of activity without meaning and can lead to anxiety, depression, and disconnection. Therapy is a powerful way to take that time for yourself.
(978) 693-5578 View (978) 693-5578
Photo of Catharine (Cat) Landrigan-Paiva, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sudbury, MA
Catharine (Cat) Landrigan-Paiva
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, RYT-200
Verified Verified
Sudbury, MA 01776  (Online Only)
When was the last time that you felt truly listened to, heard & understood? You more than likely talk to many people throughout your day but how often are you making connections with others that feel truly authentic? Many people are currently feeling isolated even when surrounded by others because they do not have someone in their life creating a welcoming and safe space that allows them to feel comfortable enough to share their worries & struggles. Therapy can be this place, where building a trusting relationship with a compassionate practitioner can allow you to feel seen & can support improvements in your health & well-being.
When was the last time that you felt truly listened to, heard & understood? You more than likely talk to many people throughout your day but how often are you making connections with others that feel truly authentic? Many people are currently feeling isolated even when surrounded by others because they do not have someone in their life creating a welcoming and safe space that allows them to feel comfortable enough to share their worries & struggles. Therapy can be this place, where building a trusting relationship with a compassionate practitioner can allow you to feel seen & can support improvements in your health & well-being.
(978) 440-3951 View (978) 440-3951
Photo of Costenah Ward, Licensed Professional Counselor in Sudbury, MA
Costenah Ward
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA
Verified Verified
Sudbury, MA 01776
My ideal client is prepared to initiate changes in their life to promote wellness. They are prepared to process internal and external contributors to their mood, discuss options for improvement, and practice healthier skills that will assist in achieving their personal goals. My ideal client is internally motivated and desires emotional balance from concerns such as anxiety, depression, impaired self-esteem, trauma, and interpersonal conflict. They arrive to treatment with goals in mind, and will actively work to experience relief of distressing symptoms.
My ideal client is prepared to initiate changes in their life to promote wellness. They are prepared to process internal and external contributors to their mood, discuss options for improvement, and practice healthier skills that will assist in achieving their personal goals. My ideal client is internally motivated and desires emotional balance from concerns such as anxiety, depression, impaired self-esteem, trauma, and interpersonal conflict. They arrive to treatment with goals in mind, and will actively work to experience relief of distressing symptoms.
(978) 674-7082 View (978) 674-7082
Photo of Northeast Health Services Sudbury, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sudbury, MA
Northeast Health Services Sudbury
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Not Verified Not Verified
Sudbury, MA 01776
Northeast Health Services is an outpatient mental health care provider dedicated to serving Massachusetts and the local Sudbury area. At our Sudbury clinic we provide a broad array of services including psychotherapy, group therapy, child & adolescent therapy, child & adolescent psychiatry, adult psychiatry, medication management, and TMS therapy. TMS therapy, also known as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, is an effective, non-invasive, low-risk treatment that has shown success in treating major depressive disorder and other forms of treatment resistant depression.
Northeast Health Services is an outpatient mental health care provider dedicated to serving Massachusetts and the local Sudbury area. At our Sudbury clinic we provide a broad array of services including psychotherapy, group therapy, child & adolescent therapy, child & adolescent psychiatry, adult psychiatry, medication management, and TMS therapy. TMS therapy, also known as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, is an effective, non-invasive, low-risk treatment that has shown success in treating major depressive disorder and other forms of treatment resistant depression.
(978) 541-3637 View (978) 541-3637
Photo of Catherine Harvey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sudbury, MA
Catherine Harvey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Sudbury, MA 01776
My ideal client would be someone who is ready and willing to participate in treatment. I am comfortable with an array of different diagnoses and struggles. Their needs would include working towards tangible goals that we are able to breakdown in the treatment setting. They may want to work on self-esteem, depression, anxiety, PTSD symptoms etc. They would want to minimize their symptoms and improve everyday functioning. The goal would ultimately be to no longer need treatment as they have reached their goals.
My ideal client would be someone who is ready and willing to participate in treatment. I am comfortable with an array of different diagnoses and struggles. Their needs would include working towards tangible goals that we are able to breakdown in the treatment setting. They may want to work on self-esteem, depression, anxiety, PTSD symptoms etc. They would want to minimize their symptoms and improve everyday functioning. The goal would ultimately be to no longer need treatment as they have reached their goals.
(978) 543-1961 View (978) 543-1961
Photo of Liz Sarantopoulos, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sudbury, MA
Liz Sarantopoulos
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Sudbury, MA 01776
The journey to becoming a mother is often described as a time of uncertainty. Many mothers find themselves feeling emotionally unprepared and anxious. My practice supports women through pregnancy, postpartum and the years beyond. While my practice specializes in supporting pregnant and postpartum women, I also offer individual counseling to individuals experiencing anxiety, depression, life transitions, self-esteem concerns, and many other areas of need.
The journey to becoming a mother is often described as a time of uncertainty. Many mothers find themselves feeling emotionally unprepared and anxious. My practice supports women through pregnancy, postpartum and the years beyond. While my practice specializes in supporting pregnant and postpartum women, I also offer individual counseling to individuals experiencing anxiety, depression, life transitions, self-esteem concerns, and many other areas of need.
(617) 379-6569 View (617) 379-6569
Photo of Marilyn Newman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sudbury, MA
Marilyn Newman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, GCEC
Verified Verified
Sudbury, MA 01776
I am a licensed independent clinical social worker, with thirty-two years of experience in helping individuals, couples and families to navigate life's many challenges.While I have maintained a general private practice, I do have expertise in treating eating disorders , substance abuse, ADHD and families struggling with these issues.I worked at Mclean Hospital for many years at the Adult Outpatient Clinic, the Appleton Alcohol and Drug Treatment Program, and the Partial Hospitalization Program.I have given numerous presentations on the treatment of eating disorders, substance abuse and ADHD, and I serve on the board of the Multi-Service Eating Disorder Association.
I am a licensed independent clinical social worker, with thirty-two years of experience in helping individuals, couples and families to navigate life's many challenges.While I have maintained a general private practice, I do have expertise in treating eating disorders , substance abuse, ADHD and families struggling with these issues.I worked at Mclean Hospital for many years at the Adult Outpatient Clinic, the Appleton Alcohol and Drug Treatment Program, and the Partial Hospitalization Program.I have given numerous presentations on the treatment of eating disorders, substance abuse and ADHD, and I serve on the board of the Multi-Service Eating Disorder Association.
(978) 443-5909 View (978) 443-5909
Photo of Laurie Cestnick in Sudbury, MA
Laurie Cestnick
PhD
Verified Verified
Sudbury, MA 01776
Here to help you with dyslexia, learning disorders, autism, ADHD, stroke, memory loss, concussion, & emotionality from these. Neuropsychological, psychological, & educational assessments & treatment. Internationally recognized for neuropsychology of reading, dyslexia and attention with the most comprehensive assessments available (clinical & research backgrounds bring a detailed approach); ages 3 to adult. Relationships with clients and their families are usually ongoing. I love helping you and give my best effort always. https://www.drlauriecestnick.com for FREE educational videos. 617-413-2065
Here to help you with dyslexia, learning disorders, autism, ADHD, stroke, memory loss, concussion, & emotionality from these. Neuropsychological, psychological, & educational assessments & treatment. Internationally recognized for neuropsychology of reading, dyslexia and attention with the most comprehensive assessments available (clinical & research backgrounds bring a detailed approach); ages 3 to adult. Relationships with clients and their families are usually ongoing. I love helping you and give my best effort always. https://www.drlauriecestnick.com for FREE educational videos. 617-413-2065
(978) 401-9084 View (978) 401-9084
Photo of Maura Matarese, Counselor in Sudbury, MA
Maura Matarese
Counselor, MA, LMHC, RYT
Verified Verified
Sudbury, MA 01776
With over twenty five years of clinical experience, I help people who struggle with their relationships. Weather you are involved with a complicated parter, struggling in your marriage, dealing with infidelity, co-dependency, or addiction; considering uncoupling, starting over, or grieving the loss of the one you love, I will help you get to the heart of the matter. Then you can heal what you need to heal and make loving and authentic choices for yourself. It IS possible to have happy, healthy, fun, playful and passionate relationships in your life. If that is what your heart desires.I very much look forward to working with you.
With over twenty five years of clinical experience, I help people who struggle with their relationships. Weather you are involved with a complicated parter, struggling in your marriage, dealing with infidelity, co-dependency, or addiction; considering uncoupling, starting over, or grieving the loss of the one you love, I will help you get to the heart of the matter. Then you can heal what you need to heal and make loving and authentic choices for yourself. It IS possible to have happy, healthy, fun, playful and passionate relationships in your life. If that is what your heart desires.I very much look forward to working with you.
(978) 264-8438 View (978) 264-8438
Photo of Jamie K Beck, Counselor in Sudbury, MA
Jamie K Beck
Counselor, LMHC, BCPC, ATR
Verified Verified
Sudbury, MA 01776
Creativity & Compassion, Mindful Awareness, Health & Resiliency. These are the guiding principles I use to teach people skills to address difficulties in the present, gain a healthier perspective about the past, disengage from fear of the future, embrace & find pleasure in the life that is here. I offer personalized support to women, young adults, & teens struggling with circumstantial, developmental, or health-related transitions.
Creativity & Compassion, Mindful Awareness, Health & Resiliency. These are the guiding principles I use to teach people skills to address difficulties in the present, gain a healthier perspective about the past, disengage from fear of the future, embrace & find pleasure in the life that is here. I offer personalized support to women, young adults, & teens struggling with circumstantial, developmental, or health-related transitions.
(978) 496-3159 View (978) 496-3159
Photo of Karen Ann Merkl, Psychologist in Sudbury, MA
Karen Ann Merkl
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sudbury, MA 01776  (Online Only)
I am patient and experienced in providing supportive, dynamic therapy for individuals and couples, whether short-term work around a focused goal, or longer-term therapy to explore complex issues. If you are experiencing emotional distress or uncertainty about how to move forward in life, I can help you to identify what is actually causing the frustration, depression, anxiety, or marital problems. We do this together by exploring your unique history of life experiences, making connections among the emotions, thoughts, behavior patterns, and significant relationships in your life.
I am patient and experienced in providing supportive, dynamic therapy for individuals and couples, whether short-term work around a focused goal, or longer-term therapy to explore complex issues. If you are experiencing emotional distress or uncertainty about how to move forward in life, I can help you to identify what is actually causing the frustration, depression, anxiety, or marital problems. We do this together by exploring your unique history of life experiences, making connections among the emotions, thoughts, behavior patterns, and significant relationships in your life.
(781) 514-6409 View (781) 514-6409
Photo of Kimberley Ward, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sudbury, MA
Kimberley Ward
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Sudbury, MA 01776
Immediate openings with night and weekend availability. If you are ready to make some changes in your life, I am here to help. I work with individuals who find that everyday stress, anxiety, life transitions, women’s issues, medical concerns such as chronic illness, and/or symptoms of ADD/ADHD get in their way and feel overwhelming. If you are ready to learn more about yourself and use your strengths to help you make lasting changes, I am here to provide a safe and supportive space to help you work on personal growth. I believe change is always possible if you’re willing to take the first steps. Please email for faster response.
Immediate openings with night and weekend availability. If you are ready to make some changes in your life, I am here to help. I work with individuals who find that everyday stress, anxiety, life transitions, women’s issues, medical concerns such as chronic illness, and/or symptoms of ADD/ADHD get in their way and feel overwhelming. If you are ready to learn more about yourself and use your strengths to help you make lasting changes, I am here to provide a safe and supportive space to help you work on personal growth. I believe change is always possible if you’re willing to take the first steps. Please email for faster response.
(857) 336-1573 View (857) 336-1573
Photo of Lena Wright, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sudbury, MA
Lena Wright
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Sudbury, MA 01776
I have experience working with Individuals, Couples, and Families of First responders and marginalized communities struggling with the challenges of complex trauma impacting mental health, including Anxiety, Depressive disorders, PTSD, and substance use disorders.
I have experience working with Individuals, Couples, and Families of First responders and marginalized communities struggling with the challenges of complex trauma impacting mental health, including Anxiety, Depressive disorders, PTSD, and substance use disorders.
(978) 991-5019 View (978) 991-5019
Photo of Paul J Letendre, Counselor in Sudbury, MA
Paul J Letendre
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sudbury, MA 01776
Something isn’t working. Sometimes nothing is working. Do you ever ask: “Is this what life comes down to?” Do you worry it’s too late to change, that mistakes, hurts, and injustices cannot be undone? Maybe worst are the times you feel the best option is to settle for the fleeting comfort of familiar ways because cold comfort is better than no comfort. I treat many people who have worked very hard in life but struggle privately with relationship issues, trauma, self-esteem, and the effects of complicated family histories. Some have tried therapy or self-help, but it wasn’t personalized enough, the right time, or the right approach.
Something isn’t working. Sometimes nothing is working. Do you ever ask: “Is this what life comes down to?” Do you worry it’s too late to change, that mistakes, hurts, and injustices cannot be undone? Maybe worst are the times you feel the best option is to settle for the fleeting comfort of familiar ways because cold comfort is better than no comfort. I treat many people who have worked very hard in life but struggle privately with relationship issues, trauma, self-esteem, and the effects of complicated family histories. Some have tried therapy or self-help, but it wasn’t personalized enough, the right time, or the right approach.
(508) 252-8453 View (508) 252-8453
Photo of Dara D'Agostino, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sudbury, MA
Dara D'Agostino
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Sudbury, MA 01776
My ideal client is someone who is willing to work with me and engage with me effectively. This includes open lines of communication and utilizing therapy times efficiently. I don't believe that progress can be rushed and have no interest in "fixing" anyone. However, I am always honest in my assessments, thoughts, and opinions with clients, and my hope is that my client will do the same. My ideal client is a client who is eager to talk and is open to feedback. My ideal client is also someone who is willing to work through set backs or challenges, together as a team.
My ideal client is someone who is willing to work with me and engage with me effectively. This includes open lines of communication and utilizing therapy times efficiently. I don't believe that progress can be rushed and have no interest in "fixing" anyone. However, I am always honest in my assessments, thoughts, and opinions with clients, and my hope is that my client will do the same. My ideal client is a client who is eager to talk and is open to feedback. My ideal client is also someone who is willing to work through set backs or challenges, together as a team.
(978) 961-4360 View (978) 961-4360
Photo of Ann Marie Faler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sudbury, MA
Ann Marie Faler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Sudbury, MA 01776
My ideal client is somebody who embraces and trusts the process and is willing to share their experiences. Challenges can range based on the support they are seeking. Their needs can be anything from support, stabilization, resources for community-based support, and building a quality supportive network. Their goals are to increase autonomy and self-advocacy with the desire to have more good days and recover to be the best version of themselves.
My ideal client is somebody who embraces and trusts the process and is willing to share their experiences. Challenges can range based on the support they are seeking. Their needs can be anything from support, stabilization, resources for community-based support, and building a quality supportive network. Their goals are to increase autonomy and self-advocacy with the desire to have more good days and recover to be the best version of themselves.
(978) 845-8658 View (978) 845-8658
Photo of Erika L Francis-Raniere, Psychologist in Sudbury, MA
Erika L Francis-Raniere
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Sudbury, MA 01776
Life can be difficult, and we all get stuck at times. I have helped many individuals and couples to face these moments in their lives and open up to the growth and healing that is possible for all of us. I believe that healing happens when we find words where before there were none, when we find hope in places within ourselves we had long ago forsaken, when we allow compassion and connection to touch us when we are feeling most alone and unseen.
Life can be difficult, and we all get stuck at times. I have helped many individuals and couples to face these moments in their lives and open up to the growth and healing that is possible for all of us. I believe that healing happens when we find words where before there were none, when we find hope in places within ourselves we had long ago forsaken, when we allow compassion and connection to touch us when we are feeling most alone and unseen.
(617) 612-5972 View (617) 612-5972
Photo of Claire B Sheth, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sudbury, MA
Claire B Sheth
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Sudbury, MA 01776
Not accepting new clients
Not accepting clients until September 2024. Please reach out in August for September scheduling if you are looking for a caring, compassionate and sometimes irreverent therapist who wants to help you achieve emotional, personal and interpersonal balance. I provide individual therapy to adolescents (14+), college students and young adults and family therapy for families concerned about their adolescent, college student or young adult loved one. I work with individuals and families to navigate life's transitions with perspective, grace, confidence and... if all goes well, some humor.
Not accepting clients until September 2024. Please reach out in August for September scheduling if you are looking for a caring, compassionate and sometimes irreverent therapist who wants to help you achieve emotional, personal and interpersonal balance. I provide individual therapy to adolescents (14+), college students and young adults and family therapy for families concerned about their adolescent, college student or young adult loved one. I work with individuals and families to navigate life's transitions with perspective, grace, confidence and... if all goes well, some humor.
(978) 312-9776 View (978) 312-9776
Photo of Ashley Reeves, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sudbury, MA
Ashley Reeves
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Sudbury, MA 01776
The ideal client would finally be open to change and hope to have better interpersonal relationships. This can be a client who struggles with their anxiety, possibly has poor attachment styles, and struggles with holding meaningful relationships (romantic, platonic, familial). Their goals would be identifying healthy boundaries and healthy responses, increasing effective communication skills, and identifying past relationships/present relationships in order to identify patterns/habits.
The ideal client would finally be open to change and hope to have better interpersonal relationships. This can be a client who struggles with their anxiety, possibly has poor attachment styles, and struggles with holding meaningful relationships (romantic, platonic, familial). Their goals would be identifying healthy boundaries and healthy responses, increasing effective communication skills, and identifying past relationships/present relationships in order to identify patterns/habits.
(978) 678-1862 View (978) 678-1862

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Sudbury, MA

100+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Sudbury, MA who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
84% Depression
75% Self Esteem
72% Relationship Issues
68% Coping Skills
61% Stress
59% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

94% BlueCross and BlueShield
64% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
64% Optum

How Therapists in Sudbury, MA see their clients

69% In Person and Online
31% Online Only

Gender breakdown

84% Female
15% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Sudbury?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.