Adoption Therapists in White Haven, PA

There are no results for therapists in White Haven

Check out therapists located nearby or offering teletherapy in Pennsylvania below.

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Keely Seybold, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in White Haven, PA
Keely Seybold
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
Mountain Top, PA 18707
It can be difficult to do the "right" thing, especially when it comes to raising children. Being a parent is hard. And so is being a child. I am here to guide and empower you and/or your family in discovering your full potential through open communication, playfulness, and learning to enjoy each other. Your child may be struggling in school with behavioral/emotional issues- as a play therapist I approach these challenges through play because I believe that is the language of children. I have experience as a school social worker and am familiar with IEP's and behavior plans and can help navigate these issues with you.
It can be difficult to do the "right" thing, especially when it comes to raising children. Being a parent is hard. And so is being a child. I am here to guide and empower you and/or your family in discovering your full potential through open communication, playfulness, and learning to enjoy each other. Your child may be struggling in school with behavioral/emotional issues- as a play therapist I approach these challenges through play because I believe that is the language of children. I have experience as a school social worker and am familiar with IEP's and behavior plans and can help navigate these issues with you.
(570) 539-7062 View (570) 539-7062
Photo of Natasha Nayduch, Pre-Licensed Professional in White Haven, PA
Natasha Nayduch
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd, NCC
Verified Verified
Mountain Top, PA 18707  (Online Only)
Life isn't always easy, and everyone deals with and processes life's events in different ways. That's why it's especially important to me to individualize therapy for you and your specific needs. Clients that I work with may be struggling with managing all that is going on in their lives, including managing additional anxiety, stress and/or depression. Regardless of what you're dealing with, we will work together to develop a personalized plan for you so that you feel heard, safe, and confident as we move forward in our work together.
Life isn't always easy, and everyone deals with and processes life's events in different ways. That's why it's especially important to me to individualize therapy for you and your specific needs. Clients that I work with may be struggling with managing all that is going on in their lives, including managing additional anxiety, stress and/or depression. Regardless of what you're dealing with, we will work together to develop a personalized plan for you so that you feel heard, safe, and confident as we move forward in our work together.
(570) 857-2329 View (570) 857-2329
Photo of Lauren Hudak, Pre-Licensed Professional in White Haven, PA
Lauren Hudak
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, NCC
Verified Verified
Mountain Top, PA 18707
Not feeling heard? I am here to listen. I want to hear you. Feeling stuck? I am here to facilitate change. I want to help and encourage new patterns. Feeling hopeless? I am here to instill hope. I want to work with you to renew excitement about the present and future. Feeling alone? I am here to support you. I want to build up your support system. Bottom line? I'm here for you, and I want to be.
Not feeling heard? I am here to listen. I want to hear you. Feeling stuck? I am here to facilitate change. I want to help and encourage new patterns. Feeling hopeless? I am here to instill hope. I want to work with you to renew excitement about the present and future. Feeling alone? I am here to support you. I want to build up your support system. Bottom line? I'm here for you, and I want to be.
(272) 435-8067 View (272) 435-8067

Online Therapists

Photo of Cynthia Currall, Licensed Professional Counselor in White Haven, PA
Cynthia Currall
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
East Stroudsburg, PA 18301
I am a compassionate and caring professional with more than 25 years of experience in helping people deal with mental health struggles, grief, childhood trauma, adoption & post-adoption issues; in addition to family, partner, or individual relationship concerns; work issues & better work-life balance.
Are you looking for help in managing life's challenges or struggling with depression, sadness or debilitating anxiety? Concerned about a loved one? We can figure it out together in a safe, inclusive supportive and respectful environment.
I am a compassionate and caring professional with more than 25 years of experience in helping people deal with mental health struggles, grief, childhood trauma, adoption & post-adoption issues; in addition to family, partner, or individual relationship concerns; work issues & better work-life balance.
Are you looking for help in managing life's challenges or struggling with depression, sadness or debilitating anxiety? Concerned about a loved one? We can figure it out together in a safe, inclusive supportive and respectful environment.
(570) 659-6462 View (570) 659-6462
Photo of Lisa J Taylor, Psychologist in White Haven, PA
Lisa J Taylor
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Richboro, PA 18954
Here are just some examples of challenges we can work on together: pregnancy, postpartum depression, children’s behavior issues, coparenting, blending families, raising grandchildren, resolving differences of parenting style between partners, sibling issues, new baby, coping with death or illness in the family, infertility, managing discipline, and adoption.
It is such a struggle to manage the many demands of family life today. Peace and joy in the home can feel completely out of reach. As a psychologist and parent/family coach, I am here to encourage you not to give up hope that you can reclaim the joy in your family. In addition to providing in-person services in Bucks County, PA, I offer both online therapy and parenting consultation to families in most U.S. states and territories (please see below). In my 18 years of experience working with individuals, couples, and families of all compositions, I have been able to observe firsthand the changes that can lead to lasting results.
Here are just some examples of challenges we can work on together: pregnancy, postpartum depression, children’s behavior issues, coparenting, blending families, raising grandchildren, resolving differences of parenting style between partners, sibling issues, new baby, coping with death or illness in the family, infertility, managing discipline, and adoption.
It is such a struggle to manage the many demands of family life today. Peace and joy in the home can feel completely out of reach. As a psychologist and parent/family coach, I am here to encourage you not to give up hope that you can reclaim the joy in your family. In addition to providing in-person services in Bucks County, PA, I offer both online therapy and parenting consultation to families in most U.S. states and territories (please see below). In my 18 years of experience working with individuals, couples, and families of all compositions, I have been able to observe firsthand the changes that can lead to lasting results.
(267) 459-3703 View (267) 459-3703
Photo of Jessica Taylor, Marriage & Family Therapist in White Haven, PA
Jessica Taylor
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, ADHD-CC
Verified Verified
Paoli, PA 19301
I am a child, adolescent and family therapist and I am devoted to counseling children, adolescents, and their caregivers in individual and family therapy. I have a broad base of experience helping children and their families address emotional and behavioral issues, including issues associated with ADHD, anxiety, depression, and PTSD, as well as environmental stresses such as bullying, relationship strain, divorce, single/blended families, and adoption.
I am a child, adolescent and family therapist and I am devoted to counseling children, adolescents, and their caregivers in individual and family therapy. I have a broad base of experience helping children and their families address emotional and behavioral issues, including issues associated with ADHD, anxiety, depression, and PTSD, as well as environmental stresses such as bullying, relationship strain, divorce, single/blended families, and adoption.
(610) 854-8204 View (610) 854-8204
Photo of Debrah Anne Cohen, Pre-Licensed Professional in White Haven, PA
Debrah Anne Cohen
Pre-Licensed Professional, MHL, MFT
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19119  (Online Only)
Does this describe you? You're a people pleaser, wanting to make everyone happy but yourself. You feel the pain of break-ups and grief very intensely. You are fiercely independent and hate taking help from others. Being placed for adoption can reverberate through all aspects of your life. I help clients grieving the losses associated with adoption; transracial adoptees dealing with identity issues; and adoptees working through all of the complex emotions related to search and reunion. As an adoptee myself, I "get it". I also work with the other sides of the adoption triad: birthparents and adoptive parents.
Does this describe you? You're a people pleaser, wanting to make everyone happy but yourself. You feel the pain of break-ups and grief very intensely. You are fiercely independent and hate taking help from others. Being placed for adoption can reverberate through all aspects of your life. I help clients grieving the losses associated with adoption; transracial adoptees dealing with identity issues; and adoptees working through all of the complex emotions related to search and reunion. As an adoptee myself, I "get it". I also work with the other sides of the adoption triad: birthparents and adoptive parents.
(215) 544-2012 View (215) 544-2012
Photo of Patience Buckwalter, Counselor in White Haven, PA
Patience Buckwalter
Counselor, LSW
Verified Verified
Lancaster, PA 17603
I strive to provide a welcoming and peaceful My areas of expertise include: Depression, Anxiety, Life Transitions, Self-Esteem, Adoption & Newcomers.
Dealing with our mental health can be a challenging experience for many of us. It is sometimes helpful to have someone available to offer support and guidance to help create a plan that works for you and to get your wonderful self back! The goal is to have you be able to have control of your life again and feel happy, motivated and at peace! As your counselor I will help you process your own personal journey!
I strive to provide a welcoming and peaceful My areas of expertise include: Depression, Anxiety, Life Transitions, Self-Esteem, Adoption & Newcomers.
Dealing with our mental health can be a challenging experience for many of us. It is sometimes helpful to have someone available to offer support and guidance to help create a plan that works for you and to get your wonderful self back! The goal is to have you be able to have control of your life again and feel happy, motivated and at peace! As your counselor I will help you process your own personal journey!
(717) 229-9641 View (717) 229-9641
Photo of Dawn Connors, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in White Haven, PA
Dawn Connors
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Media, PA 19063
Welcome! I work with adolescents, adults, couples and families to help strengthen relationships, identify attachment challenges, heal from trauma, and address symptoms of depression and anxiety. I also specialize in adoption related challenges and attachment disorders. I am also a LGBTQIA competent ally interested in supporting you and/or your family.
Welcome! I work with adolescents, adults, couples and families to help strengthen relationships, identify attachment challenges, heal from trauma, and address symptoms of depression and anxiety. I also specialize in adoption related challenges and attachment disorders. I am also a LGBTQIA competent ally interested in supporting you and/or your family.
(610) 580-2477 View (610) 580-2477
Photo of Laura Lowman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in White Haven, PA
Laura Lowman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, RPT
Verified Verified
Media, PA 19063
I specialize in complex and developmental trauma, loss, abuse, adoption/foster care, fertility issues, autism spectrum disorders, depression and anxiety.
Therapy can be an exciting and rewarding journey, although challenging at times. I am available to help as you explore therapy and changes in your life. I am a licensed clinical social worker and registered play therapist with 30 years of experience. I have received extensive training in sandtray and play therapy. Additionally, I trained in advanced contextual family therapy for over 25 years. I provide individual, family, couples, and play therapy. As a registered play therapist, I am trained to work with children as young as age 4. However, I work with all age groups.
I specialize in complex and developmental trauma, loss, abuse, adoption/foster care, fertility issues, autism spectrum disorders, depression and anxiety.
Therapy can be an exciting and rewarding journey, although challenging at times. I am available to help as you explore therapy and changes in your life. I am a licensed clinical social worker and registered play therapist with 30 years of experience. I have received extensive training in sandtray and play therapy. Additionally, I trained in advanced contextual family therapy for over 25 years. I provide individual, family, couples, and play therapy. As a registered play therapist, I am trained to work with children as young as age 4. However, I work with all age groups.
(215) 995-5194 View (215) 995-5194
Photo of Jeffery Allen Wolfe, Licensed Professional Counselor in White Haven, PA
Jeffery Allen Wolfe
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, MDiv, LPC
Verified Verified
Camp Hill, PA 17011
I have a deep belief that life should be enjoyed. There are many things that can create limits in life, and whether it is our own fault, or someone else's, these limits do not have to keep us from enjoying life. I have extensive work with people who have struggled with drug and alcohol addictions, sexual addictions, grief and loss, depression, anxiety, trauma, as well as parenting and adoption concerns. I have seen clients achieve balance in life, greater self-awareness, and overcome ways of thinking and behavior that have limited life's enjoyment and success.
I have a deep belief that life should be enjoyed. There are many things that can create limits in life, and whether it is our own fault, or someone else's, these limits do not have to keep us from enjoying life. I have extensive work with people who have struggled with drug and alcohol addictions, sexual addictions, grief and loss, depression, anxiety, trauma, as well as parenting and adoption concerns. I have seen clients achieve balance in life, greater self-awareness, and overcome ways of thinking and behavior that have limited life's enjoyment and success.
(717) 546-9658 View (717) 546-9658
Photo of Jamie Manser, Pre-Licensed Professional in White Haven, PA
Jamie Manser
Pre-Licensed Professional, MFT
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19145  (Online Only)
When life feels messy, out-of-control, even unbearable, it's easy to forget that the human experience is inherently a messy one. Much of the mess is our best attempts at functioning under a deeply flawed and oppressive system. If you seek to understand yourself and your relationships to people and systems around you, to grow and heal, and to explore being human, I would love to share this experience with you. I work with individuals, couples, and families struggling with challenges such as personal/generational trauma, sex/intimacy, adoption/fostering, interracial couples/families, ADHD/Autism, and LGBTQIA+ challenges.
When life feels messy, out-of-control, even unbearable, it's easy to forget that the human experience is inherently a messy one. Much of the mess is our best attempts at functioning under a deeply flawed and oppressive system. If you seek to understand yourself and your relationships to people and systems around you, to grow and heal, and to explore being human, I would love to share this experience with you. I work with individuals, couples, and families struggling with challenges such as personal/generational trauma, sex/intimacy, adoption/fostering, interracial couples/families, ADHD/Autism, and LGBTQIA+ challenges.
(215) 918-4612 View (215) 918-4612
Photo of Anne Unterkoefler LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in White Haven, PA
Anne Unterkoefler LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Paoli, PA 19301
Waitlist for new clients
I have worked at an adoption agency which increased my knowledge of adoption related issues for the adoptee and their families.
As a therapist for 25+ years, I believe it is important to recognize a person's strengths to help them deal with emotional difficulties when they occur. I work with children, adolescents, adults, families and the elderly to enhance their coping skills, so they have a variety of options to deal with their life stresses. I enjoy working in collaboration with people of all ages and diagnoses to achieve their mental health goals. Being trained in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy I have a wealth of knowledge in teaching coping skills to help a wide variety of diagnoses.
I have worked at an adoption agency which increased my knowledge of adoption related issues for the adoptee and their families.
As a therapist for 25+ years, I believe it is important to recognize a person's strengths to help them deal with emotional difficulties when they occur. I work with children, adolescents, adults, families and the elderly to enhance their coping skills, so they have a variety of options to deal with their life stresses. I enjoy working in collaboration with people of all ages and diagnoses to achieve their mental health goals. Being trained in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy I have a wealth of knowledge in teaching coping skills to help a wide variety of diagnoses.
(484) 350-5345 View (484) 350-5345
Photo of Kala Lilani, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in White Haven, PA
Kala Lilani
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Lafayette Hill, PA 19444
I also specialize in adoption issues and assist with healing core issues of loss, grief and identity.
People are confronted with challenges at various times in their life cycle. Despite their best efforts, they may feel stuck, have relational difficulties and experience feelings of confusion, sadness, anxiety, depression, isolation, alienation, anger or other unpleasant emotions.
I also specialize in adoption issues and assist with healing core issues of loss, grief and identity.
People are confronted with challenges at various times in their life cycle. Despite their best efforts, they may feel stuck, have relational difficulties and experience feelings of confusion, sadness, anxiety, depression, isolation, alienation, anger or other unpleasant emotions.
(484) 324-6786 View (484) 324-6786
Photo of Jade Autumn, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in White Haven, PA
Jade Autumn
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19128  (Online Only)
Jade is passionate about and experienced in working with youth, young adults, children and families of foster-care and/or adoption, as well as refugees and immigrants of all ages.
"I think we can all agree, life is hard! Sometimes the most honest, brave, and difficult thing we can do is reach out for support. Kudos to you for starting this courageous (and maybe scary) process! Needing support does not mean you are weak or broken, it means you are human. My goal as a therapist is to help you feel safe and comfortable bringing your whole, authentic self into our work together. I find using humor, whenever appropriate, helps to disarm fears and facades while building a trusting relationship between client and clinician.
Jade is passionate about and experienced in working with youth, young adults, children and families of foster-care and/or adoption, as well as refugees and immigrants of all ages.
"I think we can all agree, life is hard! Sometimes the most honest, brave, and difficult thing we can do is reach out for support. Kudos to you for starting this courageous (and maybe scary) process! Needing support does not mean you are weak or broken, it means you are human. My goal as a therapist is to help you feel safe and comfortable bringing your whole, authentic self into our work together. I find using humor, whenever appropriate, helps to disarm fears and facades while building a trusting relationship between client and clinician.
(610) 947-4743 View (610) 947-4743
Photo of New Journey Family Center, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in White Haven, PA
New Journey Family Center
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MAMFT, RPT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Manheim, PA 17545
I have worked in various settings including foster care and adoption, in home and community services and outpatient.
Our passion for therapy is helping people of all ages discover their full potential in life and overcome obstacles. Our goal is to create a safe environment for you to turn and face the challenges you experience and identify new ways to create a meaningful life. For us, therapy is relationship and we would be honored to walk with you along your journey. We would like to offer our trainings and experiences, both professionally and personally to collaborate with you to help you reach your goals. We look forward to walking with you on this journey of healing and self-discovery!
I have worked in various settings including foster care and adoption, in home and community services and outpatient.
Our passion for therapy is helping people of all ages discover their full potential in life and overcome obstacles. Our goal is to create a safe environment for you to turn and face the challenges you experience and identify new ways to create a meaningful life. For us, therapy is relationship and we would be honored to walk with you along your journey. We would like to offer our trainings and experiences, both professionally and personally to collaborate with you to help you reach your goals. We look forward to walking with you on this journey of healing and self-discovery!
(717) 850-9573 View (717) 850-9573
Photo of Kristine Moss, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in White Haven, PA
Kristine Moss
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW, MSW , CFBT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Manheim, PA 17545
I have experience working with depression, ADHD, anxiety, suicidal ideation, mood disorders, trauma, identity issues, substance use disorders, LGBTQIA+, PTSD, foster and adoption, divorce, attachment, relationships, and family dynamics.
Hi! My name is Kristine Moss, and I am excited to walk this new journey with you. I am a therapist and Licensed Social Worker who is devoted to creating an emotionally safe environment for healing and self-growth. I serve both individuals and families, tailoring evidence-based treatments according to each client’s specific needs.
I have experience working with depression, ADHD, anxiety, suicidal ideation, mood disorders, trauma, identity issues, substance use disorders, LGBTQIA+, PTSD, foster and adoption, divorce, attachment, relationships, and family dynamics.
Hi! My name is Kristine Moss, and I am excited to walk this new journey with you. I am a therapist and Licensed Social Worker who is devoted to creating an emotionally safe environment for healing and self-growth. I serve both individuals and families, tailoring evidence-based treatments according to each client’s specific needs.
(223) 217-3176 View (223) 217-3176
Photo of Nita Laver, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in White Haven, PA
Nita Laver
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
Whether you are dealing with problematic relationships (parent-child, family conflict, gay, lesbian, heterosexual couples), grief and loss, life transitions (infertility, adoption, divorce, re-marriage and blended families, infidelity), self-esteem issues, trauma and abuse, work concerns, or communication difficulties, help is available and solutions are within your reach.
Are you tired of repeating old patterns that are holding you back in your life? Have you been feeling angry, empty, lonely stressed out and unhappy? Are you struggling through a transition or a loss or with the legacy of emotional, physical or sexual abuse? There are times in everyone's life when reaching out for and receiving help can make a real difference in resolving problems, easing pain and living a more satisfying life. In psychotherapy a safe place will be created in which to deal with and resolve the unhappiness you are experiencing.
Whether you are dealing with problematic relationships (parent-child, family conflict, gay, lesbian, heterosexual couples), grief and loss, life transitions (infertility, adoption, divorce, re-marriage and blended families, infidelity), self-esteem issues, trauma and abuse, work concerns, or communication difficulties, help is available and solutions are within your reach.
Are you tired of repeating old patterns that are holding you back in your life? Have you been feeling angry, empty, lonely stressed out and unhappy? Are you struggling through a transition or a loss or with the legacy of emotional, physical or sexual abuse? There are times in everyone's life when reaching out for and receiving help can make a real difference in resolving problems, easing pain and living a more satisfying life. In psychotherapy a safe place will be created in which to deal with and resolve the unhappiness you are experiencing.
(215) 798-0291 View (215) 798-0291
Photo of Crystal Oakman (Formerly Rice), Clinical Social Work/Therapist in White Haven, PA
Crystal Oakman (Formerly Rice)
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LGSW
Verified Verified
Carlisle, PA 17013
I provide answers to your life's struggles. My one-of-a-kind therapeutic consulting blends solutions focused mentoring & coaching with counseling and therapy techniques to help you identify & resolve personal, relationship, and family challenges, all with a uniquely honest approach. I am certified in Advanced Trauma Treatment, am adoption competent, and specialize in helping others with their relationships, even the one you have with yourself.
I provide answers to your life's struggles. My one-of-a-kind therapeutic consulting blends solutions focused mentoring & coaching with counseling and therapy techniques to help you identify & resolve personal, relationship, and family challenges, all with a uniquely honest approach. I am certified in Advanced Trauma Treatment, am adoption competent, and specialize in helping others with their relationships, even the one you have with yourself.
(301) 539-9256 View (301) 539-9256
Photo of Gina Weidow, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in White Haven, PA
Gina Weidow
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Forty Fort, PA 18704
I provide counseling to individuals from teenagers to the elderly. My passion is to empower others to grow their self-worth, organize their thoughts and lives, increase insight and awareness, and focus on healthy solutions. I blend Cognitive Behavioral, Person-Centered, and Reality therapies so that clients can be more well-rounded, work through their emotions, and attain practical goals. My areas of focus are adoption/ fostering, anxiety, depression, family counseling, infertility, life transitions, and relationship issues.
I provide counseling to individuals from teenagers to the elderly. My passion is to empower others to grow their self-worth, organize their thoughts and lives, increase insight and awareness, and focus on healthy solutions. I blend Cognitive Behavioral, Person-Centered, and Reality therapies so that clients can be more well-rounded, work through their emotions, and attain practical goals. My areas of focus are adoption/ fostering, anxiety, depression, family counseling, infertility, life transitions, and relationship issues.
(570) 968-8115 View (570) 968-8115

See more therapy options for White Haven

Adoption Therapists

Does my adopted child need therapy?

Not every adopted child needs therapy. However, many can benefit from seeing an adoption-informed therapist, especially if they were victims of abuse or neglect, appear withdrawn or disconnected, have behavioral or developmental issues (which may or may not be related to their adoption), are struggling with feelings of grief or loss surrounding their birth parents, or find it difficult to establish an identity, a challenge that often becomes most apparent during adolescence.

When should adoptive parents seek therapy?

Prospective parents can benefit from therapy even before an adoption—for example, to voice worries and fears; to reconcile infertility struggles, if relevant; or simply to prepare themselves for parenthood. After the adoption, parents who are struggling to bond with their child; are unsure how to talk about adoption or related issues, such as race; or whose child is dealing with developmental, behavioral, or psychiatric concerns can address these and other issues with the help of an adoption-competent therapist.

Is family therapy appropriate for adoptive families?

Family therapy can be invaluable for strengthening the bond between adoptive parents and children, helping the latter feel more secure in their place in the family. Family therapy can also help adoptive families navigate complex communication issues—for example, parents who feel uncomfortable discussing race with their child, who in turn feels invalidated by their silence, or a child who has questions about his birth parents but avoids asking them out of fear of hurting his adoptive parents’ feelings.

What therapy is not appropriate for adoption issues?

A discredited therapy known as “attachment therapy” (sometimes called “holding therapy” or “rebirthing therapy”) should not be used to treat adopted and foster children, though it was largely designed for this population. Attachment therapy involves restraining, coercing, and punishing the child in order for them to “release” negative emotions and attach to their new caregivers—techniques that are abusive and dangerous and have even proven fatal in some cases.