Therapists in Portland, OR

View neighborhoods in Portland
Photo of Psychology & Wellness Group PDX (Group Practice), Licensed Professional Counselor in Portland, OR
Psychology & Wellness Group PDX (Group Practice)
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, MA, MSW, CSWA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97223
We are a group practice in SW PDX, previously in Lake Oswego. We want to help you deal with the effects of your emotional pain, often invisible to others. If you are looking to be able to trust yourself and others and to understand the negative repetitive patterns in your life, then therapy can be a possible solution. We believe in competency, honesty and compassion as necessary qualities for therapists; ultimately you need to be able to trust the therapist you choose. Although life can be full of pain, we want to help reduce your suffering. Therapy is one of the ways you can address your emotional pain. Currently updating website.
We are a group practice in SW PDX, previously in Lake Oswego. We want to help you deal with the effects of your emotional pain, often invisible to others. If you are looking to be able to trust yourself and others and to understand the negative repetitive patterns in your life, then therapy can be a possible solution. We believe in competency, honesty and compassion as necessary qualities for therapists; ultimately you need to be able to trust the therapist you choose. Although life can be full of pain, we want to help reduce your suffering. Therapy is one of the ways you can address your emotional pain. Currently updating website.
(971) 257-1389 View (971) 257-1389
Photo of Lindsey Gibson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Portland, OR
Lindsey Gibson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97214  (Online Only)
I work with individual adults and couples, mainly related to learning to cope with anxiety, depression, and trauma and the ways that it impacts their lives. Many of my clients are part of the LGBTQ+ community.
I work with individual adults and couples, mainly related to learning to cope with anxiety, depression, and trauma and the ways that it impacts their lives. Many of my clients are part of the LGBTQ+ community.
(503) 470-6272 View (503) 470-6272
Photo of Victoria Douglas Thoreson, Psychologist in Portland, OR
Victoria Douglas Thoreson
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97219
Waitlist for new clients
You want prompt solutions to today's challenges. Whether you are facing changes in your personal or work life, are dealing with trauma, illness, grief, depression or anxiety, you want support to identify and implement successful strategies to get back on line as soon as possible. I have an active approach and promote between-session homework and bibliotherapy to integrate the gains you are making. I aggressively seek continuing education for myself in support of your current issues and special concerns. My office reflects a sense of warmth comfort and security in order to create a reassuring environment.
You want prompt solutions to today's challenges. Whether you are facing changes in your personal or work life, are dealing with trauma, illness, grief, depression or anxiety, you want support to identify and implement successful strategies to get back on line as soon as possible. I have an active approach and promote between-session homework and bibliotherapy to integrate the gains you are making. I aggressively seek continuing education for myself in support of your current issues and special concerns. My office reflects a sense of warmth comfort and security in order to create a reassuring environment.
(971) 236-5142 View (971) 236-5142
Photo of Psyche PDX, Professional Counselor Associate in Portland, OR
Psyche PDX
Professional Counselor Associate, PCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97202
We all have our own story, the things that make us unique in the tapestry of human experiences. What motivates me in counseling people is how we cope with trauma, overcome adversity, and our resilience in the face of difficult circumstances. Finding a way to create meaning, and live a full authentic life is central to my goals in supporting clients. I focus on existential and feminist frameworks to support clients in developing their sense of worth and purpose in life. Working with me we will address attachment and relational dynamics, boundaries and the patterns present in your life that may be keeping you “stuck.”
We all have our own story, the things that make us unique in the tapestry of human experiences. What motivates me in counseling people is how we cope with trauma, overcome adversity, and our resilience in the face of difficult circumstances. Finding a way to create meaning, and live a full authentic life is central to my goals in supporting clients. I focus on existential and feminist frameworks to support clients in developing their sense of worth and purpose in life. Working with me we will address attachment and relational dynamics, boundaries and the patterns present in your life that may be keeping you “stuck.”
(503) 594-4857 View (503) 594-4857
Photo of Michelle Desai, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Portland, OR
Michelle Desai
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97212
As human beings, we all have a deep need for connection. This connection is often challenged and disrupted by experiences throughout our lives. Consequently, we all experience some level of disconnection. This experience of disconnection can lead to anxiety, inadequate coping skills, depression, poor emotional regulation, substance use, and many other dis-eases. The good news is that we all have the potential to reconnect with our authentic self and heal. My approach to therapy and healing involves reconnection with our true selves, our body, and the present moment through compassionate listening, non-judgement and curiosity.
As human beings, we all have a deep need for connection. This connection is often challenged and disrupted by experiences throughout our lives. Consequently, we all experience some level of disconnection. This experience of disconnection can lead to anxiety, inadequate coping skills, depression, poor emotional regulation, substance use, and many other dis-eases. The good news is that we all have the potential to reconnect with our authentic self and heal. My approach to therapy and healing involves reconnection with our true selves, our body, and the present moment through compassionate listening, non-judgement and curiosity.
(971) 393-8064 View (971) 393-8064
Photo of Dr. David Ixtlahuac, Marriage & Family Therapist in Portland, OR
Dr. David Ixtlahuac
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, LMFT
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97212
I believe that human connection begins with exploring our own vulnerabilities. My human experience has led me to process moments of disappointment and pain. I experienced challenges and I experienced successes. Everything from difficult breakups to investing in healthy relationships. I continue to learn and transform from all of this because life has its ebbs and flows which I use to find inner balance.
I believe that human connection begins with exploring our own vulnerabilities. My human experience has led me to process moments of disappointment and pain. I experienced challenges and I experienced successes. Everything from difficult breakups to investing in healthy relationships. I continue to learn and transform from all of this because life has its ebbs and flows which I use to find inner balance.
(503) 694-3726 View (503) 694-3726
Photo of Marley Small, Licensed Professional Counselor in Portland, OR
Marley Small
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97219  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
In-Network with Kaiser. Life can be overwhelming and bumpy at times often resulting in layers of difficulties with adjusting, anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship struggles, and much more. An ideal client would be an individual who is ready to become unstuck and make impactful shifts in their life. Someone who is looking for support processing life stressors and is wanting to take steps toward their goals.
In-Network with Kaiser. Life can be overwhelming and bumpy at times often resulting in layers of difficulties with adjusting, anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship struggles, and much more. An ideal client would be an individual who is ready to become unstuck and make impactful shifts in their life. Someone who is looking for support processing life stressors and is wanting to take steps toward their goals.
(503) 868-2986 View (503) 868-2986
Photo of Ana Cragnolino, Psychologist in Portland, OR
Ana Cragnolino
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97214
I offer psychological and neuropsychological evaluations to children, adolescents, and adults and I provide therapy for adolescents and adults. I evaluate learning and neurocognitive differences, including ADHD and depression and anxiety. My goal is to provide resources and support services for students with unique academic needs, help clients develop executive functioning strategies, and offer therapeutic services for neurodivergent individuals. If you are seeking to understand your unique ways of learning and living in the world, I want to help you on this path to greater contentment and fulfillment.
I offer psychological and neuropsychological evaluations to children, adolescents, and adults and I provide therapy for adolescents and adults. I evaluate learning and neurocognitive differences, including ADHD and depression and anxiety. My goal is to provide resources and support services for students with unique academic needs, help clients develop executive functioning strategies, and offer therapeutic services for neurodivergent individuals. If you are seeking to understand your unique ways of learning and living in the world, I want to help you on this path to greater contentment and fulfillment.
(971) 407-4975 View (971) 407-4975
Photo of Chanda V Haynes, Licensed Professional Counselor in Portland, OR
Chanda V Haynes
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, ACS, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97209  (Online Only)
Our trauma can leave us with feelings of shame, resentment, and guilt. When we don't take the time for our own recovery and healing, we can find ourselves becoming stressed and overwhelmed. We become unrecognizable to ourselves and disconnected from our own needs. Our physical health is impacted. We experience spiraling thoughts and an inability to relax. Our anger and sadness are easily triggered. We sabotage our important relationships. We lack trust and fear intimacy. We find ourselves feeling undeserving of the goodness life has to offer.
Our trauma can leave us with feelings of shame, resentment, and guilt. When we don't take the time for our own recovery and healing, we can find ourselves becoming stressed and overwhelmed. We become unrecognizable to ourselves and disconnected from our own needs. Our physical health is impacted. We experience spiraling thoughts and an inability to relax. Our anger and sadness are easily triggered. We sabotage our important relationships. We lack trust and fear intimacy. We find ourselves feeling undeserving of the goodness life has to offer.
(503) 212-9961 View (503) 212-9961
Photo of Dr. Tonia Vojtkofsky, Psychologist in Portland, OR
Dr. Tonia Vojtkofsky
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97229  (Online Only)
I believe there is hope for you, no matter what you are struggling with, or how intense your suffering is. I am dedicated to providing compassionate and evidenced-based treatments that empower people to learn, grow, and heal. I value psychotherapy that addresses the whole person. My goal is to help people overcome difficulties, reach their potential, and effect real and lasting change.
I believe there is hope for you, no matter what you are struggling with, or how intense your suffering is. I am dedicated to providing compassionate and evidenced-based treatments that empower people to learn, grow, and heal. I value psychotherapy that addresses the whole person. My goal is to help people overcome difficulties, reach their potential, and effect real and lasting change.
(971) 257-5965 View (971) 257-5965
Photo of RTKO Counseling, Professional Counselor Associate in Portland, OR
RTKO Counseling
Professional Counselor Associate
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97221
I help clients gain clarity about what it is that they really want out of life, and then assist them in identifying the way in which they are subconsciously sabotaging their attempts to cultivate a more rewarding and fulfilling existence.
I help clients gain clarity about what it is that they really want out of life, and then assist them in identifying the way in which they are subconsciously sabotaging their attempts to cultivate a more rewarding and fulfilling existence.
(971) 260-9693 View (971) 260-9693
Photo of NW Creative Counseling, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Portland, OR
NW Creative Counseling, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97202
Not accepting new clients
****PRACTICE FULL****Talking helps! I am a skilled and caring therapist, and work to help others navigate hardship, find ease, and nurture inner wisdom. My work is strongly founded in establishing a safe and secure therapeutic relationship. I provide non-judgmental support for a variety of issues including anxiety, depression, life transitions, identity concerns, PTSD/trauma, mood disorders, and chronic illnesses.
****PRACTICE FULL****Talking helps! I am a skilled and caring therapist, and work to help others navigate hardship, find ease, and nurture inner wisdom. My work is strongly founded in establishing a safe and secure therapeutic relationship. I provide non-judgmental support for a variety of issues including anxiety, depression, life transitions, identity concerns, PTSD/trauma, mood disorders, and chronic illnesses.
(503) 406-1589 View (503) 406-1589
Photo of Jana Kreofsky, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Portland, OR
Jana Kreofsky
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97217  (Online Only)
I believe each person has the power and knowledge within them to move towards increased wellness and healing. Due to many factors we can lose track of our best selves, feel off course and get overwhelmed. Some of these factors include trauma, chronic stress, oppression, loss, abuse, lack of healthy modeling, low self esteem, reliance on substances and self-medicating, and much more. No matter how we get off course, therapy is a powerful tool that can help us understand how we have come to this specific place in our lives, as well as help us to look at where we want to go and who we want to become moving forward.
I believe each person has the power and knowledge within them to move towards increased wellness and healing. Due to many factors we can lose track of our best selves, feel off course and get overwhelmed. Some of these factors include trauma, chronic stress, oppression, loss, abuse, lack of healthy modeling, low self esteem, reliance on substances and self-medicating, and much more. No matter how we get off course, therapy is a powerful tool that can help us understand how we have come to this specific place in our lives, as well as help us to look at where we want to go and who we want to become moving forward.
(971) 365-3971 View (971) 365-3971
Photo of Joseph M Alexander, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Portland, OR
Joseph M Alexander
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97214
Not accepting new clients
I have over 30 years of clinical experience as a therapist. I have helped hundreds of individuals and couples to a successful resolution of their problems. My experience has taught me that not everyone benefits from the same approach. My style is interactive, dynamic and supportive. I listen carefully to support strengths and often teach by the questions I ask. I have in-depth training in gestalt, family systems, psychodynamic and the newer relational models of therapy. Over the years I have developed many strategies to help individuals struggling with anxiety and depression. Call me for more information.
I have over 30 years of clinical experience as a therapist. I have helped hundreds of individuals and couples to a successful resolution of their problems. My experience has taught me that not everyone benefits from the same approach. My style is interactive, dynamic and supportive. I listen carefully to support strengths and often teach by the questions I ask. I have in-depth training in gestalt, family systems, psychodynamic and the newer relational models of therapy. Over the years I have developed many strategies to help individuals struggling with anxiety and depression. Call me for more information.
(971) 236-5055 View (971) 236-5055
Photo of Kathy Reicker, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Portland, OR
Kathy Reicker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97210
I am a highly trained psychotherapist and psychoanalyst and I treat adolescents and adults who are struggling with difficulties in living, including depression, anxiety, self esteem, identity, sexual functioning, and career and parenting issues. If you feel lost, alone, worthless, or directionless, I can be of help. Psychotherapy or talk therapy is a collaborative process where we work to identify, explore and change repetitive patterns that may keep you stuck or unfulfilled whether in work, relationships, or life in general. Therapy can help you develop capacities, master traumas, resolve conflicts, gain clarity and perspective and lead a more fulfilling life.
I am a highly trained psychotherapist and psychoanalyst and I treat adolescents and adults who are struggling with difficulties in living, including depression, anxiety, self esteem, identity, sexual functioning, and career and parenting issues. If you feel lost, alone, worthless, or directionless, I can be of help. Psychotherapy or talk therapy is a collaborative process where we work to identify, explore and change repetitive patterns that may keep you stuck or unfulfilled whether in work, relationships, or life in general. Therapy can help you develop capacities, master traumas, resolve conflicts, gain clarity and perspective and lead a more fulfilling life.
(503) 388-5939 View (503) 388-5939
Photo of Megan Rose Larson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Portland, OR
Megan Rose Larson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97217  (Online Only)
OPEN for Clients-Are you struggling w/ an event that left you with nightmares, flashbacks, negative beliefs or expectations about yourself or others (eg "I'm bad"), startle responses, feeling anxious, depressed, or have difficulty concentrating? If your goal is to feel more confident in your own skin and to sleep soundly at night therapy can help. Are you and your partner struggling with parenting, infidelity, or communication? Therapy can help. - Cash Pay Only- Sliding Scale Currently Full-
OPEN for Clients-Are you struggling w/ an event that left you with nightmares, flashbacks, negative beliefs or expectations about yourself or others (eg "I'm bad"), startle responses, feeling anxious, depressed, or have difficulty concentrating? If your goal is to feel more confident in your own skin and to sleep soundly at night therapy can help. Are you and your partner struggling with parenting, infidelity, or communication? Therapy can help. - Cash Pay Only- Sliding Scale Currently Full-
(270) 479-7576 View (270) 479-7576
Photo of Dr. Emily Shiraishi, Psychologist in Portland, OR
Dr. Emily Shiraishi
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97204  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
You’re the reliable one for your family, friends, and employer. On the outside, you’ve got it together, but on the inside, you’re starting to fall apart. Self-doubt is swimming in your head. Anxiety is welling up, and you are afraid it will spill out at the wrong moment. Your worries are taking up more and more space in your mind and life, and they are getting in the way of your dreams. You’re looking for a therapist who will listen deeply and give you space to unpack your experiences, but also gently lead you to new territory and the next step in healing.
You’re the reliable one for your family, friends, and employer. On the outside, you’ve got it together, but on the inside, you’re starting to fall apart. Self-doubt is swimming in your head. Anxiety is welling up, and you are afraid it will spill out at the wrong moment. Your worries are taking up more and more space in your mind and life, and they are getting in the way of your dreams. You’re looking for a therapist who will listen deeply and give you space to unpack your experiences, but also gently lead you to new territory and the next step in healing.
(971) 606-4758 View (971) 606-4758
Photo of Gudmund Lee, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Portland, OR
Gudmund Lee
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97223
My approach to therapy is compassionate and direct. I will be respectful, but I will also be honest. I routinely give homework assignments as part of therapy, with the belief that if you accomplish the task you will start to experience the change you seek. I will try to understand both the nature and context of your problem and the potential impact of change before I offer helpful solutions. I will ask you about where you are trying to go, and we will work together to develop a practical plan to help you get there.
My approach to therapy is compassionate and direct. I will be respectful, but I will also be honest. I routinely give homework assignments as part of therapy, with the belief that if you accomplish the task you will start to experience the change you seek. I will try to understand both the nature and context of your problem and the potential impact of change before I offer helpful solutions. I will ask you about where you are trying to go, and we will work together to develop a practical plan to help you get there.
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Photo of Stacy Hubbard, Marriage & Family Therapist in Portland, OR
Stacy Hubbard
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97204  (Online Only)
I am certified in the Gottman method of Couples Therapy, and I am one of 30 Advanced Gottman Clinical Trainers in the world. I obtained my Master's Degree in Marriage and Family in 2005, from Portland State University. I have worked in the field of counseling for the past 25 years, in the capacity of a case worker, recreation therapist, rafting and rock climbing guide for at risk youth. I have chosen to specialize in the Gottman method because of the effectiveness of the modality and because it is a research based model. I have skills to help you move through conflict and heal from affairs. Improve your relationship now!
I am certified in the Gottman method of Couples Therapy, and I am one of 30 Advanced Gottman Clinical Trainers in the world. I obtained my Master's Degree in Marriage and Family in 2005, from Portland State University. I have worked in the field of counseling for the past 25 years, in the capacity of a case worker, recreation therapist, rafting and rock climbing guide for at risk youth. I have chosen to specialize in the Gottman method because of the effectiveness of the modality and because it is a research based model. I have skills to help you move through conflict and heal from affairs. Improve your relationship now!
(503) 994-2947 View (503) 994-2947
Photo of Ann M Staple, Licensed Professional Counselor in Portland, OR
Ann M Staple
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97214  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I work with adults navigating a wide range of both normal and unwanted transitions. If you are facing a life change you could be experiencing symptoms of anxiety and depression as you work to adapt in the new landscape. You may be dealing with an expected change that is creating disruption and challenging your normal coping ability. Or, if it is an unexpected event, feeling unprepared, in shock, and reeling.
I work with adults navigating a wide range of both normal and unwanted transitions. If you are facing a life change you could be experiencing symptoms of anxiety and depression as you work to adapt in the new landscape. You may be dealing with an expected change that is creating disruption and challenging your normal coping ability. Or, if it is an unexpected event, feeling unprepared, in shock, and reeling.
(503) 438-4423 View (503) 438-4423

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Portland, OR

3,000+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in Portland, OR who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
85% Depression
78% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
73% Trauma and PTSD
70% Stress
67% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

54% PacificSource
47% Aetna
38% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Portland, OR see their clients

56% In Person and Online
44% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
21% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Portland?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.