Adoption Therapists in East Otis, MA

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Photo of Carolina Clark, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in East Otis, MA
Carolina Clark
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Chicopee, MA 01020
I have also had extensive training around parenting, parenting while in recovery, foster care, and adoption.
If I have learned one thing over the years working with children and families, is that healing only happens through connection, through a trusting relationship. Therefore, my main goal when working with folks is to establish a relationship where one feels safe, held, listened to, and valued. I once heard that our work is to walk through a dark and scary forest with people, and not to teach them, coach them, to do it on their own. So no matter how dark and scary your forest is right now, my job is to walk through it with you, and support you every step of the way. I am also a native Portuguese speaker, and speak Spanish as well.
I have also had extensive training around parenting, parenting while in recovery, foster care, and adoption.
If I have learned one thing over the years working with children and families, is that healing only happens through connection, through a trusting relationship. Therefore, my main goal when working with folks is to establish a relationship where one feels safe, held, listened to, and valued. I once heard that our work is to walk through a dark and scary forest with people, and not to teach them, coach them, to do it on their own. So no matter how dark and scary your forest is right now, my job is to walk through it with you, and support you every step of the way. I am also a native Portuguese speaker, and speak Spanish as well.
(413) 217-1102 View (413) 217-1102
Photo of Isadora Howard-Karp, Counselor in East Otis, MA
Isadora Howard-Karp
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Dedham, MA 02026
I have experience with mental illness, adoption, attachment, gender transition, and generational trauma.
I’m a licensed mental health clinician with current daytime openings. I see adults experiencing major life transitions, struggling through difficult periods, or working to break old patterns. I work with children experiencing anxiety, impulsivity, or friendships and I work with parents to help them support their child and adapt their parenting to meet their child's needs. I am LGBTQ+-affirming, direct, caring, and insightful, and I love to use humor in my approach.
I have experience with mental illness, adoption, attachment, gender transition, and generational trauma.
I’m a licensed mental health clinician with current daytime openings. I see adults experiencing major life transitions, struggling through difficult periods, or working to break old patterns. I work with children experiencing anxiety, impulsivity, or friendships and I work with parents to help them support their child and adapt their parenting to meet their child's needs. I am LGBTQ+-affirming, direct, caring, and insightful, and I love to use humor in my approach.
(857) 375-8961 View (857) 375-8961
Photo of Heather O'Brien, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in East Otis, MA
Heather O'Brien
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Ayer, MA 01432
I believe that a strong therapeutic relationship is essential to making progress in therapy. I strive to create a supportive and non-judgmental space for us to begin our work together. I am an active therapist and will work collaboratively with you to make therapy goals, learn and practice new coping skills, and solve problems. I am particularly passionate about working with pregnant and postpartum caregivers and caregivers of children with developmental challenges. Other areas of interest and expertise are: anxiety, depression, adoption, relationship stress, trauma, and parenting.
I believe that a strong therapeutic relationship is essential to making progress in therapy. I strive to create a supportive and non-judgmental space for us to begin our work together. I am an active therapist and will work collaboratively with you to make therapy goals, learn and practice new coping skills, and solve problems. I am particularly passionate about working with pregnant and postpartum caregivers and caregivers of children with developmental challenges. Other areas of interest and expertise are: anxiety, depression, adoption, relationship stress, trauma, and parenting.
(978) 571-5769 View (978) 571-5769
Photo of Martha Lamb, Psychologist in East Otis, MA
Martha Lamb
Psychologist, EdM
Verified Verified
Waltham, MA 02453
I have worked for more than 35 years with adults of all ages in college counseling centers, mental health clinics and for an international adoption agency.
Are things in your life different from what you expected or planned? Are you feeling worried, stressed and “locked in”? Need some place to share/discuss those feelings and make a better/different plan for yourself. Call and make an appointment. I’m thoughtful and listen well, and will help you cope and deal with today’s challenges.
I have worked for more than 35 years with adults of all ages in college counseling centers, mental health clinics and for an international adoption agency.
Are things in your life different from what you expected or planned? Are you feeling worried, stressed and “locked in”? Need some place to share/discuss those feelings and make a better/different plan for yourself. Call and make an appointment. I’m thoughtful and listen well, and will help you cope and deal with today’s challenges.
(781) 381-4971 View (781) 381-4971
Photo of Nancy E. Ostrowski, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in East Otis, MA
Nancy E. Ostrowski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
North Grafton, MA 01536
I have also had some experience with adoption as well.
Many clients who I meet with for the first time confess how scared they were to make the initial phone call and to set up an appointment. Usually after the first appointment they say they are glad they did. In today's culture, there are so many stressors and demands of everyday life that we often wind up taking care of others and sometimes find ourselves feeling overwhelmed, depressed, anxious and stuck. I have watched change and relief take place as clients meet with me over time and together we gain understanding and awareness of how to move forward.
I have also had some experience with adoption as well.
Many clients who I meet with for the first time confess how scared they were to make the initial phone call and to set up an appointment. Usually after the first appointment they say they are glad they did. In today's culture, there are so many stressors and demands of everyday life that we often wind up taking care of others and sometimes find ourselves feeling overwhelmed, depressed, anxious and stuck. I have watched change and relief take place as clients meet with me over time and together we gain understanding and awareness of how to move forward.
(978) 986-4041 View (978) 986-4041
Photo of Judi Locke, M.A., L.M.H.C.,, Counselor in East Otis, MA
Judi Locke, M.A., L.M.H.C.,
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Brighton, MA 02135
A few of my specialties are; Anxiety disorder, Depression , Mood disorder, Trauma, Relationship building, Interpersonal skills, ADHD/Behavioral problems, Adoption/Infertility, Parenting Support.
I treat an array of ages and psychological issues from anxiety disorder to behavioral challenges with children, adolescents and adults. I am processed oriented and offer skill building strategies to enhance self-awareness and foster positive change.
A few of my specialties are; Anxiety disorder, Depression , Mood disorder, Trauma, Relationship building, Interpersonal skills, ADHD/Behavioral problems, Adoption/Infertility, Parenting Support.
I treat an array of ages and psychological issues from anxiety disorder to behavioral challenges with children, adolescents and adults. I am processed oriented and offer skill building strategies to enhance self-awareness and foster positive change.
(617) 841-8493 View (617) 841-8493
Photo of Melanie P Designas, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in East Otis, MA
Melanie P Designas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Hubbardston, MA 01452
I am a clinical social worker with many years of experience in trauma, loss, and adoption. I treat symptoms of depression, anxiety, and grief. I help people learn healthy coping skills and let go of patterns that no longer serve them. The pandemic has been hard on us and increased feelings of isolation and depression. Coming to therapy can be hard. I provide a non-judgmental space to work through grief and trauma.
I am a clinical social worker with many years of experience in trauma, loss, and adoption. I treat symptoms of depression, anxiety, and grief. I help people learn healthy coping skills and let go of patterns that no longer serve them. The pandemic has been hard on us and increased feelings of isolation and depression. Coming to therapy can be hard. I provide a non-judgmental space to work through grief and trauma.
(351) 200-0625 View (351) 200-0625
Photo of Sasha Mohan Martone, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in East Otis, MA
Sasha Mohan Martone
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, LCSW-NJ
Verified Verified
Canton, MA 02021  (Online Only)
With over 2 decades of experience, my practice falls into two main categories. The first is with children, adolescents, and adults who face challenges specifically around anxiety, depression, ADHD, and mood disorders, which are negatively impacting their functioning at home, school, and/or other activities/environments. The second is in adoption and non-parental event experiences. As an adoption therapist and domestic adoption program director, I have worked with all members of the adoption constellation dealing with pre and post adoption related issues, transracial adoption, late discovery adoptees, as well as NPE/MPE individuals.
With over 2 decades of experience, my practice falls into two main categories. The first is with children, adolescents, and adults who face challenges specifically around anxiety, depression, ADHD, and mood disorders, which are negatively impacting their functioning at home, school, and/or other activities/environments. The second is in adoption and non-parental event experiences. As an adoption therapist and domestic adoption program director, I have worked with all members of the adoption constellation dealing with pre and post adoption related issues, transracial adoption, late discovery adoptees, as well as NPE/MPE individuals.
(781) 230-6761 View (781) 230-6761
Photo of Nancy Yen, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist in East Otis, MA
Nancy Yen, MS, LMFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Acton, MA 01720
Nancy is a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist who has a strong conviction in human resiliency. Her philosophy is that personal challenges provide opportunities to reclaim Power, Identity, & Healing. Her work has included experience in an array of clinical settings & training with experience with Adoption, Couples, Trauma & complex Family issues.
Nancy is a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist who has a strong conviction in human resiliency. Her philosophy is that personal challenges provide opportunities to reclaim Power, Identity, & Healing. Her work has included experience in an array of clinical settings & training with experience with Adoption, Couples, Trauma & complex Family issues.
(508) 455-4046 View (508) 455-4046
Photo of Jennifer Royster, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in East Otis, MA
Jennifer Royster
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02139  (Online Only)
Jennifer Royster is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker (LICSW) who has experience working with diverse populations across the lifespan. She has 9 years experience in a variety of settings supporting clients through acute medical concerns, family dynamics, birth, adoption, substance use disorders, mental illness, end of life, and bereavement. Jennifer completed her Master of Social Work (MSW) at Salem State University. She also completed a Bachelor of Science (BS) in Communications.
Jennifer Royster is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker (LICSW) who has experience working with diverse populations across the lifespan. She has 9 years experience in a variety of settings supporting clients through acute medical concerns, family dynamics, birth, adoption, substance use disorders, mental illness, end of life, and bereavement. Jennifer completed her Master of Social Work (MSW) at Salem State University. She also completed a Bachelor of Science (BS) in Communications.
(617) 676-0249 View (617) 676-0249
Photo of Maryann Paleologopoulos LICSW, Inc, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in East Otis, MA
Maryann Paleologopoulos LICSW, Inc
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MS, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Agawam, MA 01001
I am able to offer my clients, based on my years of working with children, adolescents and adults, expertise in areas such as women's issues, depression, anxiety, divorce, kids in kinship care, adoption, behavioral issues, ADHD, Autism and grief and loss.
Not accepting new clients: I believe in providing a comfortable and relaxed environment for clients to address issues identified in treatment. Collaborative treatment planning with my client allows for goals and objectives to be identified. Clients will begin the healing process using a variety of techniques, interventions, and theoretical approaches. In addition to outpatient therapy, I also serve as Guardian Ad Litem to Berkshire, Franklin, Hampshire and Hampden County probate courts evaluating high conflict/custody agreements and parenting plans.
I am able to offer my clients, based on my years of working with children, adolescents and adults, expertise in areas such as women's issues, depression, anxiety, divorce, kids in kinship care, adoption, behavioral issues, ADHD, Autism and grief and loss.
Not accepting new clients: I believe in providing a comfortable and relaxed environment for clients to address issues identified in treatment. Collaborative treatment planning with my client allows for goals and objectives to be identified. Clients will begin the healing process using a variety of techniques, interventions, and theoretical approaches. In addition to outpatient therapy, I also serve as Guardian Ad Litem to Berkshire, Franklin, Hampshire and Hampden County probate courts evaluating high conflict/custody agreements and parenting plans.
(413) 314-2941 View (413) 314-2941
Photo of Evelyne R Dreyfuss, Psychologist in East Otis, MA
Evelyne R Dreyfuss
Psychologist, EdD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brookline, MA 02446  (Online Only)
You are not alone! Children and adults who experience adoption, complicated divorce, sexual abuse or death feel hurt, helpless and scared. The good news is that with the right support you can create positive changes, feel better and learn to be more resilient! I am easy to talk to, patient and compassionate. I provide a warm and non judgmental environment while taking an active role and suggesting new perspectives. I focus on what is strong not what is wrong. Together we discover your or your child's inherent strength and collaborate to develop healthier attachments and improved confidence.
You are not alone! Children and adults who experience adoption, complicated divorce, sexual abuse or death feel hurt, helpless and scared. The good news is that with the right support you can create positive changes, feel better and learn to be more resilient! I am easy to talk to, patient and compassionate. I provide a warm and non judgmental environment while taking an active role and suggesting new perspectives. I focus on what is strong not what is wrong. Together we discover your or your child's inherent strength and collaborate to develop healthier attachments and improved confidence.
(617) 294-5648 View (617) 294-5648
Photo of Michael J McManus, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in East Otis, MA
Michael J McManus
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Charlton, MA 01507
After more than ten years of work with traumatized children and adolescents in the state's child welfare system and now currently working in the adoption and foster care community, I have always felt a strong connection to families and and have worked hard to demonstrate my cultural competency.
Current openings with clinicians credentialed with BCBS. The ideal client who I work with therapeutically is motivated and desires change. This client values the therapeutic relationship while also working toward success quickly. This client should be excited, even if a little bit anxious, about gaining valuable insight into themselves and their place in their life. As far as couples/marriage counseling is concerned, couples should be motivated to stay together and not simply stop off at therapy before divorce. Couples should be willing to work hard and look at themselves as individuals as well as a family.
After more than ten years of work with traumatized children and adolescents in the state's child welfare system and now currently working in the adoption and foster care community, I have always felt a strong connection to families and and have worked hard to demonstrate my cultural competency.
Current openings with clinicians credentialed with BCBS. The ideal client who I work with therapeutically is motivated and desires change. This client values the therapeutic relationship while also working toward success quickly. This client should be excited, even if a little bit anxious, about gaining valuable insight into themselves and their place in their life. As far as couples/marriage counseling is concerned, couples should be motivated to stay together and not simply stop off at therapy before divorce. Couples should be willing to work hard and look at themselves as individuals as well as a family.
(508) 455-3496 View (508) 455-3496
Photo of Jodi Waddell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in East Otis, MA
Jodi Waddell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02138
I believe positive change in therapy takes place in a safe and collaborative environment. I strive to put my clients at ease with compassion, candor, and humor. I am a licensed clinical social worker who specializes in perinatal and infertility issues, foster care and adoption and the LGBTQ+ population. I also provide psychotherapy to individuals who are experiencing anxiety, mood disorders, trauma, relationship concerns and identity issues. I utilize an eclectic blend of therapeutic modalities such as, psychodynamic, CBT, DBT, and solution focused treatment.
I believe positive change in therapy takes place in a safe and collaborative environment. I strive to put my clients at ease with compassion, candor, and humor. I am a licensed clinical social worker who specializes in perinatal and infertility issues, foster care and adoption and the LGBTQ+ population. I also provide psychotherapy to individuals who are experiencing anxiety, mood disorders, trauma, relationship concerns and identity issues. I utilize an eclectic blend of therapeutic modalities such as, psychodynamic, CBT, DBT, and solution focused treatment.
(617) 812-1552 View (617) 812-1552
Photo of Bonnie Atkin Hellman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in East Otis, MA
Bonnie Atkin Hellman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MEd
Verified Verified
Littleton, MA 01460
In addition, I have specialties in adoption and infertility.
It is never easy to make that initial phone call even when you are dealing with a personal or relationship problem, managing depression, anxiety, parenting, or going through a divorce. My practical and positive approach has helped many people for over the 25 years. In addition, I like to use humor whenever possible.I have a compassionate and gentle manner, listen carefully to the issues and decide with you, goals for therapy. While I draw on a range of approaches, including cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic and psycho-educational, it is the strength of the relationship that leads to success in reaching your goals.
In addition, I have specialties in adoption and infertility.
It is never easy to make that initial phone call even when you are dealing with a personal or relationship problem, managing depression, anxiety, parenting, or going through a divorce. My practical and positive approach has helped many people for over the 25 years. In addition, I like to use humor whenever possible.I have a compassionate and gentle manner, listen carefully to the issues and decide with you, goals for therapy. While I draw on a range of approaches, including cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic and psycho-educational, it is the strength of the relationship that leads to success in reaching your goals.
(781) 718-1916 View (781) 718-1916
Photo of Katie Naftzger, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in East Otis, MA
Katie Naftzger
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newton Highlands, MA 02461
It can make all the difference to work with someone who specializes in adoption! I bring my personal experience as a Korean-adoptee and professional experience in working with hundreds of adoptees, parents and families.
I am the author of, "Parenting in the Eye of the Storm: The Adoptive Parent's Guide to Navigating the Teen Years." I offer consultation and psychotherapy for individuals and families throughout the life cycle.
It can make all the difference to work with someone who specializes in adoption! I bring my personal experience as a Korean-adoptee and professional experience in working with hundreds of adoptees, parents and families.
I am the author of, "Parenting in the Eye of the Storm: The Adoptive Parent's Guide to Navigating the Teen Years." I offer consultation and psychotherapy for individuals and families throughout the life cycle.
(617) 925-6070 View (617) 925-6070
Photo of J. Michael Rowan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in East Otis, MA
J. Michael Rowan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Greenfield, MA 01301  (Online Only)
Much of my work focuses on helping people recover from abuse and other traumatic experiences, as well as helping families adjust to changes such as divorce, foster care, and adoption.
I am an experienced family therapist who has worked with children, adolescents, adults, and families in a variety of settings. I see self-pay clients and Blue Cross Blue Shield. I am often the first person to see a young child when emotional and behavioral difficulties emerge in pre-school or Kindergarten. I can help figure out what's going on diagnostically and we can develop a treatment plan together. I have successfully helped children and adults with ADHD, PTSD, Anxiety, and Mood Disorders like Depression and Bipolar Disorder.
Much of my work focuses on helping people recover from abuse and other traumatic experiences, as well as helping families adjust to changes such as divorce, foster care, and adoption.
I am an experienced family therapist who has worked with children, adolescents, adults, and families in a variety of settings. I see self-pay clients and Blue Cross Blue Shield. I am often the first person to see a young child when emotional and behavioral difficulties emerge in pre-school or Kindergarten. I can help figure out what's going on diagnostically and we can develop a treatment plan together. I have successfully helped children and adults with ADHD, PTSD, Anxiety, and Mood Disorders like Depression and Bipolar Disorder.
(413) 353-1064 View (413) 353-1064
Photo of Samantha Beazer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in East Otis, MA
Samantha Beazer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW`, LICSW
Verified Verified
Stoughton, MA 02072  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
My greatest passion involves helping others to find peace, hope and strength within their circumstances. I am a LICSW with clinical experience working with couples with relationship difficulties, adults who suffer from anxiety, depression, PTSD as well as the effects of trauma. I have worked in Emergency residences for children and adolescents as well as mobile crisis emergency services. I also provided support to young parents and have worked in the child welfare system since 2016. I am familiar with attachment and loss especially within families involved in the court system (i.e. foster care/adoption).
My greatest passion involves helping others to find peace, hope and strength within their circumstances. I am a LICSW with clinical experience working with couples with relationship difficulties, adults who suffer from anxiety, depression, PTSD as well as the effects of trauma. I have worked in Emergency residences for children and adolescents as well as mobile crisis emergency services. I also provided support to young parents and have worked in the child welfare system since 2016. I am familiar with attachment and loss especially within families involved in the court system (i.e. foster care/adoption).
(781) 725-6484 View (781) 725-6484
Photo of Amy G Fleischer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in East Otis, MA
Amy G Fleischer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Brookline, MA 02446
I am a seasoned psychotherapist, with 25 plus years of Clinical experience. I have worked extensively with individuals struggling with anxiety, depression, self-esteem, feelings of isolation, grief, relationship issues, and life stage transitions. Individuals and families facing parenting and adoption challenges are an additional focus of my practice. I also offer psychodynamically oriented Clinical Supervision to therapists at all levels of experience. I am committed to working with you to ensure therapy is financially accessible.
I am a seasoned psychotherapist, with 25 plus years of Clinical experience. I have worked extensively with individuals struggling with anxiety, depression, self-esteem, feelings of isolation, grief, relationship issues, and life stage transitions. Individuals and families facing parenting and adoption challenges are an additional focus of my practice. I also offer psychodynamically oriented Clinical Supervision to therapists at all levels of experience. I am committed to working with you to ensure therapy is financially accessible.
(857) 574-4970 View (857) 574-4970
Photo of Sandra Duggan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in East Otis, MA
Sandra Duggan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newton Centre, MA 02459  (Online Only)
I work with individuals and couples experiencing many different struggles in areas that include Depression, Anxiety, parenting, relationship issues, adoption issues, ADHD, family stressors, transitions in families, job changes, interpersonal struggles, identity issues and much more.
I have twenty years of experience providing psychotherapy for couples, adolescents, adults and families. My style is interactive, warm and compassionate. I offer coaching and easily usable strategies along with deeper dives to help improve how a client is feeling. I believe in using clients' strengths to help inform the work we do together. I believe in understanding what is going well as well as understanding where people are struggling. I have a strong respect for all of my clients and believe in providing a safe, trusting environment so clients have space to discuss what feels challenging at this time.
I work with individuals and couples experiencing many different struggles in areas that include Depression, Anxiety, parenting, relationship issues, adoption issues, ADHD, family stressors, transitions in families, job changes, interpersonal struggles, identity issues and much more.
I have twenty years of experience providing psychotherapy for couples, adolescents, adults and families. My style is interactive, warm and compassionate. I offer coaching and easily usable strategies along with deeper dives to help improve how a client is feeling. I believe in using clients' strengths to help inform the work we do together. I believe in understanding what is going well as well as understanding where people are struggling. I have a strong respect for all of my clients and believe in providing a safe, trusting environment so clients have space to discuss what feels challenging at this time.
(617) 420-7545 View (617) 420-7545
Adoption Therapists

Does my adopted child need therapy?

Not every adopted child needs therapy. However, many can benefit from seeing an adoption-informed therapist, especially if they were victims of abuse or neglect, appear withdrawn or disconnected, have behavioral or developmental issues (which may or may not be related to their adoption), are struggling with feelings of grief or loss surrounding their birth parents, or find it difficult to establish an identity, a challenge that often becomes most apparent during adolescence.

When should adoptive parents seek therapy?

Prospective parents can benefit from therapy even before an adoption—for example, to voice worries and fears; to reconcile infertility struggles, if relevant; or simply to prepare themselves for parenthood. After the adoption, parents who are struggling to bond with their child; are unsure how to talk about adoption or related issues, such as race; or whose child is dealing with developmental, behavioral, or psychiatric concerns can address these and other issues with the help of an adoption-competent therapist.

Is family therapy appropriate for adoptive families?

Family therapy can be invaluable for strengthening the bond between adoptive parents and children, helping the latter feel more secure in their place in the family. Family therapy can also help adoptive families navigate complex communication issues—for example, parents who feel uncomfortable discussing race with their child, who in turn feels invalidated by their silence, or a child who has questions about his birth parents but avoids asking them out of fear of hurting his adoptive parents’ feelings.

What therapy is not appropriate for adoption issues?

A discredited therapy known as “attachment therapy” (sometimes called “holding therapy” or “rebirthing therapy”) should not be used to treat adopted and foster children, though it was largely designed for this population. Attachment therapy involves restraining, coercing, and punishing the child in order for them to “release” negative emotions and attach to their new caregivers—techniques that are abusive and dangerous and have even proven fatal in some cases.