Therapists in Oak Park, IL

Photo of Lee L. Madden, Psychologist in Oak Park, IL
Lee L. Madden
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oak Park, IL 60302
Providing a confidential, supportive environment where a client is heard and understood is extremely important, and I take this responsibility very seriously. Developing a relationship of trust is crucial to the process of change for clients of any age.
Providing a confidential, supportive environment where a client is heard and understood is extremely important, and I take this responsibility very seriously. Developing a relationship of trust is crucial to the process of change for clients of any age.
(708) 480-2349 View (708) 480-2349
Photo of Innovative Counseling Partners, PLLC, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Oak Park, IL
Innovative Counseling Partners, PLLC
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LPC, MAATC
Verified Verified
Oak Park, IL 60301
Our life's work is helping clients achieve a better sense of self and happiness...more recently we've recognized that without good mental health providers, finding this balance in life can be more difficult and stressful. As a result, we tend toward an Integrative approach and help our clients transform into the people they want to be. We see each client as an individual with many parts to their identity. Utilizing a holistic and systemic approach we help clients reintegrate the parts of themselves to function better as individuals and within their systems. Our focus tends toward a systems based approach using behavior methods.
Our life's work is helping clients achieve a better sense of self and happiness...more recently we've recognized that without good mental health providers, finding this balance in life can be more difficult and stressful. As a result, we tend toward an Integrative approach and help our clients transform into the people they want to be. We see each client as an individual with many parts to their identity. Utilizing a holistic and systemic approach we help clients reintegrate the parts of themselves to function better as individuals and within their systems. Our focus tends toward a systems based approach using behavior methods.
(708) 578-8666 View (708) 578-8666
Photo of Joe Lorenzo, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in Oak Park, IL
Joe Lorenzo
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oak Park, IL 60301  (Online Only)
As a couple and family therapist, I am interested in learning more about your struggles and challenges from a systemic and relational framework. Approaching these from an antiracist lens, we will work collaboratively to uncover some of the contexts in which you may have learned to relate to others, and how your own family of origin stories and experiences continue to shape how you communicate and work through conflict in your relationships. I am LGBTQIA+ affirming, and enjoy working with couples, adolescents aged 6-12, teens, and families of all formations.
As a couple and family therapist, I am interested in learning more about your struggles and challenges from a systemic and relational framework. Approaching these from an antiracist lens, we will work collaboratively to uncover some of the contexts in which you may have learned to relate to others, and how your own family of origin stories and experiences continue to shape how you communicate and work through conflict in your relationships. I am LGBTQIA+ affirming, and enjoy working with couples, adolescents aged 6-12, teens, and families of all formations.
(708) 934-9060 View (708) 934-9060
Photo of Tianna A Hammond, Counselor in Oak Park, IL
Tianna A Hammond
Counselor, LCPC, LPC, MHCA, NCC, C-DBT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oak Park, IL 60304
Waitlist for new clients
Mental Wellness is important. With over 7 years of experience, I have worked with individuals and families in a variety of community, tele-health, and hospital settings. I earned my Master’s Degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Adler University in Chicago, IL . My hopes are to assist you and your family in making changes for the better. The population I work in range from ages 6 to 60.
Mental Wellness is important. With over 7 years of experience, I have worked with individuals and families in a variety of community, tele-health, and hospital settings. I earned my Master’s Degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Adler University in Chicago, IL . My hopes are to assist you and your family in making changes for the better. The population I work in range from ages 6 to 60.
(708) 726-0539 View (708) 726-0539
Photo of Jeffrey M. Miley, Counselor in Oak Park, IL
Jeffrey M. Miley
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
Oak Park, IL 60301
Waitlist for new clients
Life can be challenging and overwhelming for everyone. As we attempt to navigate in these uncertain times, therapy can be a great benefit in helping us cope with the stressors of everyday life. In me you will find an honest, non-judgmental and experienced therapist dedicated to helping you unlock and reach your potential. Whether you have been experiencing depression, anxiety, traumatic stress or or you just need someone to listen, I will be there to help guide you in meeting your goals.
Life can be challenging and overwhelming for everyone. As we attempt to navigate in these uncertain times, therapy can be a great benefit in helping us cope with the stressors of everyday life. In me you will find an honest, non-judgmental and experienced therapist dedicated to helping you unlock and reach your potential. Whether you have been experiencing depression, anxiety, traumatic stress or or you just need someone to listen, I will be there to help guide you in meeting your goals.
(708) 722-7325 View (708) 722-7325
Photo of Trenae Bates, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oak Park, IL
Trenae Bates
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oak Park, IL 60301
Trenae Bates is an experienced licensed clinical social worker with several years of experience in the mental health field. Trenae has a relaxed , nonjudgmental therapeutic style that she utilizes with all of her clients. Trenae has experience treating a variety of mental health struggles such as depression, anger management, suicidal ideation, trauma, anxiety and more. Trenae approaches each client's situation differently but thoroughly. Trenae provides a listening ear, practical support, and an individualized treatment approach to tackle the concerns of the client.
Trenae Bates is an experienced licensed clinical social worker with several years of experience in the mental health field. Trenae has a relaxed , nonjudgmental therapeutic style that she utilizes with all of her clients. Trenae has experience treating a variety of mental health struggles such as depression, anger management, suicidal ideation, trauma, anxiety and more. Trenae approaches each client's situation differently but thoroughly. Trenae provides a listening ear, practical support, and an individualized treatment approach to tackle the concerns of the client.
(708) 787-4814 View (708) 787-4814
Photo of Jacqueline Posek, Counselor in Oak Park, IL
Jacqueline Posek
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Oak Park, IL 60301
I am a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor with a breadth of experience providing psychotherapy to adolescents, teens, adults and couples. I am proficient in the modalities of DBT, CBT, mindfulness-centered therapies and ACT, and specialize in the treatment of anxiety, depression, self-harming behaviors, stage of life, and grief and loss.
I am a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor with a breadth of experience providing psychotherapy to adolescents, teens, adults and couples. I am proficient in the modalities of DBT, CBT, mindfulness-centered therapies and ACT, and specialize in the treatment of anxiety, depression, self-harming behaviors, stage of life, and grief and loss.
(708) 934-8433 View (708) 934-8433
Photo of Erika Figgers, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oak Park, IL
Erika Figgers
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oak Park, IL 60301
Erika Figgers is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Illinois who has been practicing since 2013. She has a Masters of Social Work from Indiana University. Erika has experience working with individuals impacted by mental health, trauma, substance abuse, HIV, grief/loss, and homelessness. She is passionate about her work because she feels everyone has the capacity to learn, change, and create a better quality of life. Erika approaches her clients with holistic counseling to look at all areas of their life to create strategies to meet their needs.
Erika Figgers is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Illinois who has been practicing since 2013. She has a Masters of Social Work from Indiana University. Erika has experience working with individuals impacted by mental health, trauma, substance abuse, HIV, grief/loss, and homelessness. She is passionate about her work because she feels everyone has the capacity to learn, change, and create a better quality of life. Erika approaches her clients with holistic counseling to look at all areas of their life to create strategies to meet their needs.
(708) 401-9091 View (708) 401-9091
Photo of Jaida McDowell, Licensed Professional Counselor in Oak Park, IL
Jaida McDowell
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oak Park, IL 60301
Therapy is an incredible honor of journeying alongside clients as they work towards healing and empowerment in their everyday lives. I partner with my clients in a compassionate manner where they can feel heard, valued, and encouraged to create meaningful change. I believe all clients have a unique and complex story to tell and that all can benefit from taking time to focus on their emotional/mental well-being. I am committed to helping clients learn about themselves in new ways so as to be able to tap into their own unique abilities to overcome life’s obstacles and stressors.
Therapy is an incredible honor of journeying alongside clients as they work towards healing and empowerment in their everyday lives. I partner with my clients in a compassionate manner where they can feel heard, valued, and encouraged to create meaningful change. I believe all clients have a unique and complex story to tell and that all can benefit from taking time to focus on their emotional/mental well-being. I am committed to helping clients learn about themselves in new ways so as to be able to tap into their own unique abilities to overcome life’s obstacles and stressors.
(708) 578-5679 View (708) 578-5679
Photo of Chicago Center for Psychotherapy, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oak Park, IL
Chicago Center for Psychotherapy, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oak Park, IL 60302
Feeling stuck, anxious, overwhelmed or depressed? Would you like to improve your relationships, increase intimacy, and improve your overall quality of life? Let us help. We provide a supportive environment to assist you in taking risks and creating new ways of thinking which will bring healing and growth. We treat issues with adults, young adults and adolescents. We specialize in helping couples improve their marital satisfaction/sex life, infertility, trauma, LGBTQ+ issues, college/grad student concerns, immigration evaluations, neurodivergence/ADHD, anxiety, and medical crises. We love our work and can't wait to meet you!
Feeling stuck, anxious, overwhelmed or depressed? Would you like to improve your relationships, increase intimacy, and improve your overall quality of life? Let us help. We provide a supportive environment to assist you in taking risks and creating new ways of thinking which will bring healing and growth. We treat issues with adults, young adults and adolescents. We specialize in helping couples improve their marital satisfaction/sex life, infertility, trauma, LGBTQ+ issues, college/grad student concerns, immigration evaluations, neurodivergence/ADHD, anxiety, and medical crises. We love our work and can't wait to meet you!
(708) 232-0610 View (708) 232-0610
Photo of Steve Spaccarelli, Psychologist in Oak Park, IL
Steve Spaccarelli
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Oak Park, IL 60302
I believe that times of crisis can also be times of transition and development. As a therapist, I strive to help clients put family and individual crises in the proper perspective, so they can begin to mobilize their own resources for change. Acceptance and insight into oneself and one's situation are powerful tools that therapy can enhance, both for adults and children of all ages. I have years of therapy experience helping clients cope with painful and difficult situations, including addiction/compulsions, damaged relationships, bereavement/loss, and abuse. The first session can be a powerful and positive step.
I believe that times of crisis can also be times of transition and development. As a therapist, I strive to help clients put family and individual crises in the proper perspective, so they can begin to mobilize their own resources for change. Acceptance and insight into oneself and one's situation are powerful tools that therapy can enhance, both for adults and children of all ages. I have years of therapy experience helping clients cope with painful and difficult situations, including addiction/compulsions, damaged relationships, bereavement/loss, and abuse. The first session can be a powerful and positive step.
(708) 402-8984 View (708) 402-8984
Photo of Katherine Wyman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oak Park, IL
Katherine Wyman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oak Park, IL 60301
Not accepting new clients
Our practice serves clients 18 and older. I am passionate about working with adults of all backgrounds and identities who are coping with symptoms of anxiety, depression, grief, difficulty adjusting to life's transitions, or navigating complex relationships with family members and others. I have a certificate in gerontology and enjoy working with older adults as much as working with younger and middle-aged clients. I believe individuals are the experts on our own lives . . . and that each of us can, at times, use a fresh perspective to help reexamine, and sometimes challenge, our old assumptions.
Our practice serves clients 18 and older. I am passionate about working with adults of all backgrounds and identities who are coping with symptoms of anxiety, depression, grief, difficulty adjusting to life's transitions, or navigating complex relationships with family members and others. I have a certificate in gerontology and enjoy working with older adults as much as working with younger and middle-aged clients. I believe individuals are the experts on our own lives . . . and that each of us can, at times, use a fresh perspective to help reexamine, and sometimes challenge, our old assumptions.
(708) 694-9652 View (708) 694-9652
Photo of Shelly Gasper, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Oak Park, IL
Shelly Gasper
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oak Park, IL 60301
Challenges in life are unavoidable, but I believe that with the right therapist in the right environment, people can move in a positive direction. My philosophy is to empower my clients and help them discover the tools they need to move them forward in a productive, beneficial way.
Challenges in life are unavoidable, but I believe that with the right therapist in the right environment, people can move in a positive direction. My philosophy is to empower my clients and help them discover the tools they need to move them forward in a productive, beneficial way.
(773) 661-4680 View (773) 661-4680
Photo of Hope Psychological Services, Psychologist in Oak Park, IL
Hope Psychological Services
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oak Park, IL 60301
Emotional well-being is central to our overall quality of life, and we believe everyone deserves the chance to live in healthy and healed ways. We are a diverse group of practitioners committed to providing effective and helpful treatment to improve emotional and psychological well-being. We will work together with you or your loved one to relieve emotional and psychological distress, increase self-awareness and healthy coping skills, foster insight, and to improve overall well-being within daily life and in relationships with others.
Emotional well-being is central to our overall quality of life, and we believe everyone deserves the chance to live in healthy and healed ways. We are a diverse group of practitioners committed to providing effective and helpful treatment to improve emotional and psychological well-being. We will work together with you or your loved one to relieve emotional and psychological distress, increase self-awareness and healthy coping skills, foster insight, and to improve overall well-being within daily life and in relationships with others.
(708) 290-7345 View (708) 290-7345
Photo of Hayley Stevenson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oak Park, IL
Hayley Stevenson
Marriage & Family Therapist, ALMFT, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oak Park, IL 60304
As an individual, couple, and family therapist, I focus on client issues concerning anxiety, body image, identity, processing trauma, life transitions, career change, and relationship stress. My work focuses on understanding the patterns, core beliefs, themes, and cycles that serve as barriers getting in the way of your authentic self and the life you want to live. My approach is curious, creative, culturally-sensitive, and balances reflecting on the past for greater insight with an action-oriented approach that develops practical skills and tools to use outside of session.
As an individual, couple, and family therapist, I focus on client issues concerning anxiety, body image, identity, processing trauma, life transitions, career change, and relationship stress. My work focuses on understanding the patterns, core beliefs, themes, and cycles that serve as barriers getting in the way of your authentic self and the life you want to live. My approach is curious, creative, culturally-sensitive, and balances reflecting on the past for greater insight with an action-oriented approach that develops practical skills and tools to use outside of session.
(708) 271-9162 View (708) 271-9162
Photo of John Mayes, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oak Park, IL
John Mayes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oak Park, IL 60301
We all feel sad, stressed, or anxious at times. That's a normal part of life to me. But if these feelings are interfering with personal and family relationships, work, or your feelings of self-confidence, counseling can help you find a more satisfying path. Especially since the beginning of the COVID 19 pandemic, mental health disorders, including anxiety, depression, and stress, have worsened. You may have increased your use of substances, hoping that they will help relieve your symptoms, only to find that they have made matters worse. Recognizing that you need outside assistance can be difficult.
We all feel sad, stressed, or anxious at times. That's a normal part of life to me. But if these feelings are interfering with personal and family relationships, work, or your feelings of self-confidence, counseling can help you find a more satisfying path. Especially since the beginning of the COVID 19 pandemic, mental health disorders, including anxiety, depression, and stress, have worsened. You may have increased your use of substances, hoping that they will help relieve your symptoms, only to find that they have made matters worse. Recognizing that you need outside assistance can be difficult.
(708) 627-9761 View (708) 627-9761
Photo of Erica Steenbergen, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oak Park, IL
Erica Steenbergen
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oak Park, IL 60304  (Online Only)
Even our closest and most valuable relationships are, at times, fraught with tension and confusion. I've spent my career helping people navigate their way through those times. With more than a decade of experience, I can help untangle and strengthen all types of relationships, including friendships, family marriages, and partnerships, both personal and professional.
Even our closest and most valuable relationships are, at times, fraught with tension and confusion. I've spent my career helping people navigate their way through those times. With more than a decade of experience, I can help untangle and strengthen all types of relationships, including friendships, family marriages, and partnerships, both personal and professional.
(708) 401-9415 View (708) 401-9415
Photo of Dr Tamara L Tencer & Associates, PC, Psychologist in Oak Park, IL
Dr Tamara L Tencer & Associates, PC
Psychologist, PsyD, APIT, PSYPACT
Verified Verified
Oak Park, IL 60301  (Online Only)
Supervising since 2005, and a previous Director of Training with over 20 years of experience, I consider it a privilege to offer meaningful work for children, adolescents, adults, couples, parents, and families. Through a genuine caregiving, positive lens I provide support to others. Through the relationship-oriented, Inner Humanism approach, I offer an understanding of development across the lifespan. The care individuals receive is characterized by achieving an inner well-being and happiness that remains stable and conflict free regardless of life obstacles, family changes, and daily ups and downs.
Supervising since 2005, and a previous Director of Training with over 20 years of experience, I consider it a privilege to offer meaningful work for children, adolescents, adults, couples, parents, and families. Through a genuine caregiving, positive lens I provide support to others. Through the relationship-oriented, Inner Humanism approach, I offer an understanding of development across the lifespan. The care individuals receive is characterized by achieving an inner well-being and happiness that remains stable and conflict free regardless of life obstacles, family changes, and daily ups and downs.
(630) 984-6337 View (630) 984-6337
Photo of Emily Stoltzfus, Pre-Licensed Professional in Oak Park, IL
Emily Stoltzfus
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oak Park, IL 60302
My ideal client is a teen, young adult facing challenges related to life transitions and change. These individuals may be feeling overwhelmed by the changes they are experiencing and struggling to find their footing in a new stage of life. They may be dealing with anxiety, stress, and depression, and feeling unsure of how to move forward. They want to feel confident in their abilities and empowered to take on the challenges of change and transition with greater success. I am here to help them achieve these goals, and provide a safe and supportive environment where they can explore and address their thoughts and feelings.
My ideal client is a teen, young adult facing challenges related to life transitions and change. These individuals may be feeling overwhelmed by the changes they are experiencing and struggling to find their footing in a new stage of life. They may be dealing with anxiety, stress, and depression, and feeling unsure of how to move forward. They want to feel confident in their abilities and empowered to take on the challenges of change and transition with greater success. I am here to help them achieve these goals, and provide a safe and supportive environment where they can explore and address their thoughts and feelings.
(708) 742-8029 View (708) 742-8029
Photo of Leslie Frame-Crowley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oak Park, IL
Leslie Frame-Crowley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
Oak Park, IL 60301
Leslie Frame-Crowley is a Licensed Social Worker in Illinois who has been practicing since 2019. She graduated from Simmons University in Boston. Leslie approaches the therapeutic relationship from a client-centered perspective, believing that the client is the expert of their experience. Being a social worker, Leslie also maintains a person-in-environment perspective, meaning we are shaped by and always affecting the ecosystems of which we are a part. In her spare time, Leslie enjoys walking, socializing, community-making, writing, performance art, and exploring her hometown of Chicago.
Leslie Frame-Crowley is a Licensed Social Worker in Illinois who has been practicing since 2019. She graduated from Simmons University in Boston. Leslie approaches the therapeutic relationship from a client-centered perspective, believing that the client is the expert of their experience. Being a social worker, Leslie also maintains a person-in-environment perspective, meaning we are shaped by and always affecting the ecosystems of which we are a part. In her spare time, Leslie enjoys walking, socializing, community-making, writing, performance art, and exploring her hometown of Chicago.
(708) 742-7823 View (708) 742-7823

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Oak Park, IL

500+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Oak Park, IL who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
72% Self Esteem
65% Grief
64% Trauma and PTSD
63% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

97% BlueCross and BlueShield
56% Aetna
47% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Oak Park, IL see their clients

71% In Person and Online
29% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Oak Park?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.