Therapists in Vandalia, IL

Photo of Austin Fishback, Pre-Licensed Professional in Vandalia, IL
Austin Fishback
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSE
Verified Verified
Vandalia, IL 62471
You deserve to live a life that you love. There are many people who see therapy as something intrusive, unnecessary, or believe they will be judged. As a therapist, I believe that the connection built between the patient and therapist is the foundation that can lead you to the life that you want to live. My goal is to help you achieve your goals and see you become happier with the life you are currently living. Yes, sometimes therapy can bring up painful emotions, memories or events, but this pain can lead to growth and a better life. Life is too short to let the traumas of the past keep you from the life you were meant to live!
You deserve to live a life that you love. There are many people who see therapy as something intrusive, unnecessary, or believe they will be judged. As a therapist, I believe that the connection built between the patient and therapist is the foundation that can lead you to the life that you want to live. My goal is to help you achieve your goals and see you become happier with the life you are currently living. Yes, sometimes therapy can bring up painful emotions, memories or events, but this pain can lead to growth and a better life. Life is too short to let the traumas of the past keep you from the life you were meant to live!
(618) 386-4230 View (618) 386-4230
Photo of Chris Burgess, Pre-Licensed Professional in Vandalia, IL
Chris Burgess
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Vandalia, IL 62471
Courage isn’t having the strength to go on - it is going on when you don’t feel like you have the strength. You need an immense amount of courage to stay the course and struggle even when you are almost ready to give up on life. I am here to listen, and walk beside you even when it feels like everything and maybe everyone is against you.
Courage isn’t having the strength to go on - it is going on when you don’t feel like you have the strength. You need an immense amount of courage to stay the course and struggle even when you are almost ready to give up on life. I am here to listen, and walk beside you even when it feels like everything and maybe everyone is against you.
(618) 238-2790 View (618) 238-2790
Photo of Megan Bates, Pre-Licensed Professional in Vandalia, IL
Megan Bates
Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD
Verified Verified
Vandalia, IL 62471
I specialize in testing services ranging from the identification / diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders (ADHD, autism, learning & intellectual disabilities) to complex psychiatric presentations in which mood, personality, social, and cognitive factors may be at play. My goal is to empower individuals who are struggling with emotional, behavioral, social regulations, or other challenges to utilize their strengths to achieve their goals. These goals vary by individual; from goals to improve their academic or occupational functioning, foster healthier relationships, take control of emotional responses, or to understand themselves.
I specialize in testing services ranging from the identification / diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders (ADHD, autism, learning & intellectual disabilities) to complex psychiatric presentations in which mood, personality, social, and cognitive factors may be at play. My goal is to empower individuals who are struggling with emotional, behavioral, social regulations, or other challenges to utilize their strengths to achieve their goals. These goals vary by individual; from goals to improve their academic or occupational functioning, foster healthier relationships, take control of emotional responses, or to understand themselves.
(618) 323-5237 View (618) 323-5237
Photo of Caleb Fishback, Pre-Licensed Professional in Vandalia, IL
Caleb Fishback
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Verified Verified
Vandalia, IL 62471
Rome wasn't built in a day" is often a quote I attach to therapy. Therapy is building a vision for yourself that you're happy with that will keep you going from day to day. Life is often seen as half empty or half full and it's my job to help you see that life has all sorts of unexpected positives. Throughout therapy some things might be considered difficult or challenging, but as your therapist it's my goal to make sure that we come out the other end better than the session prior.
Rome wasn't built in a day" is often a quote I attach to therapy. Therapy is building a vision for yourself that you're happy with that will keep you going from day to day. Life is often seen as half empty or half full and it's my job to help you see that life has all sorts of unexpected positives. Throughout therapy some things might be considered difficult or challenging, but as your therapist it's my goal to make sure that we come out the other end better than the session prior.
(618) 313-9788 View (618) 313-9788
Photo of Alexandra Stromidlo, Pre-Licensed Professional in Vandalia, IL
Alexandra Stromidlo
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Verified Verified
Vandalia, IL 62471
Unsure if your child's behavior is age appropriate? Is your adolescent having difficulties in academics or social connections? Are you struggling with adjusting to life changes or reflecting on past experiences that cause you to feel uneasy? Not sure how to work out differences between you and your partner or within your family? I am here to help your child play out any fears, worries, and past traumas, help your adolescent feel empowered, find solutions, and discover self identity, help adults navigate life transitions, and help couples/families explore conflict. Most of all, I focus on your needs to cultivate trust and safety.
Unsure if your child's behavior is age appropriate? Is your adolescent having difficulties in academics or social connections? Are you struggling with adjusting to life changes or reflecting on past experiences that cause you to feel uneasy? Not sure how to work out differences between you and your partner or within your family? I am here to help your child play out any fears, worries, and past traumas, help your adolescent feel empowered, find solutions, and discover self identity, help adults navigate life transitions, and help couples/families explore conflict. Most of all, I focus on your needs to cultivate trust and safety.
(618) 247-5145 View (618) 247-5145
Photo of Kristi Weaver, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Vandalia, IL
Kristi Weaver
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Vandalia, IL 62471
As a person-centered therapist with over fifteen years of experience in working with clients of all ages, I will meet you where you are at mentally, emotionally, and spiritually. I will help you embark on a journey to greater peace, happiness, and self-satisfaction. Whether you're having difficulty coping with life's many stressors, are feeling down, lacking motivation, or struggling to define and set meaningful goals for your life, I'm here to provide you with empathic support and guidance as you face life's many challenges.
As a person-centered therapist with over fifteen years of experience in working with clients of all ages, I will meet you where you are at mentally, emotionally, and spiritually. I will help you embark on a journey to greater peace, happiness, and self-satisfaction. Whether you're having difficulty coping with life's many stressors, are feeling down, lacking motivation, or struggling to define and set meaningful goals for your life, I'm here to provide you with empathic support and guidance as you face life's many challenges.
(618) 408-1701 View (618) 408-1701
Photo of Wright Choice Counseling, Group Practice, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Vandalia, IL
Wright Choice Counseling, Group Practice
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EMDR, Couples, Gottman
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Vandalia, IL 62471
“People will forget what you said, people will forget what you did, but people will never forget how you made them feel” Maya Angelou. Acknowledging your challenges & seeking help are the first steps in healing. At Wright Choice Counseling, we have a diverse group of clinicians to offer support to individuals, couples, & families. We believe that each person possesses special strengths, & we strive to build upon these to facilitate growth. We have two beautiful offices and or do online therapy too!
“People will forget what you said, people will forget what you did, but people will never forget how you made them feel” Maya Angelou. Acknowledging your challenges & seeking help are the first steps in healing. At Wright Choice Counseling, we have a diverse group of clinicians to offer support to individuals, couples, & families. We believe that each person possesses special strengths, & we strive to build upon these to facilitate growth. We have two beautiful offices and or do online therapy too!
(618) 266-2693 View (618) 266-2693
Photo of Zachary Stephenson, Pre-Licensed Professional in Vandalia, IL
Zachary Stephenson
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Vandalia, IL 62471
You know something is wrong, but you are not sure what it is, why it happened, or how to fix it. You think you probably need help, but it's hard to know where to start. You worry about being overmedicated or wasting your time. You want to figure out, once and for all, what is going on and how to take care of it. Does this sound familiar?
You know something is wrong, but you are not sure what it is, why it happened, or how to fix it. You think you probably need help, but it's hard to know where to start. You worry about being overmedicated or wasting your time. You want to figure out, once and for all, what is going on and how to take care of it. Does this sound familiar?
(618) 323-5219 View (618) 323-5219
Photo of Alex Stevens, Pre-Licensed Professional in Vandalia, IL
Alex Stevens
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Vandalia, IL 62471
No two people are alike and that's the same way I treat therapy. Your therapy is just that.. yours. I take a multidisciplinary and individualized approach to offer support that is genuine and non-judgmental. I offer a comfortable atmosphere that allows for genuine growth that creates a positive change.
No two people are alike and that's the same way I treat therapy. Your therapy is just that.. yours. I take a multidisciplinary and individualized approach to offer support that is genuine and non-judgmental. I offer a comfortable atmosphere that allows for genuine growth that creates a positive change.
(618) 495-4283 View (618) 495-4283
Photo of Patricia Miller, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Vandalia, IL
Patricia Miller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Vandalia, IL 62471
Sometimes in life we struggle with understanding why or how we ended up where we have. I believe that most of us attempt to manage the best we can given our current circumstances, struggles and challenges. Even then life can still seem insurmountable. I want you to know that change is possible, but doing it alone may feel like an added burden. I will work with you collaboratively to navigate the challenges at hand. My goal is to provide an unbiased, welcoming, and therapeutic environment.
Sometimes in life we struggle with understanding why or how we ended up where we have. I believe that most of us attempt to manage the best we can given our current circumstances, struggles and challenges. Even then life can still seem insurmountable. I want you to know that change is possible, but doing it alone may feel like an added burden. I will work with you collaboratively to navigate the challenges at hand. My goal is to provide an unbiased, welcoming, and therapeutic environment.
(618) 268-3920 View (618) 268-3920
Photo of Alaina Brown, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Vandalia, IL
Alaina Brown
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
Vandalia, IL 62471
Do you struggle with fluctuating emotions, repetitive thoughts, trouble focusing, social deficits, anxiety, impulsivity, or is your child struggling emotionally, or behaviorally? It may feel like it, but you are not alone! We will work together to effectively understand and naturally manage your emotional health by providing a private, safe, and supportive environment. We will work to foster real change that will lead to personal success.
Do you struggle with fluctuating emotions, repetitive thoughts, trouble focusing, social deficits, anxiety, impulsivity, or is your child struggling emotionally, or behaviorally? It may feel like it, but you are not alone! We will work together to effectively understand and naturally manage your emotional health by providing a private, safe, and supportive environment. We will work to foster real change that will lead to personal success.
(618) 749-8541 View (618) 749-8541
Photo of Michelle Venegoni-Vigil, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Vandalia, IL
Michelle Venegoni-Vigil
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Vandalia, IL 62471
Do you feel overwhelmed with some of your life circumstances? Have you experienced trauma: a divorce, job-loss, traumatic birth, difficult diagnosis, or domestic violence? Are you depressed, struggling with low self-esteem, lacking motivation, or needing help transitioning through life? I believe that every individual has what it takes to succeed and live a fulfilling life. Sometimes, we have to go through the darkest storms to see the brightest rainbows. Without the right tools and a safe non-judgmental space, it may feel impossible to weather the storm on your own.
Do you feel overwhelmed with some of your life circumstances? Have you experienced trauma: a divorce, job-loss, traumatic birth, difficult diagnosis, or domestic violence? Are you depressed, struggling with low self-esteem, lacking motivation, or needing help transitioning through life? I believe that every individual has what it takes to succeed and live a fulfilling life. Sometimes, we have to go through the darkest storms to see the brightest rainbows. Without the right tools and a safe non-judgmental space, it may feel impossible to weather the storm on your own.
(618) 262-0088 View (618) 262-0088
Photo of Britni Hosick, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Vandalia, IL
Britni Hosick
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Vandalia, IL 62471  (Online Only)
Hi! I am a Christian Counselor who strives to walk alongside you on your journey to health and healing. I use a variety of approaches and techniques tailored to you in order for you to find hope, connection, and restoration in the most challenging of struggles. You are taking such a courageous step by pursuing therapy and my prayer is that you would feel loved, safe, and cared for here as we navigate the valleys of life while growing closer to Jesus in the process.
Hi! I am a Christian Counselor who strives to walk alongside you on your journey to health and healing. I use a variety of approaches and techniques tailored to you in order for you to find hope, connection, and restoration in the most challenging of struggles. You are taking such a courageous step by pursuing therapy and my prayer is that you would feel loved, safe, and cared for here as we navigate the valleys of life while growing closer to Jesus in the process.
(618) 342-8257 View (618) 342-8257
Photo of Katrina Schoenfeld, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Vandalia, IL
Katrina Schoenfeld
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Vandalia, IL 62471
If you find yourself carrying the weight of traumatic experiences, grappling with persistent negative beliefs, or feeling a disconnection from yourself, I am here to offer support and guidance. Together, we can unravel the layers of your experiences, providing a path towards growth, self-acceptance, and a renewed sense of purpose. I believe in the inherent strength within each individual and the capacity for profound healing. My therapeutic approach is collaborative, client-centered, and grounded in the belief that everyone deserves a space to be heard, understood, and validated.
If you find yourself carrying the weight of traumatic experiences, grappling with persistent negative beliefs, or feeling a disconnection from yourself, I am here to offer support and guidance. Together, we can unravel the layers of your experiences, providing a path towards growth, self-acceptance, and a renewed sense of purpose. I believe in the inherent strength within each individual and the capacity for profound healing. My therapeutic approach is collaborative, client-centered, and grounded in the belief that everyone deserves a space to be heard, understood, and validated.
(618) 617-6227 View (618) 617-6227

Online Therapists

Photo of Sarah Malak, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Vandalia, IL
Sarah Malak
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Charleston, IL 61920  (Online Only)
If you're looking to work through trauma that is making it hard for you to breathe, to function, to know and be yourself, you've come to the right place. I often treat individuals who are recognizing how past ways of functioning just aren't working for them anymore and want to make real and lasting change. If you're struggling with anxiety, depression or mood disorders, dissociation, and possibly some ADHD too, I'm here for you. Together we can work through the things that are bothering you and get you to a place where you can truly feel that your past is in your past and you have the skills and strength to keep moving forward.
If you're looking to work through trauma that is making it hard for you to breathe, to function, to know and be yourself, you've come to the right place. I often treat individuals who are recognizing how past ways of functioning just aren't working for them anymore and want to make real and lasting change. If you're struggling with anxiety, depression or mood disorders, dissociation, and possibly some ADHD too, I'm here for you. Together we can work through the things that are bothering you and get you to a place where you can truly feel that your past is in your past and you have the skills and strength to keep moving forward.
(217) 615-2944 View (217) 615-2944
Photo of Nicholas Bridgett, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Vandalia, IL
Nicholas Bridgett, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Champaign, IL 61820  (Online Only)
I provide client-centered, affirming therapy to help people resolve their life challenges. I use a variety of approaches to help clients change thoughts, feelings and behaviors to increase their self-awareness and well-being. I work with people holistically to increase their sense of peace, balance and joy. I enjoy working with couples to increase their sense of intimacy and connection. I incorporate play, art, and biblio therapy in my work with children.
I provide client-centered, affirming therapy to help people resolve their life challenges. I use a variety of approaches to help clients change thoughts, feelings and behaviors to increase their self-awareness and well-being. I work with people holistically to increase their sense of peace, balance and joy. I enjoy working with couples to increase their sense of intimacy and connection. I incorporate play, art, and biblio therapy in my work with children.
(217) 469-5230 View (217) 469-5230
Photo of Jocelyn Acoff, Counselor in Vandalia, IL
Jocelyn Acoff
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Fairview Heights, IL 62208  (Online Only)
Are you struggling with accomplishing your life goals or feeling stuck? I offer confidential individual psychotherapy sessions to adult, young adults, and teens 13 or older who are struggling with anxiety, depression, psychotic mental health diagnoses, grief and many other life issues.
Are you struggling with accomplishing your life goals or feeling stuck? I offer confidential individual psychotherapy sessions to adult, young adults, and teens 13 or older who are struggling with anxiety, depression, psychotic mental health diagnoses, grief and many other life issues.
(618) 226-2253 View (618) 226-2253
Photo of Vicki Ginder, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Vandalia, IL
Vicki Ginder
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Shiloh, IL 62269
Waitlist for new clients
I use a client-centered approach that is personalized and authentic during the treatment process. Together, we identify and develop personal strengths that allow you to create a more balanced lifestyle. I work closely with treatment professionals in the field to ensure a comprehensive and caring treatment process. I utilize several evidenced based therapies including CBT-E and Family Based Treatment. I am trained in Brainspotting Trauma Therapy. Additionally, I have a Yoga Teacher Certification to help work to restore mind body balance.
I use a client-centered approach that is personalized and authentic during the treatment process. Together, we identify and develop personal strengths that allow you to create a more balanced lifestyle. I work closely with treatment professionals in the field to ensure a comprehensive and caring treatment process. I utilize several evidenced based therapies including CBT-E and Family Based Treatment. I am trained in Brainspotting Trauma Therapy. Additionally, I have a Yoga Teacher Certification to help work to restore mind body balance.
(618) 391-0225 View (618) 391-0225
Photo of Nadiah Sabrah, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Vandalia, IL
Nadiah Sabrah
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Swansea, IL 62226
My Experience Enables Me To Provide Outpatient, Individualized, & Psychological Care For Ages 6+. I Have Been Providing Direct Care Including Individual, Group, Family, & Couple Counseling In Variety Of Settings To Children, Adolescents, & Adults. I Have Experience In Assessing & Treating Several Mental Health Disorders & Behavioral Health Needs Including Anger, Grief, Depression, Anxiety, Mood, Trauma Related, Co-occurring & Personality Disorders. I Utilize A Holistic Approach With Focus On Your Goals & What You Need. I Am Trained In Client Centered Counseling, TF-CBT, CBT, Mindfulness, SPARCS, CBITS, & Supervision.
My Experience Enables Me To Provide Outpatient, Individualized, & Psychological Care For Ages 6+. I Have Been Providing Direct Care Including Individual, Group, Family, & Couple Counseling In Variety Of Settings To Children, Adolescents, & Adults. I Have Experience In Assessing & Treating Several Mental Health Disorders & Behavioral Health Needs Including Anger, Grief, Depression, Anxiety, Mood, Trauma Related, Co-occurring & Personality Disorders. I Utilize A Holistic Approach With Focus On Your Goals & What You Need. I Am Trained In Client Centered Counseling, TF-CBT, CBT, Mindfulness, SPARCS, CBITS, & Supervision.
(618) 205-9493 View (618) 205-9493
Photo of Natasha Nuss, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Vandalia, IL
Natasha Nuss
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, C, S, W
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mahomet, IL 61853
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state of Illinois. I have over 10 years of experience working in mental health in several capacities: community mental health, adult residential, crisis stabilization, outpatient case management, and inpatient psychiatric case management with adults, adolescents, and children. I work with a variety of age groups using a variety of therapy styles, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, EMDR, and Dialectical Behavior Therapy. I see myself as a partner to you on your journey, walking alongside you as you grow stronger and shed negativity.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state of Illinois. I have over 10 years of experience working in mental health in several capacities: community mental health, adult residential, crisis stabilization, outpatient case management, and inpatient psychiatric case management with adults, adolescents, and children. I work with a variety of age groups using a variety of therapy styles, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, EMDR, and Dialectical Behavior Therapy. I see myself as a partner to you on your journey, walking alongside you as you grow stronger and shed negativity.
(217) 203-4132 View (217) 203-4132

See more therapy options for Vandalia

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Vandalia, IL

10+

Average cost per session

$180

Therapists in Vandalia, IL who prioritize treating:

86% Anxiety
64% Depression
50% ADHD
50% Trauma and PTSD
36% Child
36% Stress
29% Parenting

Average years in practice

8 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
100% BlueCross and BlueShield
91% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Vandalia, IL see their clients

93% In Person and Online
7% Online Only

Gender breakdown

70% Female
30% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Vandalia?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.