Therapists in Saint Louis, MO

View neighborhoods in Saint Louis
Photo of Heather Barker, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Heather Barker
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63105
As a licensed professional counselor, I bring 14 years of clinical experience to my private practice and use a variety of treatment modalities to help clients navigate a wide range of issues including stress, anxiety, depression, grief, trauma and relationship problems. I believe that relationships are central to our well-being and am passionate about working with all of the individual pieces of a family – children, teens, parents, couples – and the family unit itself. On a personal level, I bring unconditional acceptance, an emphasis on grace for self and others, and genuine compassion to each one of my clients.
As a licensed professional counselor, I bring 14 years of clinical experience to my private practice and use a variety of treatment modalities to help clients navigate a wide range of issues including stress, anxiety, depression, grief, trauma and relationship problems. I believe that relationships are central to our well-being and am passionate about working with all of the individual pieces of a family – children, teens, parents, couples – and the family unit itself. On a personal level, I bring unconditional acceptance, an emphasis on grace for self and others, and genuine compassion to each one of my clients.
(314) 858-5163 View (314) 858-5163
Photo of Kathy V Guerra, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Kathy V Guerra
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC-S
Not Verified Not Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63146
"Life is difficult." That's a Scott Peck quote. Healing begins just by embracing this quote. Three simple words, but on a bad day, very true, right? Sunny days seem inaccessible. You've already taken the first step, which is realizing that the listening ear of a therapist just might be helpful. After graduating from Boston U, my emphasis became adolescents, family relationships, and women's issues. This is my practice emphasis, but my door is open to all who are interested in growth and self-reflection.
"Life is difficult." That's a Scott Peck quote. Healing begins just by embracing this quote. Three simple words, but on a bad day, very true, right? Sunny days seem inaccessible. You've already taken the first step, which is realizing that the listening ear of a therapist just might be helpful. After graduating from Boston U, my emphasis became adolescents, family relationships, and women's issues. This is my practice emphasis, but my door is open to all who are interested in growth and self-reflection.
(314) 200-0843 View (314) 200-0843
Photo of Cari Nelson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Cari Nelson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63127
If you are struggling with anxiety, relational discontent, a challenging life event or you’re soul-searching, there is a way out. You are reading this, so you have already taken the hardest step. Life seems to be increasingly heavy these days, we are overwhelmed, overworked, we feel helpless and even hopeless at times. These feelings not only effect our thoughts, our bodies are tired, and our relationships are strained.
If you are struggling with anxiety, relational discontent, a challenging life event or you’re soul-searching, there is a way out. You are reading this, so you have already taken the hardest step. Life seems to be increasingly heavy these days, we are overwhelmed, overworked, we feel helpless and even hopeless at times. These feelings not only effect our thoughts, our bodies are tired, and our relationships are strained.
(314) 207-3819 View (314) 207-3819
Photo of Tonya Hutchinson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Tonya Hutchinson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63108  (Online Only)
Therapy is a partnership between the client and the therapist, and I feel honored when I am allowed to walk the path towards hope, empowerment and healing with another individual. You deserve someone who sees you, and will listen with an empathetic and non-judgmental ear. Life itself can be a struggle at times, and part of my role is to help you to recognize your strengths and assist you with concrete tools. For Black and Brown folks, as well as the LGBTQIA community, the stress can be overwhelming. It is ok, and at times necessary, to have that safe place, and safe person to hear you out. You are worth it!
Therapy is a partnership between the client and the therapist, and I feel honored when I am allowed to walk the path towards hope, empowerment and healing with another individual. You deserve someone who sees you, and will listen with an empathetic and non-judgmental ear. Life itself can be a struggle at times, and part of my role is to help you to recognize your strengths and assist you with concrete tools. For Black and Brown folks, as well as the LGBTQIA community, the stress can be overwhelming. It is ok, and at times necessary, to have that safe place, and safe person to hear you out. You are worth it!
(314) 501-9691 View (314) 501-9691
Photo of Gary L Hirshberg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Gary L Hirshberg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63110
I am a licensed clinical social worker who practices both individual and couples therapy. I have extensive experience working with client's from diverse backgrounds. My training as a social worker has given me the understanding of how both childhood and current life circumstances impact people. I work to assist client's in understanding how they deal with these problems. My goal is never to provide answers for people, but to help people to understand themselves so that they can function and operate independently of their conflicts and problems.
I am a licensed clinical social worker who practices both individual and couples therapy. I have extensive experience working with client's from diverse backgrounds. My training as a social worker has given me the understanding of how both childhood and current life circumstances impact people. I work to assist client's in understanding how they deal with these problems. My goal is never to provide answers for people, but to help people to understand themselves so that they can function and operate independently of their conflicts and problems.
(314) 238-8961 View (314) 238-8961
Photo of Herzog-Borowiak Counseling LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Herzog-Borowiak Counseling LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NAMP, NCC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63141
Congratulations you took the first step in becoming a healthier you.! I have a personal mission of helping people reach their highest potential! I am an experienced therapist, educator, counselor, school psychologist, and advocate with 30+ years experience in the helping field. My counseling services are provided to children, adolescents, adults, couples, and families across a wide spectrum of issues. I will support you as you process feelings, face difficult decisions, talk through available options, strengthen your current relationships, learn cognitive behavioral techniques and develop coping strategies! Through this process you will learn ways to reach your highest potential.
Congratulations you took the first step in becoming a healthier you.! I have a personal mission of helping people reach their highest potential! I am an experienced therapist, educator, counselor, school psychologist, and advocate with 30+ years experience in the helping field. My counseling services are provided to children, adolescents, adults, couples, and families across a wide spectrum of issues. I will support you as you process feelings, face difficult decisions, talk through available options, strengthen your current relationships, learn cognitive behavioral techniques and develop coping strategies! Through this process you will learn ways to reach your highest potential.
(314) 736-3716 View (314) 736-3716
Photo of Kerry Hogan, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Kerry Hogan
Licensed Professional Counselor, M Ed, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63116
Not accepting new clients
Hello! As someone who values sincerity, I feel as though the best work happens when clients feel very deeply seen, heard, and known. Authenticity and vulnerability are the cornerstones of my practice. I believe that the ultimate driving factor in life is secure attachment. I also believe in building a therapeutic practice that mirrors my own principles. Therefore, you can expect warmth, informality, passion, and a playful spirit permeating throughout my work.
Hello! As someone who values sincerity, I feel as though the best work happens when clients feel very deeply seen, heard, and known. Authenticity and vulnerability are the cornerstones of my practice. I believe that the ultimate driving factor in life is secure attachment. I also believe in building a therapeutic practice that mirrors my own principles. Therefore, you can expect warmth, informality, passion, and a playful spirit permeating throughout my work.
(314) 396-8918 View (314) 396-8918
Photo of Holly Klostermann, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Holly Klostermann
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63125  (Online Only)
I am Holly Klostermann, licensed clinical social worker. I enjoy working with clients of all backgrounds including but not limited to anxiety, depression, and trauma.
I am Holly Klostermann, licensed clinical social worker. I enjoy working with clients of all backgrounds including but not limited to anxiety, depression, and trauma.
(636) 339-3988 View (636) 339-3988
Photo of Sharper Vision Counseling Services, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Sharper Vision Counseling Services
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63114
Waitlist for new clients
At this time we have a Counseling Intern and Associate Therapist Available Only. There are times in life when you feel stuck, sad, angry, or indifferent. In these times, it is helpful to have a non-bias party be a mirror on your journey to becoming the best version of you that you can be. There are also times when clients have identified that familial traditions have held them captive or even hindered their growth. Processing those things will help you to identify the best path for you as you move forward to your big picture. We would love to assist you on that journey of becoming a better you.
At this time we have a Counseling Intern and Associate Therapist Available Only. There are times in life when you feel stuck, sad, angry, or indifferent. In these times, it is helpful to have a non-bias party be a mirror on your journey to becoming the best version of you that you can be. There are also times when clients have identified that familial traditions have held them captive or even hindered their growth. Processing those things will help you to identify the best path for you as you move forward to your big picture. We would love to assist you on that journey of becoming a better you.
(314) 582-0810 View (314) 582-0810
Photo of Natalie J Smith, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Natalie J Smith
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63107  (Online Only)
Whether you are struggling with stress, anxiety, depression, self-image, or other life's pressure, I am here to listen and provide help as needed. As your therapist, I want to be a guide for you to navigate the challenges you may face as well as assist you in identifying ways to navigate yourself through tough situations, thoughts and feelings.
Whether you are struggling with stress, anxiety, depression, self-image, or other life's pressure, I am here to listen and provide help as needed. As your therapist, I want to be a guide for you to navigate the challenges you may face as well as assist you in identifying ways to navigate yourself through tough situations, thoughts and feelings.
(314) 947-2645 View (314) 947-2645
Photo of Christine Balliett McEvoy, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Christine Balliett McEvoy
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63117
Waitlist for new clients
Christine McEvoy has been a Counselor for over 20 years. Her straight- forward and non-judgemental approach makes it easier for a person to address topics that often bring up feelings of shame and embarrassment. She has extensive experience working with individuals who struggle with addiction issues and eating struggles. Christine has years of experience helping others implement specific techniques that help prevent relapse.
Christine McEvoy has been a Counselor for over 20 years. Her straight- forward and non-judgemental approach makes it easier for a person to address topics that often bring up feelings of shame and embarrassment. She has extensive experience working with individuals who struggle with addiction issues and eating struggles. Christine has years of experience helping others implement specific techniques that help prevent relapse.
(314) 884-1822 View (314) 884-1822
Photo of Kelly S Diller, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Kelly S Diller
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MAC
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63131
Waitlist for new clients
Kelly brings deep compassion and understanding to the counseling experience and walks with her clients through changes that are meaningful and long-lasting. She is passionate about helping women heal from abuse and betrayal, and she recognizes the importance of instilling hope for desired change with regard to relationships and other goals. She loves to work with relationships, anxiety, self-esteem, family counseling, adolescents, identity issues, grief, trauma, depression, anger, and spiritual struggles. Kelly assists her clients in understanding the full context of their situations and she speaks truth in love.
Kelly brings deep compassion and understanding to the counseling experience and walks with her clients through changes that are meaningful and long-lasting. She is passionate about helping women heal from abuse and betrayal, and she recognizes the importance of instilling hope for desired change with regard to relationships and other goals. She loves to work with relationships, anxiety, self-esteem, family counseling, adolescents, identity issues, grief, trauma, depression, anger, and spiritual struggles. Kelly assists her clients in understanding the full context of their situations and she speaks truth in love.
(314) 219-1724 View (314) 219-1724
Photo of Raymond T Fezzi, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Louis, MO
Raymond T Fezzi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63123
Not accepting new clients
My name is Raymond Fezzi and my office is conveniently located 1/2 mile northwest of Hwy I-55 in the South County area. I offer a range of services, including assessment and therapy for individuals seeking help for relationship difficulties, depression, anxiety disorders, and addictions. I make every attempt to make your first visit comfortable by answering any questions when calling for an initial appointment, and by helping you to clarify your needs and goals for treatment.
My name is Raymond Fezzi and my office is conveniently located 1/2 mile northwest of Hwy I-55 in the South County area. I offer a range of services, including assessment and therapy for individuals seeking help for relationship difficulties, depression, anxiety disorders, and addictions. I make every attempt to make your first visit comfortable by answering any questions when calling for an initial appointment, and by helping you to clarify your needs and goals for treatment.
(314) 227-9266 View (314) 227-9266
Photo of Marianela Dornhecker, Psychologist in Saint Louis, MO
Marianela Dornhecker
Psychologist, PhD, CCTP-II
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63116  (Online Only)
My approach to therapy incorporates deep emotional work with action and goal-oriented steps. I aim to help clients build awareness of their pain points while fostering a mindful and nonjudgmental curiosity about themselves. I have specialized training in working with folks impacted by trauma and experiencing perinatal mental health and adjustment concerns. I believe our past experiences, including intergenerational trauma, can impact the way we show up in the present. My goal is to create a therapeutic space in which clients can work through these experiences to find their authentic selves and build deeper relationships.
My approach to therapy incorporates deep emotional work with action and goal-oriented steps. I aim to help clients build awareness of their pain points while fostering a mindful and nonjudgmental curiosity about themselves. I have specialized training in working with folks impacted by trauma and experiencing perinatal mental health and adjustment concerns. I believe our past experiences, including intergenerational trauma, can impact the way we show up in the present. My goal is to create a therapeutic space in which clients can work through these experiences to find their authentic selves and build deeper relationships.
(844) 949-2893 View (844) 949-2893
Photo of St. Louis DBT, LLC in Saint Louis, MO
St. Louis DBT, LLC
MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63117
Many of the people who work with us are trying to find ways of controlling the emotions swirling around them, but it just feels like trying to grasp at sand in a sandstorm - the particles smacking them in the face, blurring their vision of the world, and causing them to flail about in futile attempts to stop the storm. Emotions similarly can cloud judgment and lead us to lash out in futile attempts to stop the pain. The more we try to control the whipping winds, the more energy we waste. We believe the key to surviving the storm is to accept its existence and skillfully cope with it.
Many of the people who work with us are trying to find ways of controlling the emotions swirling around them, but it just feels like trying to grasp at sand in a sandstorm - the particles smacking them in the face, blurring their vision of the world, and causing them to flail about in futile attempts to stop the storm. Emotions similarly can cloud judgment and lead us to lash out in futile attempts to stop the pain. The more we try to control the whipping winds, the more energy we waste. We believe the key to surviving the storm is to accept its existence and skillfully cope with it.
(314) 375-3665 View (314) 375-3665
Photo of Mary C Hughes, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Mary C Hughes
Licensed Professional Counselor, Coach, Yoga, Reiki, Breath
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63112
Life is crazy, busy and complicated. Its layered with joys, sprinkled with heartache and everything in between. Life naturally takes its toll on us. Are you experiencing too much stress & overwhelm? Are your "go-to" tools just not working? What would it feel like if you had a place of calm and steady within, during life's turns? As a therapist, teacher, yoga instructor, and Reiki Master I offer my passion and what I have found most helpful personally and professionally. A path to slow and find your center. When life's "weather" hits, have a place within to navigate with calm. Increase and enhance your own well-being.
Life is crazy, busy and complicated. Its layered with joys, sprinkled with heartache and everything in between. Life naturally takes its toll on us. Are you experiencing too much stress & overwhelm? Are your "go-to" tools just not working? What would it feel like if you had a place of calm and steady within, during life's turns? As a therapist, teacher, yoga instructor, and Reiki Master I offer my passion and what I have found most helpful personally and professionally. A path to slow and find your center. When life's "weather" hits, have a place within to navigate with calm. Increase and enhance your own well-being.
(314) 488-2149 View (314) 488-2149
Photo of Christina Thaier, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Christina Thaier
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63104
I founded Terrace House because I believe that each of us deserves the opportunity to design a life that we love; one in which we feel at home in our bodies, in our minds, in our relationships, and in our world. I enjoy working with couples, adults, and adolescents to define and change their relationship with the problems in their lives including: anxiety, depression, trauma, stress, identity exploration (including LGBTQ+), existential questions, spiritual concerns, career concerns, and relational wounds (including betrayal, divorce, and attachment.)
I founded Terrace House because I believe that each of us deserves the opportunity to design a life that we love; one in which we feel at home in our bodies, in our minds, in our relationships, and in our world. I enjoy working with couples, adults, and adolescents to define and change their relationship with the problems in their lives including: anxiety, depression, trauma, stress, identity exploration (including LGBTQ+), existential questions, spiritual concerns, career concerns, and relational wounds (including betrayal, divorce, and attachment.)
(314) 309-3502 View (314) 309-3502
Photo of Steven Mark Weiner, Psychologist in Saint Louis, MO
Steven Mark Weiner
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63141
When people decide to come to therapy, they are struggling. They are stressed, suffering, and feeling stuck or lost. In most cases, they are feeling a loss of control over some important aspect of their lives. This loss of control results in symptoms such as depression, anxiety, stress, feelings of guilt or shame, family problems, relationship problems, or problems at work or school. It is my goal to help you regain control of your life!
When people decide to come to therapy, they are struggling. They are stressed, suffering, and feeling stuck or lost. In most cases, they are feeling a loss of control over some important aspect of their lives. This loss of control results in symptoms such as depression, anxiety, stress, feelings of guilt or shame, family problems, relationship problems, or problems at work or school. It is my goal to help you regain control of your life!
(314) 282-3630 View (314) 282-3630
Photo of Kathryn Louise Manley, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Louis, MO
Kathryn Louise Manley
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSEd, LPC, CST
Verified Verified
Saint Louis, MO 63122
Kathryn Manley is a seasoned licensed mental health practitioner and licensed AASECT sex therapist. For over 20 years, she has helped individuals and couples navigate difficult issues relating to communication skills, sexuality, autonomy, and attachment. Kathryn understands the importance of having a safe and trustworthy clinician. Sex therapy can include the many physiological and emotional aspects of intimacy encountered during seasons of life including postpartum depression, differences in sexual desire, infidelity, betrayal trauma, erectile dysfunction, pain, sexless marriage and difficulty with orgasm.
Kathryn Manley is a seasoned licensed mental health practitioner and licensed AASECT sex therapist. For over 20 years, she has helped individuals and couples navigate difficult issues relating to communication skills, sexuality, autonomy, and attachment. Kathryn understands the importance of having a safe and trustworthy clinician. Sex therapy can include the many physiological and emotional aspects of intimacy encountered during seasons of life including postpartum depression, differences in sexual desire, infidelity, betrayal trauma, erectile dysfunction, pain, sexless marriage and difficulty with orgasm.
(636) 205-1296 View (636) 205-1296
Photo of Kristin Hall in Saint Louis, MO
Kristin Hall
MA, LPC, CCPT, CCHT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Louis, MO 63105
Negative events, unhealthy relationship patterns, self-destructive behaviors and an overall sense of feeling "stuck" can hold you back. Through customized and collaborative therapy, we will explore current issues of concern and relevant past experiences to help put the missing pieces of the puzzle back together for a happier, healthier you. The overall plan is to work together towards your goals with honesty, vulnerability and commitment.
Negative events, unhealthy relationship patterns, self-destructive behaviors and an overall sense of feeling "stuck" can hold you back. Through customized and collaborative therapy, we will explore current issues of concern and relevant past experiences to help put the missing pieces of the puzzle back together for a happier, healthier you. The overall plan is to work together towards your goals with honesty, vulnerability and commitment.
(314) 818-0916 View (314) 818-0916

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Saint Louis, MO

1,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Saint Louis, MO who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
77% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
67% Stress
66% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

74% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
71% Aetna
71% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Saint Louis, MO see their clients

75% In Person and Online
25% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
20% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Saint Louis?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.