Therapists in New York, NY

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Photo of Heidi Landis in New York, NY
Heidi Landis
LCAT, RDT/BCT, TEP
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10033  (Online Only)
Whatever your reason for considering psychotherapy, I commend you for prioritizing your mental health and urge you to continue on this road. As a psychotherapist with an expertise in trauma informed work, I use the creative arts therapies to achieve the therapeutic goals of self-expression, personal empowerment, and emotional and physical integration. With over 20 years of experience, I offer individual and group therapy, intentionally combining talk therapy, drama therapy, psychodrama and the creative arts to address emotional issues in innovative, unique ways. I am also trained in attachment- focused EMDR.
Whatever your reason for considering psychotherapy, I commend you for prioritizing your mental health and urge you to continue on this road. As a psychotherapist with an expertise in trauma informed work, I use the creative arts therapies to achieve the therapeutic goals of self-expression, personal empowerment, and emotional and physical integration. With over 20 years of experience, I offer individual and group therapy, intentionally combining talk therapy, drama therapy, psychodrama and the creative arts to address emotional issues in innovative, unique ways. I am also trained in attachment- focused EMDR.
(347) 414-8417 View (347) 414-8417
Photo of Liliana Raez, Licensed Psychoanalyst in New York, NY
Liliana Raez
Licensed Psychoanalyst, MA, LP, IPA
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10023
Clinical Psychologist and Psychoanalist. License as a NYC Psychoanalyst. Member of Peruvian Psychoanalytic Society, Peruvian Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy for Children and Adolescents. Member of Latinoamerican Federation of Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis Associations. Member of International Psychoanalytic Asociation (IPA) from London. Member of Contemporary Freudian Society ( CFS) in NYC.
Clinical Psychologist and Psychoanalist. License as a NYC Psychoanalyst. Member of Peruvian Psychoanalytic Society, Peruvian Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy for Children and Adolescents. Member of Latinoamerican Federation of Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis Associations. Member of International Psychoanalytic Asociation (IPA) from London. Member of Contemporary Freudian Society ( CFS) in NYC.
(646) 846-7269 View (646) 846-7269
Photo of Rebecca Weiler, Counselor in New York, NY
Rebecca Weiler
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10016
Are you a busy working professional, student or parent with limited time for self-care? Have your relationship issues come to a head? I provide online counseling for individuals and couples, which is a convenient way to make yourself or relationship a priority. It can helpful for couples who may have conflicting schedules as I offer evening and weekend hours. I have an empathetic and goal oriented approach, and can provide you with the space and empowerment to help you get more of what you want in your life, career and relationships, especially if you feel stuck.
Are you a busy working professional, student or parent with limited time for self-care? Have your relationship issues come to a head? I provide online counseling for individuals and couples, which is a convenient way to make yourself or relationship a priority. It can helpful for couples who may have conflicting schedules as I offer evening and weekend hours. I have an empathetic and goal oriented approach, and can provide you with the space and empowerment to help you get more of what you want in your life, career and relationships, especially if you feel stuck.
(347) 851-1253 View (347) 851-1253
Photo of Barbara Hertzberg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Barbara Hertzberg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10003
I am an experienced, well-trained psychotherapist. I help patients to feel in control of their lives through self-awareness. My ability to provide a warm, safe environment allows patients to gain insight into themselves, thereby improving the quality of their relationship with others. I have 30+ years of practice and have graduated from training institutes in both psychoanalytic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis.
I am an experienced, well-trained psychotherapist. I help patients to feel in control of their lives through self-awareness. My ability to provide a warm, safe environment allows patients to gain insight into themselves, thereby improving the quality of their relationship with others. I have 30+ years of practice and have graduated from training institutes in both psychoanalytic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis.
(646) 699-3986 View (646) 699-3986
Photo of David A Fazzari, Psychologist in New York, NY
David A Fazzari
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001
I have advanced training in cognitive behavioral therapy with a special focus on adult ADHD (attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder). I also have successfully treated a variety of mood, anxiety, and personality disorders. Cognitive behavior therapy, or CBT, has been supported by a wide body of research as an effective approach for depression, anxiety, and a variety of other issues. The focus of treatment is in the "here and now" and what you can do today. You will learn concrete tools to help you cope more effectively and make the changes you want in your life.
I have advanced training in cognitive behavioral therapy with a special focus on adult ADHD (attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder). I also have successfully treated a variety of mood, anxiety, and personality disorders. Cognitive behavior therapy, or CBT, has been supported by a wide body of research as an effective approach for depression, anxiety, and a variety of other issues. The focus of treatment is in the "here and now" and what you can do today. You will learn concrete tools to help you cope more effectively and make the changes you want in your life.
(646) 600-8189 View (646) 600-8189
Photo of Jeremy D Robinson, Marriage & Family Therapist in New York, NY
Jeremy D Robinson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10010
Seeking out therapy is a sign of strength and you deserve a safe place for discovery. Ultimately therapy is a journey of exploration. I strive to create a therapeutic environment where you genuinely feel understood, heard, and seen in a compassionate, non-judgmental space. Our work together can explore and navigate through your concerns to reach a more meaningful and fulfilling life while reaching your extraordinary potential.
Seeking out therapy is a sign of strength and you deserve a safe place for discovery. Ultimately therapy is a journey of exploration. I strive to create a therapeutic environment where you genuinely feel understood, heard, and seen in a compassionate, non-judgmental space. Our work together can explore and navigate through your concerns to reach a more meaningful and fulfilling life while reaching your extraordinary potential.
(818) 650-4158 View (818) 650-4158
Photo of Dana Reszutek, Licensed Master Social Worker in New York, NY
Dana Reszutek
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
New York, NY 10016
Not accepting new clients
Dana received her Master’s in Social Work from New York University. She dedicated her graduate studies working in community-based mental health and substance use programs. Her clinical experience includes anxiety management, relationship struggles, LGBTQ+ affirming care, chronic illness, addiction, and lived traumatic experiences. Dana takes an integrative and collaborative approach to therapy, utilizing strengths-based perspectives to work on your goals. She strives to create a safe space to explore whatever challenges have brought you to therapy.
Dana received her Master’s in Social Work from New York University. She dedicated her graduate studies working in community-based mental health and substance use programs. Her clinical experience includes anxiety management, relationship struggles, LGBTQ+ affirming care, chronic illness, addiction, and lived traumatic experiences. Dana takes an integrative and collaborative approach to therapy, utilizing strengths-based perspectives to work on your goals. She strives to create a safe space to explore whatever challenges have brought you to therapy.
(646) 759-9493 View (646) 759-9493
Photo of Henry Grayson, Psychologist in New York, NY
Henry Grayson
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10024
Someone suffering from depression, anxiety, stress, relationship problems, an illness, traumatic and stressful issues, grieving, challenges with coping skills, work and career issues, developmental traumas as well as stress from the coronovirus.
Someone suffering from depression, anxiety, stress, relationship problems, an illness, traumatic and stressful issues, grieving, challenges with coping skills, work and career issues, developmental traumas as well as stress from the coronovirus.
(475) 275-8254 View (475) 275-8254
Photo of Li Faustino, Psychologist in New York, NY
Li Faustino
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
New York, NY 10016
I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist specializing in bipolar disorder and their caregivers, depression and anxiety, and trauma. I also have extensive experience working with academic and work stress, relationship and marriage problems, and substance abuse. In my work I incorporate issues of attachment and parenting, femininity/masculinity, identity and self-esteem, LGBT concerns and the contexts of culture and religion.
I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist specializing in bipolar disorder and their caregivers, depression and anxiety, and trauma. I also have extensive experience working with academic and work stress, relationship and marriage problems, and substance abuse. In my work I incorporate issues of attachment and parenting, femininity/masculinity, identity and self-esteem, LGBT concerns and the contexts of culture and religion.
(646) 736-6523 x345 View (646) 736-6523 x345
Photo of Amna Adamjee, Counselor in New York, NY
Amna Adamjee
Counselor, LMHC, MA, MEd
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
New York, NY 10016
Amna believes in a ‘no one size fits all’ approach to treatment. She truly recognizes and utilizes each client’s unique strengths as a catalyst to develop insight and change into their lifestyles and perspectives. Rooted in a Person-Centered Approach, Amna believes establishing rapport and allowing her clients to feel safe and validated fosters a deeper level of empowerment, personal growth and self-acceptance. Amna draws upon principles of Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Narrative Therapy, Inner Child Work, Psychodynamic Theory, Motivational Interviewing and Mindfulness-Based Practices.
Amna believes in a ‘no one size fits all’ approach to treatment. She truly recognizes and utilizes each client’s unique strengths as a catalyst to develop insight and change into their lifestyles and perspectives. Rooted in a Person-Centered Approach, Amna believes establishing rapport and allowing her clients to feel safe and validated fosters a deeper level of empowerment, personal growth and self-acceptance. Amna draws upon principles of Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Narrative Therapy, Inner Child Work, Psychodynamic Theory, Motivational Interviewing and Mindfulness-Based Practices.
(212) 828-7473 View (212) 828-7473
Photo of Roua Eltayeib, Marriage & Family Therapist in New York, NY
Roua Eltayeib
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10020  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Therapy is more than just a conversation. It is a guided process of conscious learning and unlearning to actively work in finding the root of your pain. The process may be difficult, but I vow to hold space with you as we move through that discomfort into a place of growth and contentment. Utilizing Emotional Focused Therapy & Narrative Therapy, I work with my clients in individual and couples therapy to help them find power in their own narrative, identify their deeper emotional experiences, and rewrite their stories.
Therapy is more than just a conversation. It is a guided process of conscious learning and unlearning to actively work in finding the root of your pain. The process may be difficult, but I vow to hold space with you as we move through that discomfort into a place of growth and contentment. Utilizing Emotional Focused Therapy & Narrative Therapy, I work with my clients in individual and couples therapy to help them find power in their own narrative, identify their deeper emotional experiences, and rewrite their stories.
(646) 798-7561 View (646) 798-7561
Photo of Andy DeBaun, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Andy DeBaun, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
New York, NY 10004  (Online Only)
Every person has a unique personality and philosophy on life. Because of this, every person needs to be treated differently. This requires a unique psychotherapist, with a wide range of experience and a wealth of knowledge. Whether you're a young person, or an older person, you need expert guidance to effectively treat your issue.
Every person has a unique personality and philosophy on life. Because of this, every person needs to be treated differently. This requires a unique psychotherapist, with a wide range of experience and a wealth of knowledge. Whether you're a young person, or an older person, you need expert guidance to effectively treat your issue.
(914) 703-4884 View (914) 703-4884
Photo of Judith Beer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Judith Beer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011
I've been a practicing psychotherapist in the New York City metropolitan area for over 25 years. Most of my clients are adults with relationship problems, work issues, anxiety or depression. Some have histories of trauma. My approach to therapy is generally a psychodynamic one with a focus on the here and now. I also use mindfulness, hypnosis, ego state therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy as tools in treatment. I have found that this eclectic approach is helpful to clients as one size does not fit all.
I've been a practicing psychotherapist in the New York City metropolitan area for over 25 years. Most of my clients are adults with relationship problems, work issues, anxiety or depression. Some have histories of trauma. My approach to therapy is generally a psychodynamic one with a focus on the here and now. I also use mindfulness, hypnosis, ego state therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy as tools in treatment. I have found that this eclectic approach is helpful to clients as one size does not fit all.
(646) 553-6349 View (646) 553-6349
Photo of Donna Dyer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Donna Dyer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10022
Have you wondered if Dialectical Behavioral Therapy can be helpful to your adolescent or young adult? I offer a complimentary consultation to answer any question you may have. I have extensive experience working with adolescents and adults to more effectively regulate emotions, reduce problematic behavior and enhance problem-solving skills. I provide a time-limited, goal directed, and structured treatment to help your child work through their challenges and learn to become their own therapist. I work well with parents and clients often see a reduction of symptoms early on in treatment.
Have you wondered if Dialectical Behavioral Therapy can be helpful to your adolescent or young adult? I offer a complimentary consultation to answer any question you may have. I have extensive experience working with adolescents and adults to more effectively regulate emotions, reduce problematic behavior and enhance problem-solving skills. I provide a time-limited, goal directed, and structured treatment to help your child work through their challenges and learn to become their own therapist. I work well with parents and clients often see a reduction of symptoms early on in treatment.
(475) 242-8430 View (475) 242-8430
Photo of Sophia Glenn Levine, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Sophia Glenn Levine
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10021
I believe that seeking support through life’s challenges can lead to personal growth and a stronger sense of self. Whether you're adjusting to a new phase of life, feeling overwhelmed, or experiencing relationship difficulties, loss, career changes, or major life events, I am here to provide guidance, support and space for exploration. I prioritize individualized treatment tailored to your needs and goals. Through active collaboration, we will develop an alliance built on trust, empathy and respect. Together we will work towards fostering personal growth, enhancing self-awareness and facilitating meaningful changes in your life.
I believe that seeking support through life’s challenges can lead to personal growth and a stronger sense of self. Whether you're adjusting to a new phase of life, feeling overwhelmed, or experiencing relationship difficulties, loss, career changes, or major life events, I am here to provide guidance, support and space for exploration. I prioritize individualized treatment tailored to your needs and goals. Through active collaboration, we will develop an alliance built on trust, empathy and respect. Together we will work towards fostering personal growth, enhancing self-awareness and facilitating meaningful changes in your life.
(646) 583-3065 View (646) 583-3065
Photo of Ashlee Reilly-Hunt, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Ashlee Reilly-Hunt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10013  (Online Only)
You were having a nice day, walking back from lunch, when it happened. You glanced into a shop window and accidentally caught a glimpse of your reflection. At once, all of your confidence and self-assurance evaporated. You were immediately plunged into a tailspin of shame and inadequacy. You hate how you look and don’t know what to do about it. You’ve gone to extreme lengths to change your appearance; dieting, exercise regimens, and even speaking to a cosmetic surgeon, but it’s no use. You desperately want to feel more comfortable but don’t know how. So you hide from the world and hope no one sees you. But this is no way to live.
You were having a nice day, walking back from lunch, when it happened. You glanced into a shop window and accidentally caught a glimpse of your reflection. At once, all of your confidence and self-assurance evaporated. You were immediately plunged into a tailspin of shame and inadequacy. You hate how you look and don’t know what to do about it. You’ve gone to extreme lengths to change your appearance; dieting, exercise regimens, and even speaking to a cosmetic surgeon, but it’s no use. You desperately want to feel more comfortable but don’t know how. So you hide from the world and hope no one sees you. But this is no way to live.
(347) 997-3163 View (347) 997-3163
Photo of Leora Manischewitz, Psychologist in New York, NY
Leora Manischewitz
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019
Most likely, you're wondering how I can help you. I've been practicing for over 30 years and specialize in: 1) marital and sex therapy (for example, erectile problems, painful intercourse, lack of sexual desire and am certified in sex therapy by the American Association of Sexual Educators, Counselors, and Therapists),- I'm always focused on increasing pleasure in your relationship; 2)reducing your depression, and 3) minimizing your compulsive eating (including weight and exercise management.). When we work together, I try to highlight your strengths so that you can take charge of your life and "fix" your problems.
Most likely, you're wondering how I can help you. I've been practicing for over 30 years and specialize in: 1) marital and sex therapy (for example, erectile problems, painful intercourse, lack of sexual desire and am certified in sex therapy by the American Association of Sexual Educators, Counselors, and Therapists),- I'm always focused on increasing pleasure in your relationship; 2)reducing your depression, and 3) minimizing your compulsive eating (including weight and exercise management.). When we work together, I try to highlight your strengths so that you can take charge of your life and "fix" your problems.
(646) 351-1786 View (646) 351-1786
Photo of Ghalia Mahran in New York, NY
Ghalia Mahran
MHC-LP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10022  (Online Only)
Reaching out is an important first step in your journey to empowerment, security, and breaking old habits that may no longer be serving you. For so many people, feeling stressed, anxious, and overwhelmed has become the norm. It is common to struggle with life from time to time, but struggling with constant negative thoughts, negative beliefs about yourself, anxiety, and depression does not have to be your norm. One of my favorite parts of being a therapist is helping women, men, and young adults feel empowered and secure in themselves, their decision-making skills, and their ability to create and shape the life they want to live.
Reaching out is an important first step in your journey to empowerment, security, and breaking old habits that may no longer be serving you. For so many people, feeling stressed, anxious, and overwhelmed has become the norm. It is common to struggle with life from time to time, but struggling with constant negative thoughts, negative beliefs about yourself, anxiety, and depression does not have to be your norm. One of my favorite parts of being a therapist is helping women, men, and young adults feel empowered and secure in themselves, their decision-making skills, and their ability to create and shape the life they want to live.
(646) 921-3884 View (646) 921-3884
Photo of Karen Gelder, Psychologist in New York, NY
Karen Gelder
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
New York, NY 10065
I am a licensed psychologist specializing in the treatment of disordered eating and body image concerns, as well as issues related to women's health, pregnancy, miscarriage, and adjustment to significant life transitions such as parenthood, work-family balance, college, career change, and loss. I believe a trusting and collaborative therapeutic relationship is essential in the facilitation of healing, and the process of growth and change. I employ an integrative method, drawing from various theoretical understandings and treatment modalities, to develop an effective approach to address distinct needs.
I am a licensed psychologist specializing in the treatment of disordered eating and body image concerns, as well as issues related to women's health, pregnancy, miscarriage, and adjustment to significant life transitions such as parenthood, work-family balance, college, career change, and loss. I believe a trusting and collaborative therapeutic relationship is essential in the facilitation of healing, and the process of growth and change. I employ an integrative method, drawing from various theoretical understandings and treatment modalities, to develop an effective approach to address distinct needs.
(347) 826-5868 View (347) 826-5868
Photo of Regina Jennings, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Regina Jennings
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSWR
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10017
With insight and compassion, I offer bilingual (Spanish/English) psychotherapy and psychoanalysis to people who are trying to better understand their relationship to intimacy, professional achievement, and struggles with depression and anxiety. I am a fully bilingual psychotherapist, born and raised and Peru, who has been practicing in New York City for 25 years.
With insight and compassion, I offer bilingual (Spanish/English) psychotherapy and psychoanalysis to people who are trying to better understand their relationship to intimacy, professional achievement, and struggles with depression and anxiety. I am a fully bilingual psychotherapist, born and raised and Peru, who has been practicing in New York City for 25 years.
(646) 334-2346 View (646) 334-2346

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in New York, NY

3,000+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in New York, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress
63% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Aetna
62% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
60% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in New York, NY see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in New York?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.