Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA

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Photo of Elizabeth Cessna in Pittsburgh, PA
Elizabeth Cessna
MS, NBCCH
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15237
People receive hypnotherapy services for a variety of reasons. Typically they desire a positive change in their lives and would like to experience this change in a short period of time. While Elizabeth specializes in treating people who suffer with anxiety, she can also help those who want to alleviate:stress, fears, relationship issues, pain management, co-dependency intimacy and infertility issues. Elizabeth has been a therapist in private practice for over 25 years. She is board certified as a clinical hypnotherapist. Elizabeth practices Ericksonian Hypnotherapy because it is gentle, permissive, and respectful of the individual client.
People receive hypnotherapy services for a variety of reasons. Typically they desire a positive change in their lives and would like to experience this change in a short period of time. While Elizabeth specializes in treating people who suffer with anxiety, she can also help those who want to alleviate:stress, fears, relationship issues, pain management, co-dependency intimacy and infertility issues. Elizabeth has been a therapist in private practice for over 25 years. She is board certified as a clinical hypnotherapist. Elizabeth practices Ericksonian Hypnotherapy because it is gentle, permissive, and respectful of the individual client.
(412) 307-4975 View (412) 307-4975
Photo of Compassionate Counseling LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Compassionate Counseling LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15226
At Compassionate Counseling, we believe in you becoming the person you were meant to be. Depression, anxiety, past trauma, or life issues no longer need to hold you back from your dreams and aspirations. Our goal is to provide quality services to clients in need, and to overcome obstacles such as: •Financial Hardship •Transportation •Resistance to Therapy •Childcare Issues We are also sensitive to those who prefer a holistic approach to their care. See the photo section below for a listing of our individual counselors and their specialties.
At Compassionate Counseling, we believe in you becoming the person you were meant to be. Depression, anxiety, past trauma, or life issues no longer need to hold you back from your dreams and aspirations. Our goal is to provide quality services to clients in need, and to overcome obstacles such as: •Financial Hardship •Transportation •Resistance to Therapy •Childcare Issues We are also sensitive to those who prefer a holistic approach to their care. See the photo section below for a listing of our individual counselors and their specialties.
(878) 205-2102 View (878) 205-2102
Photo of William Bishop, Pre-Licensed Professional in Pittsburgh, PA
William Bishop
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15235
30 years of experience working with children, teens, men, women, and families has taught me that the most important thing in life is relationships. It's relationships that help us weather life's storms, and breakdowns in key relationships are usually what lead to a great deal of our distress and turmoil. My help to clients is first and foremost in the form of a positive, affirming relationship, and through that, I have been able to help countless people move toward wholeness and restoration within themselves, and with those that are important to them. I truly look forward to meeting and working with you.
30 years of experience working with children, teens, men, women, and families has taught me that the most important thing in life is relationships. It's relationships that help us weather life's storms, and breakdowns in key relationships are usually what lead to a great deal of our distress and turmoil. My help to clients is first and foremost in the form of a positive, affirming relationship, and through that, I have been able to help countless people move toward wholeness and restoration within themselves, and with those that are important to them. I truly look forward to meeting and working with you.
(412) 538-6083 View (412) 538-6083
Photo of David Orbison, Psychologist in Pittsburgh, PA
David Orbison
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15201
Not accepting new clients
These days, many of the people with whom I form a therapeutic relationship are those who have been unsatisfied with prior therapy efforts. In addition, I often work with mental health and medical professionals and their families, as well as persons employed in academia. That said, I enjoy sorting out all sorts of relationship difficulties and the underlying personality issues. In terms of patient populations, I work with individual adults and couples, upset teens and young adults. I am a fully trained psychoanalyst, as well, so I am comfortable with very intimate work, often using the couch. Commitment is a two-way street.
These days, many of the people with whom I form a therapeutic relationship are those who have been unsatisfied with prior therapy efforts. In addition, I often work with mental health and medical professionals and their families, as well as persons employed in academia. That said, I enjoy sorting out all sorts of relationship difficulties and the underlying personality issues. In terms of patient populations, I work with individual adults and couples, upset teens and young adults. I am a fully trained psychoanalyst, as well, so I am comfortable with very intimate work, often using the couch. Commitment is a two-way street.
(412) 906-9219 View (412) 906-9219
Photo of Rachel Freeman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pittsburgh, PA
Rachel Freeman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15210  (Online Only)
I work primarily with adolescents and young adults who struggle with emotion regulation, depression, anxiety and trauma.
I work primarily with adolescents and young adults who struggle with emotion regulation, depression, anxiety and trauma.
(412) 790-1571 View (412) 790-1571
Photo of Sarah Amelia Edmiston, Pre-Licensed Professional in Pittsburgh, PA
Sarah Amelia Edmiston
Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15217
As your therapist, I will help you cultivate self-compassion, curiosity, and courage to confront your life challenges. My work with each client is individualized and collaborative depending on a multitude of client factors. My approach is warm, well-rounded, and authentic. I will ensure that your therapeutic outcomes are meaningful and sustainable. You will feel seen, heard, and supported in every step of our work. I use an integrated trauma-informed, feminist, humanistic, psychoanalytic, relational, and existential approach to therapy that fosters openness and curiosity.
As your therapist, I will help you cultivate self-compassion, curiosity, and courage to confront your life challenges. My work with each client is individualized and collaborative depending on a multitude of client factors. My approach is warm, well-rounded, and authentic. I will ensure that your therapeutic outcomes are meaningful and sustainable. You will feel seen, heard, and supported in every step of our work. I use an integrated trauma-informed, feminist, humanistic, psychoanalytic, relational, and existential approach to therapy that fosters openness and curiosity.
(412) 891-8769 View (412) 891-8769
Photo of Jamie Sloan, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Jamie Sloan
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, ATR-BC, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15206
Waitlist for new clients
I believe in using a holistic, strength based approach that builds on your current assets to help you achieve your goals. I work collaboratively with you to focus on individual whole health, which includes identifying your aspirations and emphasizing empowerment and self care. I have experience creating a safe and warm environment in which to incorporate evidenced based interventions and coping strategies to help improve focus and manage anxiety, grief, and depression. I also utilize expressive arts to help identify unique, creative approaches to help you improve the quality of your life.
I believe in using a holistic, strength based approach that builds on your current assets to help you achieve your goals. I work collaboratively with you to focus on individual whole health, which includes identifying your aspirations and emphasizing empowerment and self care. I have experience creating a safe and warm environment in which to incorporate evidenced based interventions and coping strategies to help improve focus and manage anxiety, grief, and depression. I also utilize expressive arts to help identify unique, creative approaches to help you improve the quality of your life.
(412) 948-7509 View (412) 948-7509
Photo of Intensive Care Counseling LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pittsburgh, PA
Intensive Care Counseling LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15237
I am a trauma therapist who enjoys helping individuals and families bring more joy and compassion to their relationships. I am available to meet with you for a series of intensive virtual sessions or for several days of intensive in-home work. I bring understanding and light as we work to overcome emotional hardships based on common problems including anger, anxiety, grief, depression, phobias, low self-esteem, post-traumatic stress disorder, relational problems and more.
I am a trauma therapist who enjoys helping individuals and families bring more joy and compassion to their relationships. I am available to meet with you for a series of intensive virtual sessions or for several days of intensive in-home work. I bring understanding and light as we work to overcome emotional hardships based on common problems including anger, anxiety, grief, depression, phobias, low self-esteem, post-traumatic stress disorder, relational problems and more.
(412) 754-7627 View (412) 754-7627
Photo of Sydney Stephenson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Sydney Stephenson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15218
In the words of Mr. Rogers, “Play is really the work of childhood." I see kids who have prenatal, preverbal, or early childhood trauma; attachment and behavioral issues; or struggle with anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and anger. I will work with you to create a flexible treatment plan tailored to your child's individual needs, using techniques like prescriptive play therapy, filial therapy, expressive arts, sandtray, geek therapy, and attachment-based activities to directly address and heal the impact of stress on the body and brain. I help identify the reasons for children’s behavior and healthier ways to meet those needs.
In the words of Mr. Rogers, “Play is really the work of childhood." I see kids who have prenatal, preverbal, or early childhood trauma; attachment and behavioral issues; or struggle with anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and anger. I will work with you to create a flexible treatment plan tailored to your child's individual needs, using techniques like prescriptive play therapy, filial therapy, expressive arts, sandtray, geek therapy, and attachment-based activities to directly address and heal the impact of stress on the body and brain. I help identify the reasons for children’s behavior and healthier ways to meet those needs.
(412) 214-8961 View (412) 214-8961
Photo of New Directions Mental Health - Robinson Twp, Psychologist in Pittsburgh, PA
New Directions Mental Health - Robinson Twp
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15205
Offering Teletherapy, Telepsychiatry and in-office visits. We are a heart-centered practice dedicated to providing highly personalized care that supports you in making lasting changes. At New Directions, we specialize in providing the help you need from start to finish including matching you with the right therapist or psychiatric provider and offering effective services. Whether you are looking for individual therapy for yourself, therapy for a child or teen, couple's therapy, family therapy and/or psychiatric services, we can assist.
Offering Teletherapy, Telepsychiatry and in-office visits. We are a heart-centered practice dedicated to providing highly personalized care that supports you in making lasting changes. At New Directions, we specialize in providing the help you need from start to finish including matching you with the right therapist or psychiatric provider and offering effective services. Whether you are looking for individual therapy for yourself, therapy for a child or teen, couple's therapy, family therapy and/or psychiatric services, we can assist.
(412) 444-7275 View (412) 444-7275
Photo of Blake Watterworth, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Blake Watterworth
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
Waitlist for new clients
Blake works to help people who may feel stuck, frustrated or hopeless. By listening to clients' concerns, Blake can help you make manageable changes in your life and cultivate a stronger sense of self.
Blake works to help people who may feel stuck, frustrated or hopeless. By listening to clients' concerns, Blake can help you make manageable changes in your life and cultivate a stronger sense of self.
(412) 754-7700 View (412) 754-7700
Photo of Camden Bianco, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Camden Bianco
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
I know it can feel scary going to see a therapist. I realize that each client I see is coming to see me because something has been hard. I believe and have seen that out of great struggle there can be deep healing. It is a joy and honor for me to go with my clients down this road of healing. I hope to be a safe place for you to explore your story with support and compassion.
I know it can feel scary going to see a therapist. I realize that each client I see is coming to see me because something has been hard. I believe and have seen that out of great struggle there can be deep healing. It is a joy and honor for me to go with my clients down this road of healing. I hope to be a safe place for you to explore your story with support and compassion.
(412) 413-9117 View (412) 413-9117
Photo of Liz Bailey, Pre-Licensed Professional in Pittsburgh, PA
Liz Bailey
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSCP
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15219
Navigating our way through life can be challenging, confusing, and unexplainable. Are you tired of feeling like you "should be" at some point in your life that you're not? Have you hesitated to seek help due to the stigma and judgement of mental illness? Being a human in this world can feel so hard, and we are not always meant to be on this journey alone. Therapy should be a safe space where we can work together to foster your growth, connection, and strength. You are deserving of support through life transitions, trauma, self-discovery, and self-esteem/trust building. This shit is hard, but together we can do hard things!
Navigating our way through life can be challenging, confusing, and unexplainable. Are you tired of feeling like you "should be" at some point in your life that you're not? Have you hesitated to seek help due to the stigma and judgement of mental illness? Being a human in this world can feel so hard, and we are not always meant to be on this journey alone. Therapy should be a safe space where we can work together to foster your growth, connection, and strength. You are deserving of support through life transitions, trauma, self-discovery, and self-esteem/trust building. This shit is hard, but together we can do hard things!
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Photo of Sandra Maria Pattinato, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Sandra Maria Pattinato
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd , LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15234
I have 15 years of experience in the mental health field. I have worked in a number of different settings and with clients from a wide variety of backgrounds and cultures. My priority is to meet the client where he or she is and help him or her by providing support, aid and guidance, so the client can work through processing the past, identifying present patterns and taking steps toward long lasting changes while addressing the client’s fears, challenges and worries along the way.
I have 15 years of experience in the mental health field. I have worked in a number of different settings and with clients from a wide variety of backgrounds and cultures. My priority is to meet the client where he or she is and help him or her by providing support, aid and guidance, so the client can work through processing the past, identifying present patterns and taking steps toward long lasting changes while addressing the client’s fears, challenges and worries along the way.
(412) 547-5734 View (412) 547-5734
Photo of Mikayla Weston, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Mikayla Weston
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15232  (Online Only)
Mikayla Weston is a Master’s Level Clinician in the state of Pennsylvania. She has experience partnering with children, adolescents, and adults seeking help with depression, anxiety, relationship issues, life transitions, and more. Mikayla utilizes a person-centered approach to counseling with techniques drawn from cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectic behavioral therapy, solution-focused therapy, reality therapy, and more that emphasize awareness, mindfulness, acceptance, responsibility, and life skills necessary to best meet the needs of every unique individual.
Mikayla Weston is a Master’s Level Clinician in the state of Pennsylvania. She has experience partnering with children, adolescents, and adults seeking help with depression, anxiety, relationship issues, life transitions, and more. Mikayla utilizes a person-centered approach to counseling with techniques drawn from cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectic behavioral therapy, solution-focused therapy, reality therapy, and more that emphasize awareness, mindfulness, acceptance, responsibility, and life skills necessary to best meet the needs of every unique individual.
(412) 990-1670 View (412) 990-1670
Photo of Jennifer Matesa, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pittsburgh, PA
Jennifer Matesa
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MFA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15217
I'm committed to fostering nonjudgmental connections with individuals as they seek to move toward healthy, creative change. I’ve dedicated my professional life to helping people with anxiety, depression, trauma, and relationship difficulties. I love helping folks explore intergenerational questions and problems. I have a deep interest in helping people learn to live with more ease inside their bodies—to learn more about their own sexuality, to cultivate awareness of cultural forces that would separate us from our bodies, and to develop practices that can reunite our bodies with our minds, emotions and spirits.
I'm committed to fostering nonjudgmental connections with individuals as they seek to move toward healthy, creative change. I’ve dedicated my professional life to helping people with anxiety, depression, trauma, and relationship difficulties. I love helping folks explore intergenerational questions and problems. I have a deep interest in helping people learn to live with more ease inside their bodies—to learn more about their own sexuality, to cultivate awareness of cultural forces that would separate us from our bodies, and to develop practices that can reunite our bodies with our minds, emotions and spirits.
(412) 455-3954 View (412) 455-3954
Photo of Dr. Taylor Day, Psychologist in Pittsburgh, PA
Dr. Taylor Day
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15219  (Online Only)
Did you know autism can be diagnosed in children as young as 14 months of age? So often parents are told to "wait and see" despite having concerns about their child's development. As a child psychologist, I have expertise in the early diagnosis and intervention of autism. I have over a decade of experience conducting gold-standard evaluations for autism and research to advance knowledge about early autism signs with over 25 peer-reviewed publications/book chapters. I offer both diagnosis and intervention services for families of young children via telehealth throughout the country (select states). Contact me for a FREE consult!
Did you know autism can be diagnosed in children as young as 14 months of age? So often parents are told to "wait and see" despite having concerns about their child's development. As a child psychologist, I have expertise in the early diagnosis and intervention of autism. I have over a decade of experience conducting gold-standard evaluations for autism and research to advance knowledge about early autism signs with over 25 peer-reviewed publications/book chapters. I offer both diagnosis and intervention services for families of young children via telehealth throughout the country (select states). Contact me for a FREE consult!
(412) 837-0965 View (412) 837-0965
Photo of Kaitlyn Bonham, Pre-Licensed Professional in Pittsburgh, PA
Kaitlyn Bonham
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15222  (Online Only)
Are you grappling with anxiety, fighting against depression, or searching for effective coping skills? You might be the person I picture, aiming for balanced emotional health. Your unique needs deserve understanding and support, especially with coping skills, managing depression, and overcoming anxiety. Your goal is straightforward – to find practical solutions and guidance for a happier, more fulfilling life. Let’s start this journey together, working together to achieve the positive changes you desire.
Are you grappling with anxiety, fighting against depression, or searching for effective coping skills? You might be the person I picture, aiming for balanced emotional health. Your unique needs deserve understanding and support, especially with coping skills, managing depression, and overcoming anxiety. Your goal is straightforward – to find practical solutions and guidance for a happier, more fulfilling life. Let’s start this journey together, working together to achieve the positive changes you desire.
(412) 883-4678 View (412) 883-4678
Photo of Andrea Gionta, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Andrea Gionta
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSEd, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15239  (Online Only)
Now accepting new clients. As a Licensed Professional Counselor, my goal is to work with you to find your best path forward. My passion includes assisting individuals experiencing anxiety, depression, grief, life transitions, relationship challenges, and other common struggles through challenging and reframing thoughts and developing healthy coping strategies. Appointments available via tele-health.
Now accepting new clients. As a Licensed Professional Counselor, my goal is to work with you to find your best path forward. My passion includes assisting individuals experiencing anxiety, depression, grief, life transitions, relationship challenges, and other common struggles through challenging and reframing thoughts and developing healthy coping strategies. Appointments available via tele-health.
(412) 753-7763 View (412) 753-7763
Photo of Destiny Dubal, Pre-Licensed Professional in Pittsburgh, PA
Destiny Dubal
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15235
Being a human is a unique experience for us all and I look forward to helping you become who you want to be. My style of therapy focuses on you as a unique individual, your personal story, and how your mind body and spirit come together. I primarily utilize Person - Centered, Narrative, CBT , ACT and DBT in treatment. I use my own lived experiences to empathize and connect with clients to build the therapeutic relationship . I have experience working with Children and Adults of different backgrounds with various struggles including Anxiety, Depression, ADHD, and Trauma.
Being a human is a unique experience for us all and I look forward to helping you become who you want to be. My style of therapy focuses on you as a unique individual, your personal story, and how your mind body and spirit come together. I primarily utilize Person - Centered, Narrative, CBT , ACT and DBT in treatment. I use my own lived experiences to empathize and connect with clients to build the therapeutic relationship . I have experience working with Children and Adults of different backgrounds with various struggles including Anxiety, Depression, ADHD, and Trauma.
(412) 419-2386 View (412) 419-2386

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
77% Self Esteem
71% Relationship Issues
69% Trauma and PTSD
69% Coping Skills
66% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Highmark
74% Aetna
67% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
19% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Pittsburgh?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.