Therapists in Brookline, MA

Photo of Kimberly Schildbach, Counselor in Brookline, MA
Kimberly Schildbach
Counselor, MEd, LMHC
Verified Verified
Brookline, MA 02446  (Online Only)
As a couple, you've found success in every aspect of life, yet when it comes to communication and connection, you're struggling. Despite your attempts, you find yourselves trapped in an endless loop of frustration, having the same arguments over and over. You crave a deeper connection with your partner, but the constant misunderstandings have left you feeling disconnected and distant. It's time to find your way back to each other again. You're ready to have a relationship you wake up feeling good about, a life you feel confident in, and energy leftover to pursue the things that matter most to you.
As a couple, you've found success in every aspect of life, yet when it comes to communication and connection, you're struggling. Despite your attempts, you find yourselves trapped in an endless loop of frustration, having the same arguments over and over. You crave a deeper connection with your partner, but the constant misunderstandings have left you feeling disconnected and distant. It's time to find your way back to each other again. You're ready to have a relationship you wake up feeling good about, a life you feel confident in, and energy leftover to pursue the things that matter most to you.
(617) 214-1008 View (617) 214-1008
Photo of Shannon Hourigan, Psychologist in Brookline, MA
Shannon Hourigan
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Brookline, MA 02445  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am a licensed clinical psychologist at Boston Children's Hospital and an instructor at Harvard Medical School with a small private practice for children, adolescents, and young adults. I specialize in children and adolescents coping with anxiety, acute, chronic medical conditions, and with parents seeking to improve family harmony. I am trained in a variety of evidence-based approaches and treat a range of psychiatric diagnoses, including anxiety, depression, OCD, phobias, and adjustment concerns. Culturally responsive care is my priority, and I welcome patients from all backgrounds.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist at Boston Children's Hospital and an instructor at Harvard Medical School with a small private practice for children, adolescents, and young adults. I specialize in children and adolescents coping with anxiety, acute, chronic medical conditions, and with parents seeking to improve family harmony. I am trained in a variety of evidence-based approaches and treat a range of psychiatric diagnoses, including anxiety, depression, OCD, phobias, and adjustment concerns. Culturally responsive care is my priority, and I welcome patients from all backgrounds.
(857) 666-8244 View (857) 666-8244
Photo of Laura Ferrer PhD & Associates, Psychologist in Brookline, MA
Laura Ferrer PhD & Associates
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Brookline, MA 02446
We are a group of Clinical and Health Psychologists, offering individual, couple and family care live (in Boston) and online throughout the US and Europe. We meet our clients where they are -including students, new parents, busy entrepreneurs, professionals transitioning into new leadership or retirement, persons coping with an illness, and more- with therapy including CBT, DBT, ACT, and Interpersonal/Existential modes, and Coaching for health and life transitions. Our diverse team offers care in several languages and modalities.
We are a group of Clinical and Health Psychologists, offering individual, couple and family care live (in Boston) and online throughout the US and Europe. We meet our clients where they are -including students, new parents, busy entrepreneurs, professionals transitioning into new leadership or retirement, persons coping with an illness, and more- with therapy including CBT, DBT, ACT, and Interpersonal/Existential modes, and Coaching for health and life transitions. Our diverse team offers care in several languages and modalities.
(781) 222-4409 View (781) 222-4409
Photo of Eben Housen Lasker, Psychologist in Brookline, MA
Eben Housen Lasker
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Brookline, MA 02446
First and foremost, I am concerned with understanding the full person with whom I am sitting, and not solely their problems or symptoms. This stance stems from a belief that without such careful attention to a person's full scope, the issues people seek help for are often not adequately resolved. Clients who are willing to attempt a process of reflection, dialogue, and practice have typically found my office a safe and useful space to work through their dilemmas and concerns.
First and foremost, I am concerned with understanding the full person with whom I am sitting, and not solely their problems or symptoms. This stance stems from a belief that without such careful attention to a person's full scope, the issues people seek help for are often not adequately resolved. Clients who are willing to attempt a process of reflection, dialogue, and practice have typically found my office a safe and useful space to work through their dilemmas and concerns.
(617) 934-8178 View (617) 934-8178
Photo of Sarah Fine Kosa, Psychologist in Brookline, MA
Sarah Fine Kosa
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Brookline, MA 02446
Not accepting new clients
I have over 15 years of experience treating children under 10 and their families. I understand the intense worry and uncertainty that can come when a child is struggling—as well as the stress, exhaustion, and even guilt that results from grappling with complex parenting issues—and I’m here to help. Behavioral and emotional problems that crop up in the first decade of life are often very treatable, and taking action early can help put your child on a better path for the future. My goal is to help clients target specific problems, experience rapid, sustainable, meaningful improvement, and move forward with confidence, skill, and joy.
I have over 15 years of experience treating children under 10 and their families. I understand the intense worry and uncertainty that can come when a child is struggling—as well as the stress, exhaustion, and even guilt that results from grappling with complex parenting issues—and I’m here to help. Behavioral and emotional problems that crop up in the first decade of life are often very treatable, and taking action early can help put your child on a better path for the future. My goal is to help clients target specific problems, experience rapid, sustainable, meaningful improvement, and move forward with confidence, skill, and joy.
(857) 957-4812 View (857) 957-4812
Photo of Polina Dorosinskaya, Counselor in Brookline, MA
Polina Dorosinskaya
Counselor, LMHC, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brookline, MA 02446
Sometimes we may find ourselves having to deal with issues that might make us to feel lost, saddened, puzzled, unhappy and frustrated; These are the moments when understanding and kind support is so much needed so we could reconnect with inner self for resilience.
Sometimes we may find ourselves having to deal with issues that might make us to feel lost, saddened, puzzled, unhappy and frustrated; These are the moments when understanding and kind support is so much needed so we could reconnect with inner self for resilience.
(351) 777-5522 View (351) 777-5522
Photo of Emily Carroll, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Brookline, MA
Emily Carroll
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Brookline, MA 02445
I firmly believe that growth and change are not only possible but essential aspects of the human experience. Together, we can navigate the complexities of anxiety, depression, and trauma, paving the way for calm and peace to replace feelings of distress. You are capable of overcoming challenges, and I am here to support you every step of the way. I am a dedicated therapist with a passion for facilitating transformative journeys towards healing and growth. I believe in the power of holistic healing and incorporate wellness practices and whole-body approaches into my therapeutic interventions.
I firmly believe that growth and change are not only possible but essential aspects of the human experience. Together, we can navigate the complexities of anxiety, depression, and trauma, paving the way for calm and peace to replace feelings of distress. You are capable of overcoming challenges, and I am here to support you every step of the way. I am a dedicated therapist with a passion for facilitating transformative journeys towards healing and growth. I believe in the power of holistic healing and incorporate wellness practices and whole-body approaches into my therapeutic interventions.
(617) 468-3985 View (617) 468-3985
Photo of Lisa Lewis, Psychologist in Brookline, MA
Lisa Lewis
Psychologist, EdD, CADC-II
Verified Verified
Brookline, MA 02446  (Online Only)
I am a strength-based, solution-focused psychologist with an active, collaborative style. I work with clients who struggle with relationships, depression, anxiety, or an addiction. As a Certified Alcohol and Drug Addiction Counselor, I work with individuals attempting to recover from an addiction, as well as clients who are negatively impacted by the addiction of someone close to them, like a friend, partner, or family member. I strive to be competent about and sensitive to differences in culture, and view these differences as central to an individual's experience and happiness.
I am a strength-based, solution-focused psychologist with an active, collaborative style. I work with clients who struggle with relationships, depression, anxiety, or an addiction. As a Certified Alcohol and Drug Addiction Counselor, I work with individuals attempting to recover from an addiction, as well as clients who are negatively impacted by the addiction of someone close to them, like a friend, partner, or family member. I strive to be competent about and sensitive to differences in culture, and view these differences as central to an individual's experience and happiness.
(617) 326-8038 View (617) 326-8038
Photo of Carl Waitz, Psychologist in Brookline, MA
Carl Waitz
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Brookline, MA 02446
I am a licensed psychologist currently serving as an attending psychologist at Boston Children's Hospital and as an Instructor at Harvard Medical School. In my small private practice, I specialize in working with adolescents and young adults seeking personalized psychological care for concerns such as depression, anxiety, OCD, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Drawing from my experience working on inpatient psychiatry units, I am comfortable working with a wide spectrum of concerns. I also offer consultation and assessment services to assist in clarifying diagnoses for those who prefer private, client-centered care.
I am a licensed psychologist currently serving as an attending psychologist at Boston Children's Hospital and as an Instructor at Harvard Medical School. In my small private practice, I specialize in working with adolescents and young adults seeking personalized psychological care for concerns such as depression, anxiety, OCD, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Drawing from my experience working on inpatient psychiatry units, I am comfortable working with a wide spectrum of concerns. I also offer consultation and assessment services to assist in clarifying diagnoses for those who prefer private, client-centered care.
(857) 524-3944 View (857) 524-3944
Rhoda S Goodwin
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Brookline, MA 02446  (Online Only)
I am a clinical psychologist in practice for over 25 years. People often look for a therapist when they are experiencing anxiety, sadness, depression, loss, or issues relating to life changes. People want to deal with relationships, school, work, family. and career issues, as well as general feelings of unhappiness. Our work together includes present problems, history, and the changes you would like to see for the future, as well as what seems to be getting in your way.
I am a clinical psychologist in practice for over 25 years. People often look for a therapist when they are experiencing anxiety, sadness, depression, loss, or issues relating to life changes. People want to deal with relationships, school, work, family. and career issues, as well as general feelings of unhappiness. Our work together includes present problems, history, and the changes you would like to see for the future, as well as what seems to be getting in your way.
(617) 277-5876 View (617) 277-5876
Photo of Jeffrey E Thomas, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Brookline, MA
Jeffrey E Thomas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Brookline, MA 02446
Psychotherapy can be invaluable in helping people recognize and change painful patterns of behavior. I work to create a space in which clients can face life's internal and external challenges with grace and humor. I offer over 25 years of experience as a psychotherapist working with a very wide range of adults and couples. I have worked in community mental health and hospital settings and am comfortable treating serious mood disorders. My office is conveniently located in Brookline between Allston and Coolidge Corner. Please call me at 617-739-1619 for a free phone consultation.
Psychotherapy can be invaluable in helping people recognize and change painful patterns of behavior. I work to create a space in which clients can face life's internal and external challenges with grace and humor. I offer over 25 years of experience as a psychotherapist working with a very wide range of adults and couples. I have worked in community mental health and hospital settings and am comfortable treating serious mood disorders. My office is conveniently located in Brookline between Allston and Coolidge Corner. Please call me at 617-739-1619 for a free phone consultation.
(617) 299-7320 View (617) 299-7320
Photo of Judith Sanditen, Psychologist in Brookline, MA
Judith Sanditen
Psychologist, MEd, PsyD
Verified Verified
Brookline, MA 02445
I have worked with people who have anxiety, depression, trauma, obsessions, compulsions, phobias, and panic. People come to me to work on relationships in order to resolve conflicts that are having a negative impact on them. These relationships may be significant others, spouse, child, parent, roommate, or co-worker.
I have worked with people who have anxiety, depression, trauma, obsessions, compulsions, phobias, and panic. People come to me to work on relationships in order to resolve conflicts that are having a negative impact on them. These relationships may be significant others, spouse, child, parent, roommate, or co-worker.
(617) 446-3272 View (617) 446-3272
Photo of Robert Ross, Counselor in Brookline, MA
Robert Ross
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brookline, MA 02446
I specialize in helping men, women, artists, business and trades people, as well as adult children of alcoholics restore diminished or lost connections to their poietic capacity. The word poiesis is from ancient Greek, meaning to make, or to bring forth. In my work, I refer to it as meaning one’s creative capacity to respond to and shape one’s life - as well as one’s capacity to create things i.e. art, woodwork, poetry, a relationship, a mindfulness practice, a career, a garden, etc. When we are overwhelmed, our mental health can suffer, sometimes making it difficult for us to respond to life's challenges in a way that works for us.
I specialize in helping men, women, artists, business and trades people, as well as adult children of alcoholics restore diminished or lost connections to their poietic capacity. The word poiesis is from ancient Greek, meaning to make, or to bring forth. In my work, I refer to it as meaning one’s creative capacity to respond to and shape one’s life - as well as one’s capacity to create things i.e. art, woodwork, poetry, a relationship, a mindfulness practice, a career, a garden, etc. When we are overwhelmed, our mental health can suffer, sometimes making it difficult for us to respond to life's challenges in a way that works for us.
(617) 917-3747 View (617) 917-3747
Photo of Margaret Fasolo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Brookline, MA
Margaret Fasolo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Brookline, MA 02446  (Online Only)
Accepting new clients. Often, people have difficulty finding treatment that meets their needs. That is one of the reasons I have provided therapy for adolescents, adults and members of LGBTQ community for over ten years. As a licensed independent clinical social worker and certified photography art therapist, I work with individuals and together we determine effective treatment.
Accepting new clients. Often, people have difficulty finding treatment that meets their needs. That is one of the reasons I have provided therapy for adolescents, adults and members of LGBTQ community for over ten years. As a licensed independent clinical social worker and certified photography art therapist, I work with individuals and together we determine effective treatment.
(914) 207-9019 View (914) 207-9019
Photo of Brigitte Zakari, Counselor in Brookline, MA
Brigitte Zakari
Counselor, PsyaD, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brookline, MA 02445
I am a psychoanalyst and licensed mental health counselor in private practice in Brookline, Massachusetts with more than 15 years experience in the field. Throughout my training and career, I have worked with adults in outpatient psychotherapy clinics as well as with children and adolescents and their families in the Public School Systems.
I am a psychoanalyst and licensed mental health counselor in private practice in Brookline, Massachusetts with more than 15 years experience in the field. Throughout my training and career, I have worked with adults in outpatient psychotherapy clinics as well as with children and adolescents and their families in the Public School Systems.
(617) 394-1880 x447 View (617) 394-1880 x447
Photo of Analisa Savini, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Brookline, MA
Analisa Savini
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Brookline, MA 02446  (Online Only)
Analisa is a Licensed Independent Certified Social Worker (LICSW) in Boston, MA. She specializes in treating individuals who struggle with addiction, codependency, and complex trauma. Analisa empowers her clients to step into their strength and healing using a holistic and humanistic perspective. She is excited to work with motivated individuals from all walks of life. As an advocate for social justice, Analisa recognizes the intersectionality that exists between race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, faith, and socioeconomic status with individual treatment concerns. She prioritizes emotional safety for her clients.
Analisa is a Licensed Independent Certified Social Worker (LICSW) in Boston, MA. She specializes in treating individuals who struggle with addiction, codependency, and complex trauma. Analisa empowers her clients to step into their strength and healing using a holistic and humanistic perspective. She is excited to work with motivated individuals from all walks of life. As an advocate for social justice, Analisa recognizes the intersectionality that exists between race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, faith, and socioeconomic status with individual treatment concerns. She prioritizes emotional safety for her clients.
(781) 556-6068 View (781) 556-6068
Photo of Valeria Chuba in Brookline, MA
Valeria Chuba
PhD, SEP
Verified Verified
Brookline, MA 02446  (Online Only)
I can help you resolve sex-related anxiety, low or uneven libido, effects of sexual trauma and negative experiences, sexual functioning issues, lack of sexual confidence, and difficulty experiencing pleasure. I’m a clinical sexologist and a somatic therapy practitioner. I use Somatic Experiencing and other neurophysiology-based therapies to help release the negative patterns and blocks your body holds around sex and intimacy and to teach you how to feel more embodied, connected and confident. I combine this approach with sex coaching and education to help you achieve your unique vision for a pleasurable and fulfilling sex life.
I can help you resolve sex-related anxiety, low or uneven libido, effects of sexual trauma and negative experiences, sexual functioning issues, lack of sexual confidence, and difficulty experiencing pleasure. I’m a clinical sexologist and a somatic therapy practitioner. I use Somatic Experiencing and other neurophysiology-based therapies to help release the negative patterns and blocks your body holds around sex and intimacy and to teach you how to feel more embodied, connected and confident. I combine this approach with sex coaching and education to help you achieve your unique vision for a pleasurable and fulfilling sex life.
(857) 496-6440 View (857) 496-6440
Photo of Youngsuk Kim, Psychologist in Brookline, MA
Youngsuk Kim
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Brookline, MA 02446  (Online Only)
Independent of my job at MGH/Harvard Medical School as a clinical psychologist, I see clients in my private practice (Psychological Care and Consultancy, PLLC). I provide video telehealth only. I have extensive experience treating adults and 65+ suffering from anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, trauma, grief and loss, adjustment difficulties, low self-esteem, stresses associated with relationship and family conflicts, and educational and occupational concerns. I also have experience working with health professionals, high-functioning autism, late teens, and military service members. I am licensed in MA and RI.
Independent of my job at MGH/Harvard Medical School as a clinical psychologist, I see clients in my private practice (Psychological Care and Consultancy, PLLC). I provide video telehealth only. I have extensive experience treating adults and 65+ suffering from anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, trauma, grief and loss, adjustment difficulties, low self-esteem, stresses associated with relationship and family conflicts, and educational and occupational concerns. I also have experience working with health professionals, high-functioning autism, late teens, and military service members. I am licensed in MA and RI.
(857) 380-0222 View (857) 380-0222
Photo of Jordan Haghighi, Pre-Licensed Professional in Brookline, MA
Jordan Haghighi
Pre-Licensed Professional, Mhc
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brookline, MA 02446  (Online Only)
Deciding to seek any form of support isn't always the easiest decision. Recognizing that you want to connect with a professional about anxiety, depression, previous trauma or just someone to talk to with an impartial view, is a tremendous step in your growth as an individual. I pride myself on my ability to meet with my clients where they are at. To genuinely listen to them without judgement. Ensuring that they know I am on their team and want to help them achieve their goals. My primary goal is for the clients I work with to feel as comfortable and rewarded as possible through this process.
Deciding to seek any form of support isn't always the easiest decision. Recognizing that you want to connect with a professional about anxiety, depression, previous trauma or just someone to talk to with an impartial view, is a tremendous step in your growth as an individual. I pride myself on my ability to meet with my clients where they are at. To genuinely listen to them without judgement. Ensuring that they know I am on their team and want to help them achieve their goals. My primary goal is for the clients I work with to feel as comfortable and rewarded as possible through this process.
(857) 675-3118 View (857) 675-3118
Photo of Lawrence S Abrams, Psychologist in Brookline, MA
Lawrence S Abrams
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brookline, MA 02445
Symptoms arise in the context of trying to adapt to something difficult in one's life. This may be an adaptation to a painful relationship, a work situation, or a physical limitation. Symptom relief comes with an initial understanding of the meaning of the problem, and then working with specific strategies to manage the problem differently. Our work will focus on who you are as a person and how your particular set of symptoms or issues have evolved for you in the context of your life as a whole.
Symptoms arise in the context of trying to adapt to something difficult in one's life. This may be an adaptation to a painful relationship, a work situation, or a physical limitation. Symptom relief comes with an initial understanding of the meaning of the problem, and then working with specific strategies to manage the problem differently. Our work will focus on who you are as a person and how your particular set of symptoms or issues have evolved for you in the context of your life as a whole.
(781) 347-2157 View (781) 347-2157

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Brookline, MA

700+

Average cost per session

$180

Therapists in Brookline, MA who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
90% Depression
82% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
65% Trauma and PTSD
64% Grief
64% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

15 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% BlueCross and BlueShield
42% Aetna
42% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Brookline, MA see their clients

61% In Person and Online
39% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
23% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Brookline?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.