Therapists in Chicago, IL

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Photo of David M Brooks, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
David M Brooks
Psychologist, PhD, PsyD
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60613
In our contemporary society it is easy to be content and even glad for medications that soothe symptoms, but healing comes from working through our underlying inner conflicts in a textured human relationship in which we can feel what we truly feel and become who we truly are. I believe distressful symptoms, whether depression, anxiety, anger, hurt, a sense of meaninglessness, a sense of emptiness, addictions, or behavior problems are signs. They are signs that it is time to grow our mindfulness of our underlying needs, feelings, and thereby gain choices for living more contently within our communities and families.
In our contemporary society it is easy to be content and even glad for medications that soothe symptoms, but healing comes from working through our underlying inner conflicts in a textured human relationship in which we can feel what we truly feel and become who we truly are. I believe distressful symptoms, whether depression, anxiety, anger, hurt, a sense of meaninglessness, a sense of emptiness, addictions, or behavior problems are signs. They are signs that it is time to grow our mindfulness of our underlying needs, feelings, and thereby gain choices for living more contently within our communities and families.
(312) 624-6260 View (312) 624-6260
Photo of Kate Glickman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Kate Glickman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60622
Looking for a therapist requires a leap of faith: that someone out there can actually understand, let alone help. Maybe you sense you need to make a change, but how to move forward is unclear. Or maybe you are going through something right now that feels too heavy to shoulder alone. In either case, therapy can be a place to find your footing. When we first meet, I will listen carefully to your story, then together we will identify what carries the potential to help. I offer a compassionate relationship you can rely on.
Looking for a therapist requires a leap of faith: that someone out there can actually understand, let alone help. Maybe you sense you need to make a change, but how to move forward is unclear. Or maybe you are going through something right now that feels too heavy to shoulder alone. In either case, therapy can be a place to find your footing. When we first meet, I will listen carefully to your story, then together we will identify what carries the potential to help. I offer a compassionate relationship you can rely on.
(312) 516-4303 View (312) 516-4303
Photo of Stefani A Godina, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Stefani A Godina
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60640
Hi there, welcome! My name is Stefani. I specialize in maternal mental health/women's wellness. I have a strong passion for working with new moms/moms as they navigate through the many transitional periods of motherhood. I have spent a majority of my professional career working with women as they navigate through the perinatal and postnatal periods of motherhood. While working with moms is my specialty, I too enjoy working with women to help them cope with various life stressors and symptoms related to depression, anxiety, trauma, and other mood disturbances.
Hi there, welcome! My name is Stefani. I specialize in maternal mental health/women's wellness. I have a strong passion for working with new moms/moms as they navigate through the many transitional periods of motherhood. I have spent a majority of my professional career working with women as they navigate through the perinatal and postnatal periods of motherhood. While working with moms is my specialty, I too enjoy working with women to help them cope with various life stressors and symptoms related to depression, anxiety, trauma, and other mood disturbances.
(708) 572-3405 View (708) 572-3405
Photo of Taylor Ariel Pettway, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Chicago, IL
Taylor Ariel Pettway
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60605
There is power in seeking the help of others along our journey, and it is my hope that therapy can represent a unique healing environment, focused on your reality and your needs. The change that we all seek lies within our stories being validated and understood. As we witness the power of our stories in light of culture, race, gender, sexual orientation, and other intersections of identity through therapy, we partner in using your strengths to lessen your limitations. By developing your self-awareness, we can work to heal from past wounds, develop more understanding of your Self and those around you, and create better relationships.
There is power in seeking the help of others along our journey, and it is my hope that therapy can represent a unique healing environment, focused on your reality and your needs. The change that we all seek lies within our stories being validated and understood. As we witness the power of our stories in light of culture, race, gender, sexual orientation, and other intersections of identity through therapy, we partner in using your strengths to lessen your limitations. By developing your self-awareness, we can work to heal from past wounds, develop more understanding of your Self and those around you, and create better relationships.
(312) 626-6658 View (312) 626-6658
Photo of Tracie Coleman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Tracie Coleman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60616  (Online Only)
Do you find that you or someone you know is struggling with mood issues, school/work, or other trauma? Are you or someone you know struggling to cope with fears of failure, anxiety, or defeat? Or do you or someone you know struggle with frequent stress, sadness, and lack of communication? Trying to understand societal and life pressures can be difficult, as well as emotionally, mentally, and physically exhausting, especially for kids, teens, and young adults. Remembering that asking for help and support for yourself, and or someone you know is important because you are not alone in this.
Do you find that you or someone you know is struggling with mood issues, school/work, or other trauma? Are you or someone you know struggling to cope with fears of failure, anxiety, or defeat? Or do you or someone you know struggle with frequent stress, sadness, and lack of communication? Trying to understand societal and life pressures can be difficult, as well as emotionally, mentally, and physically exhausting, especially for kids, teens, and young adults. Remembering that asking for help and support for yourself, and or someone you know is important because you are not alone in this.
(708) 394-7590 View (708) 394-7590
Photo of Associates in Corporate Psychology, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Associates in Corporate Psychology
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, PhD
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60604  (Online Only)
We deliver high-quality executive mental health and leadership development programs that drive business success. Unlock peak performance, elevate workplace mental health, and drive business growth. Led by a team of highly skilled corporate psychotherapists, executive performance coaches, and organizational psychologists, we support group and team relations, leadership, communication, high performance, and thriving for healthy, high-performing leaders and teams that drive business success.
We deliver high-quality executive mental health and leadership development programs that drive business success. Unlock peak performance, elevate workplace mental health, and drive business growth. Led by a team of highly skilled corporate psychotherapists, executive performance coaches, and organizational psychologists, we support group and team relations, leadership, communication, high performance, and thriving for healthy, high-performing leaders and teams that drive business success.
(877) 759-0919 View (877) 759-0919
Photo of Natasha Rabinovich, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Natasha Rabinovich
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60608
Starting therapy can feel daunting, but I understand the bravery and vulnerability it takes to seek help. As your therapist, I'll meet you where you're at, without judgment, and guide you through the process with patience and compassion. Together, we'll explore your concerns and emotions, empowering you to advocate for yourself and connect with your personal truth.
Starting therapy can feel daunting, but I understand the bravery and vulnerability it takes to seek help. As your therapist, I'll meet you where you're at, without judgment, and guide you through the process with patience and compassion. Together, we'll explore your concerns and emotions, empowering you to advocate for yourself and connect with your personal truth.
(312) 313-7581 View (312) 313-7581
Photo of Rachael Miller, Counselor in Chicago, IL
Rachael Miller
Counselor, LCPC, NCC, EMDR-C, EAC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60611
Hello! I work with individuals looking to improve their lives by overcoming current and early life traumas, processing daily stressors, and meeting performance goals. Clients who work with me report feeling more confident, resilient, and empowered. My work with individuals, families, and corporations has been featured internationally through one-on-one services, workshops, and organizational trainings. If you’ve landed on this page, you’ve already taken the first step. You’re not alone and there is help available!
Hello! I work with individuals looking to improve their lives by overcoming current and early life traumas, processing daily stressors, and meeting performance goals. Clients who work with me report feeling more confident, resilient, and empowered. My work with individuals, families, and corporations has been featured internationally through one-on-one services, workshops, and organizational trainings. If you’ve landed on this page, you’ve already taken the first step. You’re not alone and there is help available!
(872) 985-0109 View (872) 985-0109
Photo of Rielle Johnson, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Rielle Johnson
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60601  (Online Only)
Seeking therapy is an honest first step in addressing an issue in your life. This may be a new issue, one that has been distressing for some time, or a problem that you may have explored in past treatment. Whatever the particular reason for seeking therapy, I aim to provide culturally sensitive, supportive care that leads to lasting personal growth and a sense of fulfillment.
Seeking therapy is an honest first step in addressing an issue in your life. This may be a new issue, one that has been distressing for some time, or a problem that you may have explored in past treatment. Whatever the particular reason for seeking therapy, I aim to provide culturally sensitive, supportive care that leads to lasting personal growth and a sense of fulfillment.
(872) 210-5425 View (872) 210-5425
Photo of Marissa Kusy-Leavitt, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Marissa Kusy-Leavitt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60614
I am committed to creating a therapeutic space for exploration, authenticity, collaboration, and celebrating the diversity of each individual. I place great importance on the strength of the therapeutic relationship and believe it is the engine for agency, growth, and meaningful change. Through empathy and humor, I seek to engage my clients in identifying strengths, exploring healthy coping mechanisms, challenging stories we tell ourselves, and finding ways to turn towards compassion in our relationships with others and ourselves. I strongly believe in people’s innate resilience and feel it is an honor to walk alongside my clients.
I am committed to creating a therapeutic space for exploration, authenticity, collaboration, and celebrating the diversity of each individual. I place great importance on the strength of the therapeutic relationship and believe it is the engine for agency, growth, and meaningful change. Through empathy and humor, I seek to engage my clients in identifying strengths, exploring healthy coping mechanisms, challenging stories we tell ourselves, and finding ways to turn towards compassion in our relationships with others and ourselves. I strongly believe in people’s innate resilience and feel it is an honor to walk alongside my clients.
(872) 395-4602 View (872) 395-4602
Photo of Scott M Prinz, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chicago, IL
Scott M Prinz
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60604
Scott Prinz graduated from the Clinical Mental Health Counseling Program at Northeastern Illinois University and is a Licensed Professional Counselor. Scott recently joined the staff at SpringSource Psychological Center and has immediate availability for new clients. He specializes in individual and group therapy for depression and anxiety with adults and adolescents and utilizes a trauma informed care perspective. In addition, Scott has experience working with clients Binge Eating Disorder and available to help those who struggle with emotional eating and/or bingeing.
Scott Prinz graduated from the Clinical Mental Health Counseling Program at Northeastern Illinois University and is a Licensed Professional Counselor. Scott recently joined the staff at SpringSource Psychological Center and has immediate availability for new clients. He specializes in individual and group therapy for depression and anxiety with adults and adolescents and utilizes a trauma informed care perspective. In addition, Scott has experience working with clients Binge Eating Disorder and available to help those who struggle with emotional eating and/or bingeing.
(630) 538-7795 View (630) 538-7795
Photo of Anthony Rosado, Counselor in Chicago, IL
Anthony Rosado
Counselor, MS, LCPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60614
Hello! I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and have worked in the mental health field since 2015 in both community mental health and private practice settings. I have experience working with individuals (children, adolescents and adults), couples and families processing a myriad of concerns. Being black, Puerto Rican and a part of the LGBTQ community, I recognize the importance culture and background plays in life and in a therapeutic setting. I use client-centered, trauma-informed and evidence-based approaches to help clients move towards greater wellbeing and understanding of oneself and the world around them.
Hello! I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and have worked in the mental health field since 2015 in both community mental health and private practice settings. I have experience working with individuals (children, adolescents and adults), couples and families processing a myriad of concerns. Being black, Puerto Rican and a part of the LGBTQ community, I recognize the importance culture and background plays in life and in a therapeutic setting. I use client-centered, trauma-informed and evidence-based approaches to help clients move towards greater wellbeing and understanding of oneself and the world around them.
(331) 209-6596 x813 View (331) 209-6596 x813
Photo of Meredith Stoner Heath, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Meredith Stoner Heath
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60606  (Online Only)
Welcome! I’m Meredith Stoner Heath (she/her), and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker licensed in both Wisconsin and Illinois. It’s not easy to accept help or to open up to someone new. I believe when clients feel safe and accepted, they are able to make the most change, so I strive to provide an empathetic and compassionate environment that is free of judgement where clients can feel open to sharing their feelings and struggles. During our sessions, we will collaborate together to develop personalized goals that will help you to make the changes you want to see in your life and improve your overall health and well-being.
Welcome! I’m Meredith Stoner Heath (she/her), and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker licensed in both Wisconsin and Illinois. It’s not easy to accept help or to open up to someone new. I believe when clients feel safe and accepted, they are able to make the most change, so I strive to provide an empathetic and compassionate environment that is free of judgement where clients can feel open to sharing their feelings and struggles. During our sessions, we will collaborate together to develop personalized goals that will help you to make the changes you want to see in your life and improve your overall health and well-being.
(224) 802-3723 View (224) 802-3723
Photo of Amber Beal, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Amber Beal
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60617
Hi, I am Dr. B and I am here to work with you in partnership. Clients have the power to overcome adversity, traumatic experiences, and situations that may negatively impact their lives. Sometimes, we just need that support person who can walk with us, and guide us until we arrive at a place of acceptance, healing, and wholeness. I specialize in trauma, depression, and anxiety. I also am well versed in working with people in crisis.
Hi, I am Dr. B and I am here to work with you in partnership. Clients have the power to overcome adversity, traumatic experiences, and situations that may negatively impact their lives. Sometimes, we just need that support person who can walk with us, and guide us until we arrive at a place of acceptance, healing, and wholeness. I specialize in trauma, depression, and anxiety. I also am well versed in working with people in crisis.
(773) 729-6294 View (773) 729-6294
Photo of Bianca Hernandez, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chicago, IL
Bianca Hernandez
Pre-Licensed Professional, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60605
Life has a way of throwing things at us and making us feel like we are not enough, like we do not belong, our best isn't good enough. Whether you are an adult or a child, emotions and thoughts like these can impact life and the ability to live the lives we all desire. I would love to assist you or your child on this journey. I specialize in working with children ages 4-17, their parents or caregivers and young adults. I take a holistic approach to treatment and factor in all of the many systems and environments that may be impacting you or your child.
Life has a way of throwing things at us and making us feel like we are not enough, like we do not belong, our best isn't good enough. Whether you are an adult or a child, emotions and thoughts like these can impact life and the ability to live the lives we all desire. I would love to assist you or your child on this journey. I specialize in working with children ages 4-17, their parents or caregivers and young adults. I take a holistic approach to treatment and factor in all of the many systems and environments that may be impacting you or your child.
(312) 906-7183 View (312) 906-7183
Photo of Xochitl Gonzalez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Xochitl Gonzalez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CCM
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60611
Hi, I am a bilingual, bicultural therapist in Chicago. As a dedicated therapist, I offer the assistance needed to overcome obstacles, meeting my clients exactly where they are in their healing journey, and find their way to a brighter future. Within my practice, I cultivate a nurturing environment that fosters a sense of safety and encourages clients to embrace their vulnerability.
Hi, I am a bilingual, bicultural therapist in Chicago. As a dedicated therapist, I offer the assistance needed to overcome obstacles, meeting my clients exactly where they are in their healing journey, and find their way to a brighter future. Within my practice, I cultivate a nurturing environment that fosters a sense of safety and encourages clients to embrace their vulnerability.
(872) 274-4063 View (872) 274-4063
Photo of Devon Maldonado, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chicago, IL
Devon Maldonado
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60614
Life will always present challenges, and sometimes we need a helping hand. You've already taken the first and most courageous step, so let's find the right path for you on your journey. In our work together, you will be invited into a safe, inclusive, and non-judgmental space where you can explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
Life will always present challenges, and sometimes we need a helping hand. You've already taken the first and most courageous step, so let's find the right path for you on your journey. In our work together, you will be invited into a safe, inclusive, and non-judgmental space where you can explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
(872) 259-9514 View (872) 259-9514
Photo of Emma C Schwartz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Emma C Schwartz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60657
Do you feel overwhelmed by painful thoughts and feelings but don't know what to do about them? Are you stuck in patterns of behavior that no longer work for you? Do you wish you had the tools to respond to anxiety differently? I use personalized mindfulness and exposure-based therapies to help you build awareness and skills to address what is leaving you feeling stuck and in pain. I am currently offering telehealth and limited in-person services for adults 18 and older.
Do you feel overwhelmed by painful thoughts and feelings but don't know what to do about them? Are you stuck in patterns of behavior that no longer work for you? Do you wish you had the tools to respond to anxiety differently? I use personalized mindfulness and exposure-based therapies to help you build awareness and skills to address what is leaving you feeling stuck and in pain. I am currently offering telehealth and limited in-person services for adults 18 and older.
(773) 906-4994 View (773) 906-4994
Photo of Maira Iqbal, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Maira Iqbal
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60659  (Online Only)
I am a compassionate trauma-informed therapist that primarily works with individuals struggling with trauma/PTSD, ADHD, neurodivergent issues, relationship issues, chronic pain, physical disability, partner violence, substance abuse, anxiety, stress, depression, cultural identity, cultural/intergenerational conflicts, family conflicts, and other issues. As a daughter of South Asian immigrants, I have always been interested in working with traditionally overlooked communities. I have worked with individuals with dual diagnosis, domestic violence survivors, veterans, and LGBTQIA individuals.
I am a compassionate trauma-informed therapist that primarily works with individuals struggling with trauma/PTSD, ADHD, neurodivergent issues, relationship issues, chronic pain, physical disability, partner violence, substance abuse, anxiety, stress, depression, cultural identity, cultural/intergenerational conflicts, family conflicts, and other issues. As a daughter of South Asian immigrants, I have always been interested in working with traditionally overlooked communities. I have worked with individuals with dual diagnosis, domestic violence survivors, veterans, and LGBTQIA individuals.
(224) 529-3669 View (224) 529-3669
Photo of Meghan Kennedy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Meghan Kennedy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AM, LCSW, CPTR, CLC, CM
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60611
Waitlist for new clients
Finding yourself in deep personal distress may be an indicator that you're wanting (and ready for) change. A little exploration and understanding often improves your sense of self, which in turn, can deeply effect your work, play, relationships, and outlook on life. Seeking assistance with the process is a common human need and will often catalyze it. It begins by recognizing and honoring the signals of distress and understanding what may fuel them.
Finding yourself in deep personal distress may be an indicator that you're wanting (and ready for) change. A little exploration and understanding often improves your sense of self, which in turn, can deeply effect your work, play, relationships, and outlook on life. Seeking assistance with the process is a common human need and will often catalyze it. It begins by recognizing and honoring the signals of distress and understanding what may fuel them.
(312) 548-1405 View (312) 548-1405

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Chicago, IL

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Chicago, IL who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
77% Self Esteem
71% Trauma and PTSD
67% Coping Skills
67% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

95% BlueCross and BlueShield
59% Aetna
49% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Chicago, IL see their clients

63% In Person and Online
37% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
18% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Chicago?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.