Therapists in Mountain View, CA

Photo of Maria Camila Rodriguez, Marriage & Family Therapist in Mountain View, CA
Maria Camila Rodriguez
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Mountain View, CA 94040  (Online Only)
I believe every human being has an innate capacity to heal and the internal wisdom to do so. However, they need tools and guidance to access those resources. That is why my clients and I co-create a space that is safe, trauma informed and tailored to their individual needs. In that container, we uncover their particular gifts, talents and wisdom as we heal wounds from trauma and we decrease symptoms of anxiety, depression and excessive stress. Clients learn tools that they can take with them for the rest of their lives, this way increasing their capacity for healing outside of therapy.
I believe every human being has an innate capacity to heal and the internal wisdom to do so. However, they need tools and guidance to access those resources. That is why my clients and I co-create a space that is safe, trauma informed and tailored to their individual needs. In that container, we uncover their particular gifts, talents and wisdom as we heal wounds from trauma and we decrease symptoms of anxiety, depression and excessive stress. Clients learn tools that they can take with them for the rest of their lives, this way increasing their capacity for healing outside of therapy.
(650) 383-1986 View (650) 383-1986
Photo of Nicholas Watkins, Marriage & Family Therapist in Mountain View, CA
Nicholas Watkins
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Mountain View, CA 94040  (Online Only)
As a member of Joelle Rabow Maletis & Associates Nick specialize in PTSD, addictions, & life transitions. Nick work with clients struggling with hardships such self-harm & various forms of trauma. Nick also help military personnel & first responders with PTSD, with PTSD, trauma, stress, anxiety, vicarious trauma, and the transition back to civilian life using his own experience as a veteran who served 10 years enlisted in the Air Force and 1 deployment in a combat zone.
As a member of Joelle Rabow Maletis & Associates Nick specialize in PTSD, addictions, & life transitions. Nick work with clients struggling with hardships such self-harm & various forms of trauma. Nick also help military personnel & first responders with PTSD, with PTSD, trauma, stress, anxiety, vicarious trauma, and the transition back to civilian life using his own experience as a veteran who served 10 years enlisted in the Air Force and 1 deployment in a combat zone.
(650) 535-8351 View (650) 535-8351
Photo of Judy Huang, Marriage & Family Therapist in Mountain View, CA
Judy Huang
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, LPCC
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Mountain View, CA 94040  (Online Only)
Change can be rewarding, even exciting, when undertaken with the right support. In these uncertain times, I am committed to providing calming, nourishing help. I am warm, collaborative, understanding, and real. Let's connect so you can tap into greater ease, clarity, and connection.
Change can be rewarding, even exciting, when undertaken with the right support. In these uncertain times, I am committed to providing calming, nourishing help. I am warm, collaborative, understanding, and real. Let's connect so you can tap into greater ease, clarity, and connection.
(669) 305-6879 View (669) 305-6879
Photo of Cynthia Lin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mountain View, CA
Cynthia Lin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Mountain View, CA 94041
Do you feel misunderstood and confused about who you are? Or is your child struggling but you're uncertain of how to support them through their various life transitions? Unspoken, unprocessed, and negative thoughts can become heavy to carry. We live in a busy, noisy, and messy world and it can feel overwhelming to sort through and untangle the unwanted thoughts in our minds.
Do you feel misunderstood and confused about who you are? Or is your child struggling but you're uncertain of how to support them through their various life transitions? Unspoken, unprocessed, and negative thoughts can become heavy to carry. We live in a busy, noisy, and messy world and it can feel overwhelming to sort through and untangle the unwanted thoughts in our minds.
(650) 629-7224 View (650) 629-7224
Photo of Kristen Holt, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mountain View, CA
Kristen Holt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Mountain View, CA 94043
Navigating life stressors can be overwhelming and difficult for children, adolescents and parents. Watching a child struggle with mental health concerns can be difficult to know where to get additional help, and know how to approach behaviors at home. My goal as a therapist is to create a safe place that will allow children and adolescents to feel comfortable to talk about what is bothering them and learn how to cope with their stressors, as well as help parents feel like they can understand their child in their individual needs.
Navigating life stressors can be overwhelming and difficult for children, adolescents and parents. Watching a child struggle with mental health concerns can be difficult to know where to get additional help, and know how to approach behaviors at home. My goal as a therapist is to create a safe place that will allow children and adolescents to feel comfortable to talk about what is bothering them and learn how to cope with their stressors, as well as help parents feel like they can understand their child in their individual needs.
(626) 684-3644 View (626) 684-3644
Photo of Sonica Thakur, Marriage & Family Therapist in Mountain View, CA
Sonica Thakur
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, LPCC
Verified Verified
Mountain View, CA 94043  (Online Only)
"What one person has to offer to another, is their own being, nothing more, nothing less" - Ram Dass. My therapeutic approach is a strength-based perspective that focuses on a person's innate potential rather than pathologies and shortfalls. Consistent with this approach, my role as a therapist lies not in solving problems but in helping clients examine inhibited issues and biases, identify practical solutions to their problems and progress towards deeper wisdom. I have worked with clients of various ethnicities, addressing a range of mental health issues, relationship problems, and life transitions.
"What one person has to offer to another, is their own being, nothing more, nothing less" - Ram Dass. My therapeutic approach is a strength-based perspective that focuses on a person's innate potential rather than pathologies and shortfalls. Consistent with this approach, my role as a therapist lies not in solving problems but in helping clients examine inhibited issues and biases, identify practical solutions to their problems and progress towards deeper wisdom. I have worked with clients of various ethnicities, addressing a range of mental health issues, relationship problems, and life transitions.
(408) 521-1750 View (408) 521-1750
Photo of Monica Cruz, Marriage & Family Therapist in Mountain View, CA
Monica Cruz
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Mountain View, CA 94040  (Online Only)
I am a bilingual therapist with over 17 years of experience. I specialize in serving the LGBTQIA+ and BIPOC communities, understanding the importance of cultural competence and sensitivity. My practice is open to individuals of all genders, sexual orientations, and ethnic backgrounds. I use a combination of evidence-based practices such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing which help to reduce symptoms and help you develop coping strategies. Some of my specialties include trauma, anxiety, and grief counseling.
I am a bilingual therapist with over 17 years of experience. I specialize in serving the LGBTQIA+ and BIPOC communities, understanding the importance of cultural competence and sensitivity. My practice is open to individuals of all genders, sexual orientations, and ethnic backgrounds. I use a combination of evidence-based practices such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing which help to reduce symptoms and help you develop coping strategies. Some of my specialties include trauma, anxiety, and grief counseling.
(415) 968-5441 View (415) 968-5441
Photo of Angela Krumm, Psychologist in Mountain View, CA
Angela Krumm
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Mountain View, CA 94040
Ineffective therapy can feel like an endless routine of talking without a plan for change. Are you ready to make true life changes, move beyond just talking and do the work that will help you move past your challenges? Together we can create change. First, we will take time to learn about your unique situation, complex identities, and life circumstances. Then, we will develop a plan. Next, you will learn a replicable process: identify achievable goals, overcome barriers to change, learn and master new skills. I believe you can learn the skills needed to overcome your challenges.
Ineffective therapy can feel like an endless routine of talking without a plan for change. Are you ready to make true life changes, move beyond just talking and do the work that will help you move past your challenges? Together we can create change. First, we will take time to learn about your unique situation, complex identities, and life circumstances. Then, we will develop a plan. Next, you will learn a replicable process: identify achievable goals, overcome barriers to change, learn and master new skills. I believe you can learn the skills needed to overcome your challenges.
(650) 646-2170 View (650) 646-2170
Photo of Mary A Logan, Marriage & Family Therapist in Mountain View, CA
Mary A Logan
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Mountain View, CA 94040
I work with adults with a wide variety of concerns and issues. I am able to assist if you are seeking answers to why you feel unsatisfied with your life, are often anxious or depressed or have difficulty in relationships. I am especially interested in working with people who seek a deeper understanding of who they are and how they can live a more authentic life.
I work with adults with a wide variety of concerns and issues. I am able to assist if you are seeking answers to why you feel unsatisfied with your life, are often anxious or depressed or have difficulty in relationships. I am especially interested in working with people who seek a deeper understanding of who they are and how they can live a more authentic life.
(650) 603-5071 View (650) 603-5071
Photo of Justine Gilbane, Marriage & Family Therapist in Mountain View, CA
Justine Gilbane
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Mountain View, CA 94041
I work collaboratively with transparency- stating observations and insight, helping individuals/ families improve communication, reducing: aggression, substance use, self harm, anger, sadness, dysregulation etc. Together we will identify the “why” behind behaviors and create personalized tools kit to better meet those needs. I focus on increasing healthy attachment/connection and increasing confidence. Learn how to manage strong emotions, feel calmer and increase self esteem. I adapt the modalities/service provided types to meet client's current needs through: individual, coparenting, family work and or group therapy.
I work collaboratively with transparency- stating observations and insight, helping individuals/ families improve communication, reducing: aggression, substance use, self harm, anger, sadness, dysregulation etc. Together we will identify the “why” behind behaviors and create personalized tools kit to better meet those needs. I focus on increasing healthy attachment/connection and increasing confidence. Learn how to manage strong emotions, feel calmer and increase self esteem. I adapt the modalities/service provided types to meet client's current needs through: individual, coparenting, family work and or group therapy.
(341) 766-0931 View (341) 766-0931
Photo of Kristin Schleifer, Psychologist in Mountain View, CA
Kristin Schleifer
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Mountain View, CA 94043
Not accepting new clients
My professional training and experience has focused extensively on child, adolescent, and family therapy, as well as emerging adulthood (age 19-24). This includes working together to develop strategies, coping skills, new perspectives, and supportive therapy for youth dealing with challenges related to depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, rejection, anger/aggression, interpersonal conflict, planning for the future, social or academic pressures, and self-image/identity.
My professional training and experience has focused extensively on child, adolescent, and family therapy, as well as emerging adulthood (age 19-24). This includes working together to develop strategies, coping skills, new perspectives, and supportive therapy for youth dealing with challenges related to depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, rejection, anger/aggression, interpersonal conflict, planning for the future, social or academic pressures, and self-image/identity.
(408) 709-7922 View (408) 709-7922
Photo of Lance Johns, Marriage & Family Therapist in Mountain View, CA
Lance Johns
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mountain View, CA 94040  (Online Only)
I use Acceptance-based approaches when leaving thoughts alone and moving towards valued living is most appropriate. At other times, I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy approaches to facilitate skill development and to challenge thoughts. This ultimately increases your ability to flexibly adapt to constant novelty. Both approaches are geared towards discovering behavioral patterns that keep you stuck and then changing them to increase meaning and purpose in your life.
I use Acceptance-based approaches when leaving thoughts alone and moving towards valued living is most appropriate. At other times, I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy approaches to facilitate skill development and to challenge thoughts. This ultimately increases your ability to flexibly adapt to constant novelty. Both approaches are geared towards discovering behavioral patterns that keep you stuck and then changing them to increase meaning and purpose in your life.
(310) 627-0495 View (310) 627-0495
Photo of Alex Jules Russan, Associate Marriage & Family Therapist in Mountain View, CA
Alex Jules Russan
Associate Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mountain View, CA 94040  (Online Only)
People come to see me for a wide variety of reasons, but almost always, they feel stuck in some way—whether from difficult or volatile relationships, overwhelming thoughts and emotions, addictions, or the effects of trauma. I work with adults of all ages, kids, and couples, to figure out what’s keeping them stuck and unhappy, to help them get freed up to live life in new ways. As a psychoanalytic therapist, I can help you to recognize and accept difficult-to-see parts of yourself and your present experience that are getting in your way. Our work together would be unique, based on you as an individual.
People come to see me for a wide variety of reasons, but almost always, they feel stuck in some way—whether from difficult or volatile relationships, overwhelming thoughts and emotions, addictions, or the effects of trauma. I work with adults of all ages, kids, and couples, to figure out what’s keeping them stuck and unhappy, to help them get freed up to live life in new ways. As a psychoanalytic therapist, I can help you to recognize and accept difficult-to-see parts of yourself and your present experience that are getting in your way. Our work together would be unique, based on you as an individual.
(650) 753-8282 View (650) 753-8282
Photo of Sarangan 'Saru' Sivanesan, Marriage & Family Therapist in Mountain View, CA
Sarangan 'Saru' Sivanesan
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
14 Endorsed
Mountain View, CA 94043
*** NOW ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS *** Do you wish you had tools to deal with stress and anxiety? Are stress and anxiety affecting you work and relationships? Do you long for stress free joyful life? I would like to support you on this journey. In our work you can learn to: manage stress and anxiety, gain insight into its root cause, heal past wounds, improve communication, develop empathic understanding, deepen intimacy and tap into your inherent inner wisdom. I believe by reducing stress and anxiety we have more time and energy to experience and enjoy life in a much more profound way.
*** NOW ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS *** Do you wish you had tools to deal with stress and anxiety? Are stress and anxiety affecting you work and relationships? Do you long for stress free joyful life? I would like to support you on this journey. In our work you can learn to: manage stress and anxiety, gain insight into its root cause, heal past wounds, improve communication, develop empathic understanding, deepen intimacy and tap into your inherent inner wisdom. I believe by reducing stress and anxiety we have more time and energy to experience and enjoy life in a much more profound way.
(650) 557-4483 View (650) 557-4483
Photo of Gladys Gudino, Marriage & Family Therapist in Mountain View, CA
Gladys Gudino
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA
Verified Verified
Mountain View, CA 94040
“People are just as wonderful as sunsets if you let them be. When I look at a sunset, I don't find myself saying, "Soften the orange a bit on the right hand corner." I don't try to control a sunset. I watch with awe as it unfolds.”― C. Rogers I firmly believe that having a space to process and plan, albeit uncomfortable a times, translates to healing and a more fulfilling life. An understanding of ourselves brings forth self-compassion, self-awareness and alignment between goals and day-to-day actions.As we become attuned to our true selves and our vision for our lives we can foster better personal and professional relationships.
“People are just as wonderful as sunsets if you let them be. When I look at a sunset, I don't find myself saying, "Soften the orange a bit on the right hand corner." I don't try to control a sunset. I watch with awe as it unfolds.”― C. Rogers I firmly believe that having a space to process and plan, albeit uncomfortable a times, translates to healing and a more fulfilling life. An understanding of ourselves brings forth self-compassion, self-awareness and alignment between goals and day-to-day actions.As we become attuned to our true selves and our vision for our lives we can foster better personal and professional relationships.
(408) 542-0790 View (408) 542-0790
Photo of Steven James Curley, Psychologist in Mountain View, CA
Steven James Curley
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Mountain View, CA 94043
The world is really challenging right now; it makes sense that you would feel anxious, depressed or not yourself. No part of our lives has gone untouched. I find that having someone to listen, remind you of your strengths, and help you discover new parts of yourself and new ways to feel better are what make a difference. I help adults with depression, anxiety, loss of meaning, phase of life issues, unresolved life events, and transitions.
The world is really challenging right now; it makes sense that you would feel anxious, depressed or not yourself. No part of our lives has gone untouched. I find that having someone to listen, remind you of your strengths, and help you discover new parts of yourself and new ways to feel better are what make a difference. I help adults with depression, anxiety, loss of meaning, phase of life issues, unresolved life events, and transitions.
(408) 763-8647 View (408) 763-8647
Photo of Gabriele Hilberg, Marriage & Family Therapist in Mountain View, CA
Gabriele Hilberg
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MFT
Verified Verified
Mountain View, CA 94040
"Are you in a major life transition? I specialize in working with individuals and couples who are interested in examining those aspects of your life that are not working and have you stressed out. I help my clients uncover their core issues rapidly, generate breakthroughs and offer you tools to achieve sustainable results.
"Are you in a major life transition? I specialize in working with individuals and couples who are interested in examining those aspects of your life that are not working and have you stressed out. I help my clients uncover their core issues rapidly, generate breakthroughs and offer you tools to achieve sustainable results.
(415) 799-7467 View (415) 799-7467
Photo of Rosanna Chang, Marriage & Family Therapist in Mountain View, CA
Rosanna Chang
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Mountain View, CA 94040  (Online Only)
Every person that enters into therapy wants the same thing; to give and receive love more freely and fully. I believe this is not only possible it is your divine birthright. I am here to partner with you on your healing journey - to help guide you back to a state of greater freedom, wholeness and connection. In our work together, we aim to activate your innate resiliency, repair old relational injuries and release oppressive binds of shame-based conditioning. I see our work through a lens of possibilities. Most importantly, I already see you as a whole being.
Every person that enters into therapy wants the same thing; to give and receive love more freely and fully. I believe this is not only possible it is your divine birthright. I am here to partner with you on your healing journey - to help guide you back to a state of greater freedom, wholeness and connection. In our work together, we aim to activate your innate resiliency, repair old relational injuries and release oppressive binds of shame-based conditioning. I see our work through a lens of possibilities. Most importantly, I already see you as a whole being.
(510) 746-8540 View (510) 746-8540
Photo of Jana Emerson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Mountain View, CA
Jana Emerson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, ATR
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Mountain View, CA 94043
It can be really difficult to reach out for assistance when you’re not feeling your best. It’s also important to find someone that you connect and feel safe with. As a licensed MFT with 16 years of experience, I can offer you that space. My special interests include issues such as working with young adults and adolescents, depression, anxiety, help with life transitions, conflict management and relationship difficulties, body image disorders, parenting and Co-parenting support, and couples work.
It can be really difficult to reach out for assistance when you’re not feeling your best. It’s also important to find someone that you connect and feel safe with. As a licensed MFT with 16 years of experience, I can offer you that space. My special interests include issues such as working with young adults and adolescents, depression, anxiety, help with life transitions, conflict management and relationship difficulties, body image disorders, parenting and Co-parenting support, and couples work.
(650) 750-0769 View (650) 750-0769
Photo of Empower Youth Therapy (Child and Teen Specialists), Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mountain View, CA
Empower Youth Therapy (Child and Teen Specialists)
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Mountain View, CA 94043
Does your child or Teen seem distant, depressed or anxious? Are you struggling with how to navigate how social media affects your child? I know what it feels like both as a parent and as a young person when the world gets overwhelming and anxiety and/or depression seem to take over. I am here to help child and Teens address the changing and challenging world and family relationships of today. Working together, I am hopeful that we can help both you and/or your child relieve symptoms of trauma, depression, anxiety, ADHD, and behavioral challenges.
Does your child or Teen seem distant, depressed or anxious? Are you struggling with how to navigate how social media affects your child? I know what it feels like both as a parent and as a young person when the world gets overwhelming and anxiety and/or depression seem to take over. I am here to help child and Teens address the changing and challenging world and family relationships of today. Working together, I am hopeful that we can help both you and/or your child relieve symptoms of trauma, depression, anxiety, ADHD, and behavioral challenges.
(650) 800-5711 View (650) 800-5711

See more therapy options for Mountain View

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Mountain View, CA

400+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in Mountain View, CA who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
90% Depression
82% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
70% Stress
68% Life Transitions
65% Grief

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

62% Aetna
59% Cigna and Evernorth
48% Anthem | Elevance

How Therapists in Mountain View, CA see their clients

70% In Person and Online
30% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Mountain View?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.