Photo of Holly Hinojosa, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Utah
Holly Hinojosa
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, CSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Farmington, UT 84025
I have been in the field of mental health and substance use since 2002.
I do not have an "ideal" client. I am willing to work individuals through their issues, needs and goals. I do prefer working with clients who are ready to make changes in their lives. However, I enjoy exploring with clients on what is holding them back from change and helping them identify what their issues, needs, and goals are. I strongly believe everyone has the answer inside of them. However, some people need guidance to uncover the answer and gain courage to start making changes.
I have been in the field of mental health and substance use since 2002.
I do not have an "ideal" client. I am willing to work individuals through their issues, needs and goals. I do prefer working with clients who are ready to make changes in their lives. However, I enjoy exploring with clients on what is holding them back from change and helping them identify what their issues, needs, and goals are. I strongly believe everyone has the answer inside of them. However, some people need guidance to uncover the answer and gain courage to start making changes.
(385) 832-7387 View (385) 832-7387
Photo of Brook Mingo, Counselor in Utah
Brook Mingo
Counselor, CMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Murray, UT 84121
I've treated addiction and substance abuse disorders for 8 years - I can help you manage anxiety, depression, and cycles of behavior.
You want to improve your relationships, how you feel about yourself, and live a more enjoyable life. You need understanding, skills, and motivation, a plan of attack to make things better! You know you want something different you just don't know how to get it.
I've treated addiction and substance abuse disorders for 8 years - I can help you manage anxiety, depression, and cycles of behavior.
You want to improve your relationships, how you feel about yourself, and live a more enjoyable life. You need understanding, skills, and motivation, a plan of attack to make things better! You know you want something different you just don't know how to get it.
(385) 412-6792 View (385) 412-6792
Photo of Macy Bryan, Counselor in Utah
Macy Bryan
Counselor, ACMHC
Verified Verified
Logan, UT 84341
My experience includes trauma, substance abuse, anxiety, faith navigation, depression, along with stress and coping.
Life has everything in it, but you only see what your perception allows you to see. You are the main character in your story, which is why I take a person-centered approach to counseling. There, of course, is a reason for the feelings you have in the here and now, such as trauma, etc. Working through those hurdles and finding your light again is my primary purpose. Healing the body, mind, and spirit together helps create you into the person you desire to be. As a person-centered counselor, I focus on how the client experiences life and, through that, facilitates therapeutic change. Now providing LENS Neurofeedback!
My experience includes trauma, substance abuse, anxiety, faith navigation, depression, along with stress and coping.
Life has everything in it, but you only see what your perception allows you to see. You are the main character in your story, which is why I take a person-centered approach to counseling. There, of course, is a reason for the feelings you have in the here and now, such as trauma, etc. Working through those hurdles and finding your light again is my primary purpose. Healing the body, mind, and spirit together helps create you into the person you desire to be. As a person-centered counselor, I focus on how the client experiences life and, through that, facilitates therapeutic change. Now providing LENS Neurofeedback!
(435) 222-2791 View (435) 222-2791
Photo of Amanda Wissler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Utah
Amanda Wissler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Park City, UT 84060
My specialities include but aren't limited to adults of all ages, mood disorders, substance abuse, children preK-young adults, medical illnesses, adjustment disorders, and school-related issues.
I approach therapy with an open mind. We all bring different strengths and experiences to the table. My approach is to help you integrate those strengths, while learning new one's to help make the change you want to see if your life. Growth and change is essential part of life, but can be overwhelming and scary. I've learned that going through these with a community can lessen that alone or fearful experience. That's why I feel honored to hold space with my clients while coming together to grow. I'm an ally for LGBTQ community members.
My specialities include but aren't limited to adults of all ages, mood disorders, substance abuse, children preK-young adults, medical illnesses, adjustment disorders, and school-related issues.
I approach therapy with an open mind. We all bring different strengths and experiences to the table. My approach is to help you integrate those strengths, while learning new one's to help make the change you want to see if your life. Growth and change is essential part of life, but can be overwhelming and scary. I've learned that going through these with a community can lessen that alone or fearful experience. That's why I feel honored to hold space with my clients while coming together to grow. I'm an ally for LGBTQ community members.
(435) 938-5980 View (435) 938-5980
Photo of Riverwoods Behavioral Health, Counselor in Utah
Riverwoods Behavioral Health
Counselor, PhD, CMHC
Verified Verified
Provo, UT 84604
We offer ketamine treatments for those who are treatment resistant for depression, anxiety, PTSD and substance abuse.
Most people would rather hide from change than embrace it. When we do, unseen opportunities aren’t realized. We encourage our clients to focus on positive change- more on strengths than on weaknesses, the solution instead of the problem.
We offer ketamine treatments for those who are treatment resistant for depression, anxiety, PTSD and substance abuse.
Most people would rather hide from change than embrace it. When we do, unseen opportunities aren’t realized. We encourage our clients to focus on positive change- more on strengths than on weaknesses, the solution instead of the problem.
(385) 217-5826 View (385) 217-5826
Photo of C. Nicole Lovejoy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Utah
C. Nicole Lovejoy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Millcreek, UT 84106  (Online Only)
I am committed to assisting individuals in living authentically without regrets. My approach is rooted mindfulness based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy and strength based perspective. I am trained in hypnosis through American Society of Clinical Hypnosis and have found this to be a very helpful tool. I use a holistic approach in working with my clients with the goal of teaching them to use their mind body and spirit for healing and growth. I have extensive knowledge in addiction, codependency, trauma, depression and anxiety. I am comfortable working with adults, families, couples and LGBTQ community.
I am committed to assisting individuals in living authentically without regrets. My approach is rooted mindfulness based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy and strength based perspective. I am trained in hypnosis through American Society of Clinical Hypnosis and have found this to be a very helpful tool. I use a holistic approach in working with my clients with the goal of teaching them to use their mind body and spirit for healing and growth. I have extensive knowledge in addiction, codependency, trauma, depression and anxiety. I am comfortable working with adults, families, couples and LGBTQ community.
(801) 845-9686 View (801) 845-9686
Photo of Elizabeth Stallings, Counselor in Utah
Elizabeth Stallings
Counselor, LCMHC, LSUDC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
I specialize in Substance Use, Trauma, Anxiety and Depression, and also enjoy working with members of the LGBTQ+ community, those trauma affected, polyamory and faith transitions.
Discover how to love yourself and develop the skills needed to thrive regardless of your challenges and circumstances! As a counselor, I care deeply for my clients and bring knowledge and skills to assist you in making the changes you wish to make. I give the space, time and energy neccesary to help you gain strategies and insight, and offer room for you to simply be you. I believe each person has the knowledge within themselves to create their best life!
I specialize in Substance Use, Trauma, Anxiety and Depression, and also enjoy working with members of the LGBTQ+ community, those trauma affected, polyamory and faith transitions.
Discover how to love yourself and develop the skills needed to thrive regardless of your challenges and circumstances! As a counselor, I care deeply for my clients and bring knowledge and skills to assist you in making the changes you wish to make. I give the space, time and energy neccesary to help you gain strategies and insight, and offer room for you to simply be you. I believe each person has the knowledge within themselves to create their best life!
(385) 389-1046 View (385) 389-1046
Photo of Jennifer German, Counselor in Utah
Jennifer German
Counselor, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Taylorsville, UT 84123
I have worked with court- and board-ordered clients, becoming specialized in addiction, men’s and women’s trauma, developmental trauma, intimate partner violence, grief/loss, and attachment/intimacy disorders.
I believe the story you tell yourself about yourself and your relationships is far more meaningful and descriptive than a diagnosis or other label that may have been placed on you. My goal is to assist you in gaining clarity about that story, who you are and where you are in life – your aspirations, talents, skills, obligations, and needs – so you can move confidently into the future, staying connected to those you love and the things that bring you joy. Don’t be a victim of fear, insecurity, or disappointment – harness your natural abilities, virtues, and powers to be the hero of your life.
I have worked with court- and board-ordered clients, becoming specialized in addiction, men’s and women’s trauma, developmental trauma, intimate partner violence, grief/loss, and attachment/intimacy disorders.
I believe the story you tell yourself about yourself and your relationships is far more meaningful and descriptive than a diagnosis or other label that may have been placed on you. My goal is to assist you in gaining clarity about that story, who you are and where you are in life – your aspirations, talents, skills, obligations, and needs – so you can move confidently into the future, staying connected to those you love and the things that bring you joy. Don’t be a victim of fear, insecurity, or disappointment – harness your natural abilities, virtues, and powers to be the hero of your life.
(833) 910-2744 View (833) 910-2744
Photo of Amy Kenney, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Utah
Amy Kenney
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
South Jordan, UT 84095
Amy Kenney prioritizes individual and couples therapy work on relationships as healthy relationships have more capacity to bring feelings of happiness and well-being for individuals, families, and communities than any other pursuit in life. Amy earned her Master’s of Social Work from Brigham Young University. She is certified in yoga, EMDR, and specializes in mental health, trauma, addiction, and substance use recovery. She is a third year PhD student at the University of Utah where she researches and publishes on topics of addiction, recovery, and access to resources for marginalized populations. Visit my website and book online.
Amy Kenney prioritizes individual and couples therapy work on relationships as healthy relationships have more capacity to bring feelings of happiness and well-being for individuals, families, and communities than any other pursuit in life. Amy earned her Master’s of Social Work from Brigham Young University. She is certified in yoga, EMDR, and specializes in mental health, trauma, addiction, and substance use recovery. She is a third year PhD student at the University of Utah where she researches and publishes on topics of addiction, recovery, and access to resources for marginalized populations. Visit my website and book online.
(385) 217-4815 View (385) 217-4815
Photo of Charlotte Wray, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Utah
Charlotte Wray
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Substance abuse is a complex issue that involves a treatment approach tailored to address drug use patterns, psychiatric, and social problems.
My goal as a therapist is to provide a safe space to explore issues that have created significant barriers to growth, healing, and change. If you've experienced a stressful, troubling event that's left you feeling powerless, you may have been traumatized. I utilize the latest research to help those affected to not only begin the process of healing, but learn how to engage and effectively diminish and manage symptoms. I am trauma-informed, with training in mind body bridging, a holistic therapeutic approach incorporating the mind, body, spirit, and emotions that support the healing process. I am also trained in IBSR, and EMDR.
Substance abuse is a complex issue that involves a treatment approach tailored to address drug use patterns, psychiatric, and social problems.
My goal as a therapist is to provide a safe space to explore issues that have created significant barriers to growth, healing, and change. If you've experienced a stressful, troubling event that's left you feeling powerless, you may have been traumatized. I utilize the latest research to help those affected to not only begin the process of healing, but learn how to engage and effectively diminish and manage symptoms. I am trauma-informed, with training in mind body bridging, a holistic therapeutic approach incorporating the mind, body, spirit, and emotions that support the healing process. I am also trained in IBSR, and EMDR.
(801) 859-2659 View (801) 859-2659
Photo of Elise Teerlink, LPC Intern in Utah
Elise Teerlink
LPC Intern, CMHC-I, EdS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lehi, UT 84043
I enjoy working with families of children with disabilities, prenatal and postpartum mothers, and those who have experienced betrayal trauma. I also work with anxiety, depression, autism, trauma, addiction, grief, and adjustment issues. I use evidence-based techniques and a collaborative and integrated approach to tailor my therapy to each individual's unique situations, learning preferences, and goals.
I enjoy working with families of children with disabilities, prenatal and postpartum mothers, and those who have experienced betrayal trauma. I also work with anxiety, depression, autism, trauma, addiction, grief, and adjustment issues. I use evidence-based techniques and a collaborative and integrated approach to tailor my therapy to each individual's unique situations, learning preferences, and goals.
(801) 692-7947 View (801) 692-7947
Photo of Catania Johnson - Addiction And Trauma Specialist, Counselor in Utah
Catania Johnson - Addiction And Trauma Specialist
Counselor, MS, CMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
South Jordan, UT 84009
I am dedicated to guiding individuals who face the complex challenges of trauma and addiction towards a path of healing and self-discovery. My practice centers on supporting clients through the intricate layers of trauma, helping them navigate the often overwhelming emotions that accompany it. I believe that every individual holds the potential for transformation and resilience. My goal is to walk alongside my clients as they process their trauma and embark on a journey towards rediscovering their true selves. Together, we work towards creating sustainable strategies for recovery and growth, fostering a renewed sense of purpose.
I am dedicated to guiding individuals who face the complex challenges of trauma and addiction towards a path of healing and self-discovery. My practice centers on supporting clients through the intricate layers of trauma, helping them navigate the often overwhelming emotions that accompany it. I believe that every individual holds the potential for transformation and resilience. My goal is to walk alongside my clients as they process their trauma and embark on a journey towards rediscovering their true selves. Together, we work towards creating sustainable strategies for recovery and growth, fostering a renewed sense of purpose.
(385) 438-3977 View (385) 438-3977
Photo of Kami Westbroek Hendry, Marriage & Family Therapist in Utah
Kami Westbroek Hendry
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sandy, UT 84070
Julie Gottman), Anxiety/Depression, Trauma, Sexual Addiction Treatment, Substance Abuse Treatment, Pornography Addiction and Betrayal; member of AAMFT and UAMFT.
I believe seemingly broken things can mend. I have seen change and I know it is possible. I specialize in working with couples to access deep emotional connection and to change patterns of interaction that keep us stuck. Whether facing affairs and addiction, or simply seeking better communication, we can work together to create safety and security in your relationship. I also work with individuals struggling against anxiety, depression, and relationship issues. Relationships often dictate the measure of success or failure we experience. My goal is to help you find peace, balance, and to move forward in a purposeful direction.
Julie Gottman), Anxiety/Depression, Trauma, Sexual Addiction Treatment, Substance Abuse Treatment, Pornography Addiction and Betrayal; member of AAMFT and UAMFT.
I believe seemingly broken things can mend. I have seen change and I know it is possible. I specialize in working with couples to access deep emotional connection and to change patterns of interaction that keep us stuck. Whether facing affairs and addiction, or simply seeking better communication, we can work together to create safety and security in your relationship. I also work with individuals struggling against anxiety, depression, and relationship issues. Relationships often dictate the measure of success or failure we experience. My goal is to help you find peace, balance, and to move forward in a purposeful direction.
(801) 876-1041 View (801) 876-1041
Photo of Dr. Vjollca Martinson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Utah
Dr. Vjollca Martinson
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Spanish Fork, UT 84660
As a marriage and family therapist, I have been successful in helping individuals re-create and maintain enjoyable relationships throughout their lives. My goal as a clinician is to help you and your loved one(s) learn to build loving, trusting, understanding and safe environments and relationships that enable recovery, moving forward and healing. I love to see you and your loved one(s) smile again! My main clinical specialty is treating children, teens and adults who have experienced traumatic events. I have successfully treated depression, anxiety, addiction, affairs, divorce, grief and loss, stress, etc.
As a marriage and family therapist, I have been successful in helping individuals re-create and maintain enjoyable relationships throughout their lives. My goal as a clinician is to help you and your loved one(s) learn to build loving, trusting, understanding and safe environments and relationships that enable recovery, moving forward and healing. I love to see you and your loved one(s) smile again! My main clinical specialty is treating children, teens and adults who have experienced traumatic events. I have successfully treated depression, anxiety, addiction, affairs, divorce, grief and loss, stress, etc.
(385) 448-4155 View (385) 448-4155
Photo of Shanquette Chance, Pre-Licensed Professional in Utah
Shanquette Chance
Pre-Licensed Professional, CSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
I’ve worked with individuals regarding crisis management, anxiety, depression, life transitions, substance abuse, interpersonal relationships, and identity (sexuality, self, faith) within diverse populations to include BIPOC, LGBTQ+, military, and multicultural refugee populations.
Life is puzzling in both its perplexity and in that it resembles one. Where we attempt to find the edge pieces for some kind of outline/guide, discover which pieces fit together, constantly looking at the bigger picture, realizing it’s going to take some time to complete, and having someone join in can be helpful and/or fun. I do so in order to simplify a section of their life puzzle piece as they are attempting to find where it goes and how it fits in the bigger picture. That might include trauma focused Cognitive Behavior Therapy, DBT skills, Motivational Interviewing, solution focused therapy, and learned self-compassion.
I’ve worked with individuals regarding crisis management, anxiety, depression, life transitions, substance abuse, interpersonal relationships, and identity (sexuality, self, faith) within diverse populations to include BIPOC, LGBTQ+, military, and multicultural refugee populations.
Life is puzzling in both its perplexity and in that it resembles one. Where we attempt to find the edge pieces for some kind of outline/guide, discover which pieces fit together, constantly looking at the bigger picture, realizing it’s going to take some time to complete, and having someone join in can be helpful and/or fun. I do so in order to simplify a section of their life puzzle piece as they are attempting to find where it goes and how it fits in the bigger picture. That might include trauma focused Cognitive Behavior Therapy, DBT skills, Motivational Interviewing, solution focused therapy, and learned self-compassion.
(385) 432-4607 View (385) 432-4607
Photo of Elizabeth Alley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Utah
Elizabeth Alley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Saint George, UT 84790
Sometimes, despite our best efforts and the support of loved ones, we become stuck. Stuck in patterns of negative thinking, stuck in behaviors incongruent with our values and goals, and stuck in challenging emotions which do not seem to pass with time. Whether facing trauma, addiction, difficult relationships, or overwhelming life changes, there is hope. We can develop new skills, unburden ourselves of our struggles, and build a life of our choosing.
Sometimes, despite our best efforts and the support of loved ones, we become stuck. Stuck in patterns of negative thinking, stuck in behaviors incongruent with our values and goals, and stuck in challenging emotions which do not seem to pass with time. Whether facing trauma, addiction, difficult relationships, or overwhelming life changes, there is hope. We can develop new skills, unburden ourselves of our struggles, and build a life of our choosing.
(435) 767-7515 View (435) 767-7515
Photo of Life Stone Counseling Centers, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Utah
Life Stone Counseling Centers
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LSUDC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
American Fork, UT 84003
Robyn has worked several years in the substance abuse field doing inpatient, outpatient and medication-assisted treatment. She also has experience working with those in the criminal justice system. Robyn is committed to working collaboratively with clients to help them meet their life goals.Robyn practices in the Utah County location.
Robyn has worked several years in the substance abuse field doing inpatient, outpatient and medication-assisted treatment. She also has experience working with those in the criminal justice system. Robyn is committed to working collaboratively with clients to help them meet their life goals.Robyn practices in the Utah County location.
(385) 316-6621 View (385) 316-6621
Photo of McKenzie Vierig, Marriage & Family Therapist in Utah
McKenzie Vierig
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with over 14 years of experience in both inpatient and outpatient settings. I specialize in working with adults, adolescents and families. I have experience working in inpatient treatment centers and have extensive knowledge of addiction and recovery as well as dual diagnosis. I implement concepts and techniques from CBT, DBT and Motivational Interviewing to help you improve mood and behaviors.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with over 14 years of experience in both inpatient and outpatient settings. I specialize in working with adults, adolescents and families. I have experience working in inpatient treatment centers and have extensive knowledge of addiction and recovery as well as dual diagnosis. I implement concepts and techniques from CBT, DBT and Motivational Interviewing to help you improve mood and behaviors.
(385) 220-7513 View (385) 220-7513
Photo of One By One Behavioral Health, Counselor in Utah
One By One Behavioral Health
Counselor, CMHC
Verified Verified
Orem, UT 84097
Waitlist for new clients
Hello, my name is Jen in Makin and I am a Clinical Mental Health Counselor specializing in girls and women’s mental health services. I have extensive training in managing high risk situations and crisis. I have 15 years of experience working within the field of mental health, including working in acute inpatient settings and outpatient. I am DBT skill focused therapist and believe in teaching emotional self reliance through boundaries. I am trained in Crisis Management, addiction recovery, DBT interventions and family systems. I work hard to ensure my clients feel heard and leave much better than I found them.
Hello, my name is Jen in Makin and I am a Clinical Mental Health Counselor specializing in girls and women’s mental health services. I have extensive training in managing high risk situations and crisis. I have 15 years of experience working within the field of mental health, including working in acute inpatient settings and outpatient. I am DBT skill focused therapist and believe in teaching emotional self reliance through boundaries. I am trained in Crisis Management, addiction recovery, DBT interventions and family systems. I work hard to ensure my clients feel heard and leave much better than I found them.
(385) 213-2225 View (385) 213-2225
Photo of Shannon Marley, Counselor in Utah
Shannon Marley
Counselor, LPC, CMHC
Verified Verified
Salt Lake City, UT 84107  (Online Only)
Hello there, and welcome to my page! As a licensed mental health counselor in both the states of Texas & Utah, I am committed to providing a safe and supportive space for individuals and families seeking guidance and healing. My mission is to empower individuals to overcome obstacles, cultivate resilience, and live authentically. With over 10 years of experience in the field, I specialize in anxiety, depression, trauma, and addiction. I understand that taking the first step towards seeking therapy can be daunting, but I commend you for your courage and willingness to embark on this journey of self-discovery and growth.
Hello there, and welcome to my page! As a licensed mental health counselor in both the states of Texas & Utah, I am committed to providing a safe and supportive space for individuals and families seeking guidance and healing. My mission is to empower individuals to overcome obstacles, cultivate resilience, and live authentically. With over 10 years of experience in the field, I specialize in anxiety, depression, trauma, and addiction. I understand that taking the first step towards seeking therapy can be daunting, but I commend you for your courage and willingness to embark on this journey of self-discovery and growth.
(346) 276-1558 View (346) 276-1558

Addiction Therapists

What is the best therapy for addiction?

Addiction treatment will be tailored to the individual. People seeking help for addiction—whether with a psychotherapist, in an outpatient clinic, or in a residential program—should expect to engage in multiple types of treatments, sometimes including medication. For anyone recovering from addiction, avoiding situations in which one has typically used a substance is essential, as is the support of close connections. Since substance use disorders tend to co-occur with underlying mental health conditions such as anxiety or depression, those must also be addressed as part of any recovery plan.

How long does therapy for addiction take?

There is no set timeline for recovery from addiction. Patients and their families should expect the work to last several months, if not longer. Residential treatment programs may be based on a stay of 30, 60, or 90 days, with continuing work after release, but only about 1 percent of people are treated in such facilities. Ceasing use is just the first step; therapy to help maintain abstinence and effect behavior change must follow. The process of recovery, neuroscience has shown, involves brain cells recovering the capacity to respond to natural sources of reward and restore control over the impulse to use. Another definition of recovery is restoring voluntary control over one’s substance use and retaking all of one’s previous responsibilities.

How effective is drug addiction treatment?

Substance use disorders are treatable and remission is achievable for many who seek recovery; by some estimates, more than three-quarters of people who become addicted to alcohol or drugs recover. But that success rarely occurs quickly or on a set timeline; relapse is not only common, but many therapists and clinicians view it as a normal part of the process—not always a sign that a person has returned to addiction, but a signal that their treatment should be adjusted to help them regain control. Overall, research suggests, five years after the end of substance use, one’s risk of relapse is no greater than that of others who had not faced addiction. Other experts believe that complete abstinence is not the only measure of recovery, and that, through effective treatment, many people can learn to control their use.

How can you get addiction treatment for someone?

The most important factor in recovery from addiction is widely understood to be an individual’s commitment to change. For that reason,“interventions” in which friends and family gather to urge or force someone to begin immediate treatment often backfire; even when such efforts do lead someone to begin treatment, they may be less likely to stay than those who are self-driven. Still, family members can play an important role in supporting an individual who seeks help and can take part in family therapy as one element of a loved one’s treatment.