Therapists in San Antonio, TX

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Photo of Gonzalo Guerra, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate in San Antonio, TX
Gonzalo Guerra
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MA, LPC-A
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78210  (Online Only)
I have provided therapy for children, teenagers, adults, groups and couples. In therapy, I share a relational space in where you can allow the parts of you that need healing the space they need to heal. You can gain knowledge into your emotional processing, and you can gain independence in your life. I have experience in relational cultural theory and person centered therapy. My experience and my practices reflect my academic interest to understand the self in relation to others. Other topics I am interested in: Intersectionality, feminist theories in counseling, and gender affirmative care.
I have provided therapy for children, teenagers, adults, groups and couples. In therapy, I share a relational space in where you can allow the parts of you that need healing the space they need to heal. You can gain knowledge into your emotional processing, and you can gain independence in your life. I have experience in relational cultural theory and person centered therapy. My experience and my practices reflect my academic interest to understand the self in relation to others. Other topics I am interested in: Intersectionality, feminist theories in counseling, and gender affirmative care.
(726) 227-3868 View (726) 227-3868
Photo of Sabrina Garza, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Antonio, TX
Sabrina Garza
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78245  (Online Only)
Do you often have trouble speaking up for your needs, wants, and desires. Or perhaps, you have no issue vocalizing your needs but are unsure about how to express them and obtain your dream life. If you can relate and/or identify with any of these sentiments, you have come to the right place.
Do you often have trouble speaking up for your needs, wants, and desires. Or perhaps, you have no issue vocalizing your needs but are unsure about how to express them and obtain your dream life. If you can relate and/or identify with any of these sentiments, you have come to the right place.
(210) 988-6521 View (210) 988-6521
Photo of Jennive Henry, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Jennive Henry
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC, CST
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78254  (Online Only)
I expand my counseling services to include and encompass mental and sexual health. My aim is to provide a safe, respectful, supportive, and confidential space to explore and address a wide range of concerns to foster healthy, enhancing, and fulfilling life and relationships. Many of my clients come to me with issues with confidence, self-esteem, depression, intimacy issues, sexual dysfunction, low libido, communication problems, trauma or abuse, sexual identity exploration, infidelity, kink/fetish/BDSM, sexual compulsivity, sexual education, relationship enhancement, and/or preparation for major life changes. Virtual/Telehealth only
I expand my counseling services to include and encompass mental and sexual health. My aim is to provide a safe, respectful, supportive, and confidential space to explore and address a wide range of concerns to foster healthy, enhancing, and fulfilling life and relationships. Many of my clients come to me with issues with confidence, self-esteem, depression, intimacy issues, sexual dysfunction, low libido, communication problems, trauma or abuse, sexual identity exploration, infidelity, kink/fetish/BDSM, sexual compulsivity, sexual education, relationship enhancement, and/or preparation for major life changes. Virtual/Telehealth only
(361) 204-1844 View (361) 204-1844
Photo of Christine Barnes, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate in San Antonio, TX
Christine Barnes
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, EMDRPT-, II
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78230  (Online Only)
I have a passion for helping people live their best life. Whether you are facing a big life transition or dealing with past trauma I am here to help. I am certified in EMDR and can aid you in moving through trauma. Are you looking at heading off to collage, getting married, having a baby, or simply trying to keep your head above water with the day-to-day tasks? I am here to help you navigate how to best handle life changes and thrive.
I have a passion for helping people live their best life. Whether you are facing a big life transition or dealing with past trauma I am here to help. I am certified in EMDR and can aid you in moving through trauma. Are you looking at heading off to collage, getting married, having a baby, or simply trying to keep your head above water with the day-to-day tasks? I am here to help you navigate how to best handle life changes and thrive.
(210) 934-6306 View (210) 934-6306
Photo of Arturo Bruns-Vargas, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate in San Antonio, TX
Arturo Bruns-Vargas
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, LPC-A, MA, BA-ECE
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78257
I have 15 years of experience as a professional counselor in which I have had the privilege to work with young children to teens. Throughout this time, I have had the opportunity to work with adults in individual, couples, and family counseling. Tengo 15 años de experiencia como consejera profesional en los cuales he tenido el privilegio de trabajar con niños pequeños hasta adolescentes. A lo largo de este tiempo, he tenido la oportunidad de trabajar con adultos en consejería individual, de pareja y familiar.
I have 15 years of experience as a professional counselor in which I have had the privilege to work with young children to teens. Throughout this time, I have had the opportunity to work with adults in individual, couples, and family counseling. Tengo 15 años de experiencia como consejera profesional en los cuales he tenido el privilegio de trabajar con niños pequeños hasta adolescentes. A lo largo de este tiempo, he tenido la oportunidad de trabajar con adultos en consejería individual, de pareja y familiar.
(210) 816-0121 View (210) 816-0121
Photo of Pricilla St John, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Pricilla St John
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LCDC
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78229
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and Licensed Chemical Dependency Counselor in Karnes, Wilson, and Bexar County with over 10 years of experience working with adults, adolescents, and children in both the mental health and juvenile settings. I am certified in Trauma-Focused CBT as well as EMDR therapy and have a large amount of experience working with children who have experienced trauma in their lives. Through therapy and play therapy we are able to help overcome these obstacles.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and Licensed Chemical Dependency Counselor in Karnes, Wilson, and Bexar County with over 10 years of experience working with adults, adolescents, and children in both the mental health and juvenile settings. I am certified in Trauma-Focused CBT as well as EMDR therapy and have a large amount of experience working with children who have experienced trauma in their lives. Through therapy and play therapy we are able to help overcome these obstacles.
(210) 741-9727 View (210) 741-9727
Photo of Dr. Caroline K Gonzales, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Dr. Caroline K Gonzales
Licensed Professional Counselor, PsyD, LPC, ABS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78228  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Are you stressed out and anxious? Are you struggling with sleep problems because you're worrying too much? Do you suffer from past or recent trauma and have tried other methods of therapy but need deeper work? If you answered yes to any of these, my approach is to collaboratively explore your thoughts, beliefs and life experiences to help you gain self-knowledge and empower you to live a more satisfying life. Our work together will inspire you to cope with difficulties at work or at home in a more productive way. Extremely limited openings. If I cannot see you, I have 10 wonderful therapists on staff, 6 of whom are EMDR trained.
Are you stressed out and anxious? Are you struggling with sleep problems because you're worrying too much? Do you suffer from past or recent trauma and have tried other methods of therapy but need deeper work? If you answered yes to any of these, my approach is to collaboratively explore your thoughts, beliefs and life experiences to help you gain self-knowledge and empower you to live a more satisfying life. Our work together will inspire you to cope with difficulties at work or at home in a more productive way. Extremely limited openings. If I cannot see you, I have 10 wonderful therapists on staff, 6 of whom are EMDR trained.
(210) 610-1292 View (210) 610-1292
Photo of Suzanne Kocher, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Suzanne Kocher
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC-S, CPHQ
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78232
Life can be overwhelming and we all need a little support sometimes. Work, family, relationships….it can be a lot to handle alone. Having a safe and supportive person to talk to can help ease the burden and assist in gaining a new perspective when there seems to be no way out. It takes a lot of courage to take that first step to seek help, so you can take pride in the fact that you are here now.
Life can be overwhelming and we all need a little support sometimes. Work, family, relationships….it can be a lot to handle alone. Having a safe and supportive person to talk to can help ease the burden and assist in gaining a new perspective when there seems to be no way out. It takes a lot of courage to take that first step to seek help, so you can take pride in the fact that you are here now.
(210) 741-9554 View (210) 741-9554
Photo of Michael Gambuti, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Michael Gambuti
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78245
Life is unfair and unkind at times. Situations can feel overwhelming and unbearable. Through counseling we can help learn the tools needed to better deal with what life can throw at us and develop the virtue of Fortitude. Children, Adolescents, Adults and Families deserve to feel better and enjoy all that life has to offer. I would be honored to join you in this journey. Fortitude: strength of mind that enables a person to encounter danger or bear pain or adversity with courage.
Life is unfair and unkind at times. Situations can feel overwhelming and unbearable. Through counseling we can help learn the tools needed to better deal with what life can throw at us and develop the virtue of Fortitude. Children, Adolescents, Adults and Families deserve to feel better and enjoy all that life has to offer. I would be honored to join you in this journey. Fortitude: strength of mind that enables a person to encounter danger or bear pain or adversity with courage.
(210) 853-5896 View (210) 853-5896
Photo of Dedra D. Scow M.A.,L.P.C., Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Dedra D. Scow M.A.,L.P.C.
Counselor, MA, NBCC, LPC
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78209
Let’s face it together-life is COMPLICATED. You and yours will benefit from my 30+ years of experience. Psychotherapy has been proven to be one of the best ways to alleviate pain, reduce distress, regain motivation, and restore functioning. My professional eclectic approach to therapy combines cognitive, behavioral, and solution-focused modalities to collaboratively tailor therapy to meet your specific needs. I am a Nationally Board Certified Therapist as well as Licensed Professional Counselor in Texas.
Let’s face it together-life is COMPLICATED. You and yours will benefit from my 30+ years of experience. Psychotherapy has been proven to be one of the best ways to alleviate pain, reduce distress, regain motivation, and restore functioning. My professional eclectic approach to therapy combines cognitive, behavioral, and solution-focused modalities to collaboratively tailor therapy to meet your specific needs. I am a Nationally Board Certified Therapist as well as Licensed Professional Counselor in Texas.
(210) 862-7272 View (210) 862-7272
Photo of Dixie White, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Dixie White
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78229
Are you looking for ways to connect with your existing strengths while gaining awareness and insight into your thoughts and feelings? Do you seek finding meaning within your unique experience in the world? Do you just need a compassionate yet pragmatic sounding board to help you reflect upon who you are? Know that your choice to be open to therapy is the first step in real, positive change in your life. The desire to do what it takes to lead a more balanced, harmonious internal and external life is the most important trait in finding success with therapy.
Are you looking for ways to connect with your existing strengths while gaining awareness and insight into your thoughts and feelings? Do you seek finding meaning within your unique experience in the world? Do you just need a compassionate yet pragmatic sounding board to help you reflect upon who you are? Know that your choice to be open to therapy is the first step in real, positive change in your life. The desire to do what it takes to lead a more balanced, harmonious internal and external life is the most important trait in finding success with therapy.
(210) 864-1814 View (210) 864-1814
Photo of Meliora Pathway Therapy, PLLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Meliora Pathway Therapy, PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, TF-CBT
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78247
Sometimes struggle, worry, and stress aren’t met with joy, comfort and reward. For some, struggle is the reward and they are lost without it. Some struggle through life sacrificing their own needs and lay in bed drained at night. Some justify themselves by saying things like, “that’s life” or “it is what it is”. At Meliora Pathway Therapy, I believe each individual has the ability to develop self-efficacy and thrive when they are viewed and treated as a whole being. My hope is that in building your self-efficacy and self-trust, in combination with my therapeutic techniques, you will feel more connected with yourself and others.
Sometimes struggle, worry, and stress aren’t met with joy, comfort and reward. For some, struggle is the reward and they are lost without it. Some struggle through life sacrificing their own needs and lay in bed drained at night. Some justify themselves by saying things like, “that’s life” or “it is what it is”. At Meliora Pathway Therapy, I believe each individual has the ability to develop self-efficacy and thrive when they are viewed and treated as a whole being. My hope is that in building your self-efficacy and self-trust, in combination with my therapeutic techniques, you will feel more connected with yourself and others.
(210) 985-7817 View (210) 985-7817
Photo of Lauren Celeste Lopez, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate in San Antonio, TX
Lauren Celeste Lopez
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78229
I am an LPC- Associate, supervised by Christy Stone, LPC-S. I enjoy working with teens and children because I understand their struggle to feel accepted and heard.I have worked with teens and children in the education setting and have learned that they may need an emotional toolkit to weather through various issues such as peer pressure, interpersonal relationships, body dysmorphia, anxiety, depression, family conflict and bullying.
I am an LPC- Associate, supervised by Christy Stone, LPC-S. I enjoy working with teens and children because I understand their struggle to feel accepted and heard.I have worked with teens and children in the education setting and have learned that they may need an emotional toolkit to weather through various issues such as peer pressure, interpersonal relationships, body dysmorphia, anxiety, depression, family conflict and bullying.
(726) 227-2485 View (726) 227-2485
Photo of Katey Polansky, LPC Associate in San Antonio, TX
Katey Polansky
LPC Associate, MA, LPC-A
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78217
Whether you are on a journey of grief and healing, coping with trauma, going through hard life transitions, or just need an unbiased support person, I am here to help to the best of my ability. I am to help foster and maintain healthy coping patterns for clients 5 and up.
Whether you are on a journey of grief and healing, coping with trauma, going through hard life transitions, or just need an unbiased support person, I am here to help to the best of my ability. I am to help foster and maintain healthy coping patterns for clients 5 and up.
(210) 934-9616 View (210) 934-9616
Photo of Jan Braun, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Jan Braun
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, SEP
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78209
Somatic Experiencing Practitioner. Are you feeling stuck and anxious? Need some extra support to get through a transition? Perhaps you've had a difficult experience you need help to overcome? My first objective is to offer you a safe, supportive space in which you can feel free to explore, grow and heal. By honoring your direct experience we can begin to alter the habitual reactions, limitations, and outdated stories that may prevent you from feeling the full richness of life. Engaging your moment to moment experience may help you to develop a deeper appreciation of who you are and move you toward a more vibrant life.
Somatic Experiencing Practitioner. Are you feeling stuck and anxious? Need some extra support to get through a transition? Perhaps you've had a difficult experience you need help to overcome? My first objective is to offer you a safe, supportive space in which you can feel free to explore, grow and heal. By honoring your direct experience we can begin to alter the habitual reactions, limitations, and outdated stories that may prevent you from feeling the full richness of life. Engaging your moment to moment experience may help you to develop a deeper appreciation of who you are and move you toward a more vibrant life.
(210) 741-9546 View (210) 741-9546
Photo of Faith Kaufhold Ray, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Faith Kaufhold Ray
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, LMFT, LPC-S, MFT-S
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78232
Life is much more complicated than most of us expected! As a Christian, I share the same dilemmas as you. We are all looking for answers in a world full of obstacles. Counseling should be practical, so I meet my clients exactly where they are in their lives, but armed with my Christian perspective and 30+ years of experience working with adults and children. Counseling with me is warm and practical, and because I have enjoyed raising three children of my own, counseling is often fun. After all, as we Christians understand, love is at the core of most solutions.
Life is much more complicated than most of us expected! As a Christian, I share the same dilemmas as you. We are all looking for answers in a world full of obstacles. Counseling should be practical, so I meet my clients exactly where they are in their lives, but armed with my Christian perspective and 30+ years of experience working with adults and children. Counseling with me is warm and practical, and because I have enjoyed raising three children of my own, counseling is often fun. After all, as we Christians understand, love is at the core of most solutions.
(210) 255-2049 View (210) 255-2049
Photo of Northside Family Counseling Center, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Northside Family Counseling Center
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC-S
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78258
No insurance? Limited income? No problem. Counselors at NFCC believe that Jesus Changes Everything. While therapists are trained to encourage and motivate change, we realize that this happens best with Christian counseling. When both the therapist and client work together under the guidance of the Holy Spirit through Biblical-based counseling, you can experience real and lasting transformation. God's love pouring through the counselor offers hope and empathy in a shame and guilt free environment making it safe to practice vulnerability and transparency, which is a giant step toward recovery. Come share your emotional burdens.
No insurance? Limited income? No problem. Counselors at NFCC believe that Jesus Changes Everything. While therapists are trained to encourage and motivate change, we realize that this happens best with Christian counseling. When both the therapist and client work together under the guidance of the Holy Spirit through Biblical-based counseling, you can experience real and lasting transformation. God's love pouring through the counselor offers hope and empathy in a shame and guilt free environment making it safe to practice vulnerability and transparency, which is a giant step toward recovery. Come share your emotional burdens.
(210) 361-7431 x1 View (210) 361-7431 x1
Patrick M. Clancey
Counselor, EdD, LPC
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78240
I am here to assist you to reach your full potential. As such, we will work together to understand and eliminate whatever holds you back from reaching your goals and obtaining whatever is necessary to make your life work. Together, we will build a future that beckons you on, and fills you with hope and peace. We will turn your problems into opportunities for growth and personal enrichment.
I am here to assist you to reach your full potential. As such, we will work together to understand and eliminate whatever holds you back from reaching your goals and obtaining whatever is necessary to make your life work. Together, we will build a future that beckons you on, and fills you with hope and peace. We will turn your problems into opportunities for growth and personal enrichment.
(210) 428-6960 View (210) 428-6960
Photo of Ken-Lyn Consultations and Associates, Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Ken-Lyn Consultations and Associates
Counselor, PhD, EdD, MEDL, MEd, MDiv
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78217
Dr. Kenneth Brown has been counseling for more than 30 years on both the East Coast of the USA and Texas. Brown specializes in the following areas with fees prorated according to income (discounts for active duty, veterans/first responders/community leaders and professionals): ESTIMATE FOR SERVICE: Pro-rated based on your income and needs. Averages have been in between $85+ per session.
Dr. Kenneth Brown has been counseling for more than 30 years on both the East Coast of the USA and Texas. Brown specializes in the following areas with fees prorated according to income (discounts for active duty, veterans/first responders/community leaders and professionals): ESTIMATE FOR SERVICE: Pro-rated based on your income and needs. Averages have been in between $85+ per session.
(210) 761-4345 View (210) 761-4345
Photo of Acevedo Counseling Associates, PLLC , LPC Intern in San Antonio, TX
Acevedo Counseling Associates, PLLC
LPC Intern, MS, LCDCI, LPC As, NCC
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78253
Have you been struggling with anxiety, depression, mental health illness, stress, or just life in general, I may be able to help. The first step is to figure out what’s been bothering you. Then working together, to find ways to resolve those issues, in a way that works for you. No issue is too big or small. The most important step is to seek assistance in finding productive ways to get a resolution.
Have you been struggling with anxiety, depression, mental health illness, stress, or just life in general, I may be able to help. The first step is to figure out what’s been bothering you. Then working together, to find ways to resolve those issues, in a way that works for you. No issue is too big or small. The most important step is to seek assistance in finding productive ways to get a resolution.
(830) 455-3592 View (830) 455-3592

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Antonio, TX

2,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in San Antonio, TX who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
88% Depression
73% Self Esteem
72% Coping Skills
70% Relationship Issues
69% Trauma and PTSD
69% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

84% Aetna
78% BlueCross and BlueShield
77% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in San Antonio, TX see their clients

54% In Person and Online
46% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Antonio?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.