Therapists in Flower Mound, TX

Photo of Kristyn Grisko, Licensed Professional Counselor in Flower Mound, TX
Kristyn Grisko
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Flower Mound, TX 75022
I believe one of the hardest things we can do in life is figuring out the best way to have healthy relationships. Whether it's personal or work related, it can be overwhelming & difficult at times to “get everything right”. We are human & make mistakes, but I believe with the right tools & utilizing effective communication, you can start taking the steps towards healthier relationships. I will work with you at your own pace to meet your goals, whether that is individually or with others in your life. I enjoy working with teens & adults going through challenging life transitions, as well as aviation professionals.
I believe one of the hardest things we can do in life is figuring out the best way to have healthy relationships. Whether it's personal or work related, it can be overwhelming & difficult at times to “get everything right”. We are human & make mistakes, but I believe with the right tools & utilizing effective communication, you can start taking the steps towards healthier relationships. I will work with you at your own pace to meet your goals, whether that is individually or with others in your life. I enjoy working with teens & adults going through challenging life transitions, as well as aviation professionals.
(972) 472-2248 View (972) 472-2248
Photo of Kristen L Diamond, Licensed Professional Counselor in Flower Mound, TX
Kristen L Diamond
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
Flower Mound, TX 75028
I work with clients in an interactive, supportive, and solution focused approach. I believe that clients benefit from learning about their own existing strengths, as well as the different approaches which can help them achieve their goals. This applies whether I'm working with adults, couples, adolescents, sexual abuse survivors, individuals with depression, grief, anxiety, PTSD, self-harm, or addiction issues. I always try to be straightforward, honest, and down-to-earth. I emphasize that everybody sometimes experiences stress and problems in daily life, and that most of these issues can be worked through.
I work with clients in an interactive, supportive, and solution focused approach. I believe that clients benefit from learning about their own existing strengths, as well as the different approaches which can help them achieve their goals. This applies whether I'm working with adults, couples, adolescents, sexual abuse survivors, individuals with depression, grief, anxiety, PTSD, self-harm, or addiction issues. I always try to be straightforward, honest, and down-to-earth. I emphasize that everybody sometimes experiences stress and problems in daily life, and that most of these issues can be worked through.
(817) 601-7716 View (817) 601-7716
Photo of Stacy Hyde, Licensed Professional Counselor in Flower Mound, TX
Stacy Hyde
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Flower Mound, TX 75028
Anxiety, depression and stress have a way of isolating you from the world. My hope is that by attending counseling you feel less alone and isolated in these challenges. Therapy can allow for an unbiased and supportive environment to work through these challenges, one step at a time. My practice is primarily focused on helping adult women cope with anxiety, self-esteem, burnout and depression challenges. I strive to create a calm, accepting and comfortable environment to explore and navigate through whatever you may be facing.
Anxiety, depression and stress have a way of isolating you from the world. My hope is that by attending counseling you feel less alone and isolated in these challenges. Therapy can allow for an unbiased and supportive environment to work through these challenges, one step at a time. My practice is primarily focused on helping adult women cope with anxiety, self-esteem, burnout and depression challenges. I strive to create a calm, accepting and comfortable environment to explore and navigate through whatever you may be facing.
(469) 208-4133 View (469) 208-4133
Photo of Erin Carlisle, Licensed Professional Counselor in Flower Mound, TX
Erin Carlisle
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Flower Mound, TX 75022
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with over 9 years of counseling experience. I have worked with adolescents to adults, who are struggling with a host of issues and come from all walks of life. I primarily work with adolescents and adults who are struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, and grief, as well as relational issues. I also have experience working with adolescents and adults who have ADHD or are on the Autism Spectrum. I have 20 years of experience holding various positions in the public education field.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with over 9 years of counseling experience. I have worked with adolescents to adults, who are struggling with a host of issues and come from all walks of life. I primarily work with adolescents and adults who are struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, and grief, as well as relational issues. I also have experience working with adolescents and adults who have ADHD or are on the Autism Spectrum. I have 20 years of experience holding various positions in the public education field.
(214) 225-7483 View (214) 225-7483
Photo of Village Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Flower Mound, TX
Village Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LCSW-S, LPC-A
Verified Verified
Flower Mound, TX 75022
Village Counseling is a group of mental health counselors specialized in working with families in the perinatal period, including with pregnancy and infant loss, pregnancy after loss, parenting after loss, perinatal mood and anxiety disorders (formerly maternal mental health).
Village Counseling is a group of mental health counselors specialized in working with families in the perinatal period, including with pregnancy and infant loss, pregnancy after loss, parenting after loss, perinatal mood and anxiety disorders (formerly maternal mental health).
(214) 833-5773 View (214) 833-5773
Photo of Amy Philipp in Flower Mound, TX
Amy Philipp
DO
Verified Verified
Flower Mound, TX 75022
Not accepting new clients
You feel like it would be good to talk to someone who has an idea about what you're going through, but you're not necessarily wanting therapy. You're ready to make some changes, but you're used to doing things on your own, your way. However, some guidance, support, and maybe some accountability would be helpful. Life coaching provides guidance and support so that you can discover what you really need and want in your life, and then plan the pathway make those visions reality. You lead the way, I provide the flashlight. As a professional woman, you've worked hard and sacrificed much for others. NOW is the time to focus on yourself.
You feel like it would be good to talk to someone who has an idea about what you're going through, but you're not necessarily wanting therapy. You're ready to make some changes, but you're used to doing things on your own, your way. However, some guidance, support, and maybe some accountability would be helpful. Life coaching provides guidance and support so that you can discover what you really need and want in your life, and then plan the pathway make those visions reality. You lead the way, I provide the flashlight. As a professional woman, you've worked hard and sacrificed much for others. NOW is the time to focus on yourself.
(214) 239-3676 View (214) 239-3676
Photo of Lonni Alderman, Licensed Professional Counselor in Flower Mound, TX
Lonni Alderman
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Flower Mound, TX 75028
Are you dealing with anxious thoughts or non-stop worry? Or feeling down-in-the-dumps and can't quite pinpoint why? Maybe you are finding it hard to get your stress levels under control? These struggles are much more common than you might think, and Lonni is here to help you overcome them! She understands because she dealt with many of the same issues throughout her teenage years. She didn't learn that she could take control of her own thoughts and emotions until she sought counseling. And you can too! Lonni uses Cognitive Behavior Therapy to help clients challenge their negative thought patterns and promote positive thinking.
Are you dealing with anxious thoughts or non-stop worry? Or feeling down-in-the-dumps and can't quite pinpoint why? Maybe you are finding it hard to get your stress levels under control? These struggles are much more common than you might think, and Lonni is here to help you overcome them! She understands because she dealt with many of the same issues throughout her teenage years. She didn't learn that she could take control of her own thoughts and emotions until she sought counseling. And you can too! Lonni uses Cognitive Behavior Therapy to help clients challenge their negative thought patterns and promote positive thinking.
(214) 380-3633 View (214) 380-3633
Photo of JaeJeung"JJ" So IFS-EMDR-RRT-Intensives, Licensed Professional Counselor in Flower Mound, TX
JaeJeung"JJ" So IFS-EMDR-RRT-Intensives
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC-S, ATR-BC, CTT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Flower Mound, TX 75022  (Online Only)
You're trapped, flooded, and hopeless—cluster f-k. The last thing you want to do is drag it out for months or years, talking about it repeatedly once a week for 50 minutes. Unwanted thoughts, knots in your stomach, debilitating social anxiety, and agonizing relationships - all that shit can be cleared like flushing down a commercial-grade toilet rather than in increments. If you have cancer, it only makes sense to surgically remove the cancer cells first before you start a weekly exercise regimen. The same goes for your problems.
You're trapped, flooded, and hopeless—cluster f-k. The last thing you want to do is drag it out for months or years, talking about it repeatedly once a week for 50 minutes. Unwanted thoughts, knots in your stomach, debilitating social anxiety, and agonizing relationships - all that shit can be cleared like flushing down a commercial-grade toilet rather than in increments. If you have cancer, it only makes sense to surgically remove the cancer cells first before you start a weekly exercise regimen. The same goes for your problems.
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Photo of Emilee Aschenbrenner, Licensed Professional Counselor in Flower Mound, TX
Emilee Aschenbrenner
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC-S
Verified Verified
10 Endorsed
Flower Mound, TX 75022
Stress? Overwhelmed? Chaos at home? Addiction? Disordered eating? I enjoy working with individuals, families, and groups! My goal is providing client focused interactive counseling with adolescents and adults seeking support when life gets overwhelming. I understand the idea of therapy may be overwhelming and even weird at first...please let me know how I can help make this process a little easier! My office is located in Flower Mound close to Flower Mound High School.
Stress? Overwhelmed? Chaos at home? Addiction? Disordered eating? I enjoy working with individuals, families, and groups! My goal is providing client focused interactive counseling with adolescents and adults seeking support when life gets overwhelming. I understand the idea of therapy may be overwhelming and even weird at first...please let me know how I can help make this process a little easier! My office is located in Flower Mound close to Flower Mound High School.
(972) 539-7373 View (972) 539-7373
Photo of Vanessa Palomera, Marriage & Family Therapist in Flower Mound, TX
Vanessa Palomera
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Flower Mound, TX 75022
If you struggle with anxiety and want to find peace, joy, and clarity in your life, you have found the right therapist. I know the struggle of feeling on edge, over thinking, irritability, low self worth, and self doubt. Maybe you have difficulty enjoying things in the present moment because you’re constantly "on the go", your mind gets distracted or stressed. I’m more than happy to help you transform these symptoms, get to the root of the issues, and find your inner peace. Therapy with me is more than just talking or venting. I’ll engage you in effective techniques and provide you the tools needed to feel happy.
If you struggle with anxiety and want to find peace, joy, and clarity in your life, you have found the right therapist. I know the struggle of feeling on edge, over thinking, irritability, low self worth, and self doubt. Maybe you have difficulty enjoying things in the present moment because you’re constantly "on the go", your mind gets distracted or stressed. I’m more than happy to help you transform these symptoms, get to the root of the issues, and find your inner peace. Therapy with me is more than just talking or venting. I’ll engage you in effective techniques and provide you the tools needed to feel happy.
(682) 628-0239 View (682) 628-0239
Photo of Dr. Angela Martilik, Licensed Professional Counselor in Flower Mound, TX
Dr. Angela Martilik
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC-S
Verified Verified
11 Endorsed
Flower Mound, TX 75028  (Online Only)
I view therapy as a mutual relationship that provides the client with a safe and empowering environment. My goal is to partner with you to heal past hurts, manage life's challenges, and thrive in life. I want you to have a life you value and that you are excited to live.
I view therapy as a mutual relationship that provides the client with a safe and empowering environment. My goal is to partner with you to heal past hurts, manage life's challenges, and thrive in life. I want you to have a life you value and that you are excited to live.
(972) 853-4832 View (972) 853-4832
Photo of Shae Fawcett Counseling, PLLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Flower Mound, TX
Shae Fawcett Counseling, PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, EMDR II
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Flower Mound, TX 75028
Welcome! Create change... Feel better... Choosing a counselor is a big deal. My hope is to help make the process easier. I have 20 years of clinical experience working with adults and teens, and 15+ years providing EMDR Level II therapy (a modality that can swiftly address anxiety, grief and trauma). In my practice I have seen individuals discover their strengths, heal themselves and create a life worth living. I aim to establish a therapeutic relationship that allows clients to grow and change in a safe and supportive environment. I believe it is important to honor clients' values, unique experiences, and complex journeys.
Welcome! Create change... Feel better... Choosing a counselor is a big deal. My hope is to help make the process easier. I have 20 years of clinical experience working with adults and teens, and 15+ years providing EMDR Level II therapy (a modality that can swiftly address anxiety, grief and trauma). In my practice I have seen individuals discover their strengths, heal themselves and create a life worth living. I aim to establish a therapeutic relationship that allows clients to grow and change in a safe and supportive environment. I believe it is important to honor clients' values, unique experiences, and complex journeys.
(972) 850-8881 View (972) 850-8881
Photo of Carol Marino, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate in Flower Mound, TX
Carol Marino
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MA, LPCA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Flower Mound, TX 75028
Peaceful presence, Strength and Discernment regarding what is needed to move forward and live more fully in a judgement-free space is my main role as your Therapist. It is an honor for me to get to know you to figure out what works best for you as an individual to better manage your overall functioning and wellness in mind, body, and spirit so that contentment and joy can be restored.
Peaceful presence, Strength and Discernment regarding what is needed to move forward and live more fully in a judgement-free space is my main role as your Therapist. It is an honor for me to get to know you to figure out what works best for you as an individual to better manage your overall functioning and wellness in mind, body, and spirit so that contentment and joy can be restored.
(469) 838-5481 View (469) 838-5481
Photo of Jane Gray in Flower Mound, TX
Jane Gray
MA, LPC, EMDR
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Flower Mound, TX 75022
I specialize in treating adults who have experienced past or recent trauma and are suffering with anxiety, depression, or relationship struggles. Unresolved trauma can show up as substance misuse/abuse, dissociation, isolation, anger, and codependence. Together, we will explore the past events creating current symptoms, so you can begin healing. As we work together, you'll begin to understand your triggers, instinctive defenses, and protective patterns keeping you stuck. As you begin to understand your past, you'll begin healing the symptoms in the present.
I specialize in treating adults who have experienced past or recent trauma and are suffering with anxiety, depression, or relationship struggles. Unresolved trauma can show up as substance misuse/abuse, dissociation, isolation, anger, and codependence. Together, we will explore the past events creating current symptoms, so you can begin healing. As we work together, you'll begin to understand your triggers, instinctive defenses, and protective patterns keeping you stuck. As you begin to understand your past, you'll begin healing the symptoms in the present.
(214) 247-1925 View (214) 247-1925
Photo of Colleen K Clawson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Flower Mound, TX
Colleen K Clawson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Flower Mound, TX 75028
There is no cookie cutter therapeutic approach that works for everyone. Your personality and struggles are unique, and your therapy experience should be too. That is why my therapeutic style remains flexible and collaborative, focusing on your individual strengths, needs, and motivation. Whether you are dealing with difficult emotions, unwanted behaviors, relationship struggles, life transitions, or simply a desire to improve yourself; the work of talk therapy can help you to identify the patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that may be keeping you from your goals and desires.
There is no cookie cutter therapeutic approach that works for everyone. Your personality and struggles are unique, and your therapy experience should be too. That is why my therapeutic style remains flexible and collaborative, focusing on your individual strengths, needs, and motivation. Whether you are dealing with difficult emotions, unwanted behaviors, relationship struggles, life transitions, or simply a desire to improve yourself; the work of talk therapy can help you to identify the patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that may be keeping you from your goals and desires.
(214) 833-6449 View (214) 833-6449
Photo of Adami Gabriel, Psychologist in Flower Mound, TX
Adami Gabriel
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Flower Mound, TX 75022
I started off helping people as clinical psychologist in Brazil, before becoming licensed in the US. I am passionate about diversity; working with individuals, couples and families. I have worked in a variety of mental health settings locally and abroad (i.e., hospitals, outpatient rehabilitation clinics, and private practice) with adolescents, adults and seniors. Finding the right therapist is a challenging and courageous endeavor, and I personally meet with you to
I started off helping people as clinical psychologist in Brazil, before becoming licensed in the US. I am passionate about diversity; working with individuals, couples and families. I have worked in a variety of mental health settings locally and abroad (i.e., hospitals, outpatient rehabilitation clinics, and private practice) with adolescents, adults and seniors. Finding the right therapist is a challenging and courageous endeavor, and I personally meet with you to
(469) 248-7591 View (469) 248-7591
Photo of Dawn Moncrief, Licensed Professional Counselor in Flower Mound, TX
Dawn Moncrief
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
Flower Mound, TX 75028  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Life sometimes makes a dramatic turn from what you expected. Now you must navigate a world you don't understand and you didn't ask for. I walk with you following your own or a loved one's chronic illness or devastating health diagnosis, provide support to caregivers and to anyone facing end-of-life, and to you when you are grieving a loss.
Life sometimes makes a dramatic turn from what you expected. Now you must navigate a world you don't understand and you didn't ask for. I walk with you following your own or a loved one's chronic illness or devastating health diagnosis, provide support to caregivers and to anyone facing end-of-life, and to you when you are grieving a loss.
(972) 928-0556 View (972) 928-0556
Photo of Flower Mound Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor in Flower Mound, TX
Flower Mound Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LMFT-S, LPC-S, NCC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Flower Mound, TX 75028
Are you struggling with a specific problem in your life? Has your life suddenly become chaotic? Have you been searching for something to fill your life with joy again, only to discover you don't know what you are looking for? I want to help you find the answers you have been looking for and hope for a better tomorrow.
Are you struggling with a specific problem in your life? Has your life suddenly become chaotic? Have you been searching for something to fill your life with joy again, only to discover you don't know what you are looking for? I want to help you find the answers you have been looking for and hope for a better tomorrow.
(972) 899-1848 View (972) 899-1848
Photo of Michele Menzie, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Flower Mound, TX
Michele Menzie
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW-S, EMDR
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Flower Mound, TX 75028  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker Supervisor and EMDR Trained. When human beings experience trauma or severe life stressors, it is not uncommon for their lives to unravel. My greatest passion is bringing healing to people who have been through a trauma or stressful experiences. I help my clients, who include adolescents, adults and families, to find healthy perceptions of themselves and strengthen their relationships so they can know themselves as healthy, complete, whole and safe.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker Supervisor and EMDR Trained. When human beings experience trauma or severe life stressors, it is not uncommon for their lives to unravel. My greatest passion is bringing healing to people who have been through a trauma or stressful experiences. I help my clients, who include adolescents, adults and families, to find healthy perceptions of themselves and strengthen their relationships so they can know themselves as healthy, complete, whole and safe.
(972) 770-4791 View (972) 770-4791
Photo of Firefly Counseling & Consulting - Allison Prince, LPC-Associate in Flower Mound, TX
Firefly Counseling & Consulting - Allison Prince
LPC-Associate, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Flower Mound, TX 75028
The challenges of life are hard. These challenges can affect our mind, body, and spirit. My approach to therapy is one of warmth, empathy, and understanding. I seek to create a collaborative space where we identify your goals together and empower you by incorporating helpful tools to help you along your journey. Do you need help getting unstuck from unhelpful thoughts and behaviors? Are you struggling to navigate your emotions or fears?
The challenges of life are hard. These challenges can affect our mind, body, and spirit. My approach to therapy is one of warmth, empathy, and understanding. I seek to create a collaborative space where we identify your goals together and empower you by incorporating helpful tools to help you along your journey. Do you need help getting unstuck from unhelpful thoughts and behaviors? Are you struggling to navigate your emotions or fears?
(469) 423-8712 View (469) 423-8712

See more therapy options for Flower Mound

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Flower Mound, TX

200+

Average cost per session

$147

Therapists in Flower Mound, TX who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
78% Coping Skills
77% Self Esteem
73% Stress
72% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

80% Aetna
71% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
68% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Flower Mound, TX see their clients

81% In Person and Online
19% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
18% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Flower Mound?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.