Photo of Kat Gillespie, Pre-Licensed Professional in Massachusetts
Kat Gillespie
Pre-Licensed Professional, LADC2
Verified Verified
Southborough, MA 01772
Kat is a board member for “Parents Supporting Parents”, a nonprofit support group for parents with children who struggle with addiction and provide scholarships for sober living housing.
Kat Gillespie holds a Bachelor of Science in Art Therapy with a minor in Fine Arts from Lesley University and is currently a 2nd year master’s student in the Clinical Mental Health Counseling program with a specialization in Art Therapy at Lesley University. She has been in recovery since March 31st, 2018 and is an active member of the 12-step fellowship and believes that well-being begins with community. She is the illustrator of children’s book series dedicated to helping children grieve from parent’s lost from substance use disorder: “Mama Paca: My Heart Won’t Let You Go” and “Papa Paca: Kindhearted Warrior” by Sarah Cloud.
Kat is a board member for “Parents Supporting Parents”, a nonprofit support group for parents with children who struggle with addiction and provide scholarships for sober living housing.
Kat Gillespie holds a Bachelor of Science in Art Therapy with a minor in Fine Arts from Lesley University and is currently a 2nd year master’s student in the Clinical Mental Health Counseling program with a specialization in Art Therapy at Lesley University. She has been in recovery since March 31st, 2018 and is an active member of the 12-step fellowship and believes that well-being begins with community. She is the illustrator of children’s book series dedicated to helping children grieve from parent’s lost from substance use disorder: “Mama Paca: My Heart Won’t Let You Go” and “Papa Paca: Kindhearted Warrior” by Sarah Cloud.
(508) 691-8910 View (508) 691-8910
Photo of Phoenix Rising Trauma & Recovery Center, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Massachusetts
Phoenix Rising Trauma & Recovery Center
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, CADC, LMHC, LADC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Buzzards Bay, MA 02532
Phoenix Rising is interested in helping you find solutions for Trauma and Substance Abuse Recovery. We offer a team approach to you and your family that may end years of destructive behaviors or thought patterns. We really enjoy what we do and believe in our team approach. Working on all the stress surrounding the main issues in your life can help you see the patterns created and help you also see your way through to answers. We are openly LGBTQ friendly, supportive, and knowledgeable.
Phoenix Rising is interested in helping you find solutions for Trauma and Substance Abuse Recovery. We offer a team approach to you and your family that may end years of destructive behaviors or thought patterns. We really enjoy what we do and believe in our team approach. Working on all the stress surrounding the main issues in your life can help you see the patterns created and help you also see your way through to answers. We are openly LGBTQ friendly, supportive, and knowledgeable.
(774) 314-6613 View (774) 314-6613
Photo of John Christian, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Massachusetts
John Christian
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, EdM, CADC, SAP, LADC I, LMHC
Verified Verified
Quincy, MA 02169
I specialize in substance abuse evaluations for the courts, for substance-related motor vehicle violations such as OUI and Immediate Threat, and for the US Department of Transportation as a Substance Abuse Professional. I am an expert witness and provide testimony on sentence mitigation issues. My ideal client is someone with substance abuse and other addiction issues seeking treatment and/or evaluation.
I specialize in substance abuse evaluations for the courts, for substance-related motor vehicle violations such as OUI and Immediate Threat, and for the US Department of Transportation as a Substance Abuse Professional. I am an expert witness and provide testimony on sentence mitigation issues. My ideal client is someone with substance abuse and other addiction issues seeking treatment and/or evaluation.
(617) 300-0058 View (617) 300-0058
Photo of Queen S Moore, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Massachusetts
Queen S Moore
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MEd, LADC
Verified Verified
Westminster, MA 01473
I was inspired to name my business SPEAK counseling services because I truly believe that untreated mental health and substance abuse dependence stems from our inability to understand how it is our mind, emotions, and body is trying to speak to us. Similar to when we stub our pinky toe and we get a shot of pain ; our body will send us symptoms of anxiety, depression, recurrent dreams etc in an effort to communicate pain/discomfort. Since mental/emotional pain is a foreign and misunderstood language we often lean on behaviors that sooth It quickly (e.g addiction) this increases anxiety/depression as the pain is never truly managed.
I was inspired to name my business SPEAK counseling services because I truly believe that untreated mental health and substance abuse dependence stems from our inability to understand how it is our mind, emotions, and body is trying to speak to us. Similar to when we stub our pinky toe and we get a shot of pain ; our body will send us symptoms of anxiety, depression, recurrent dreams etc in an effort to communicate pain/discomfort. Since mental/emotional pain is a foreign and misunderstood language we often lean on behaviors that sooth It quickly (e.g addiction) this increases anxiety/depression as the pain is never truly managed.
(978) 705-4618 View (978) 705-4618
Photo of My Self Oath Inc, Counselor in Massachusetts
My Self Oath Inc
Counselor, MS, LADCI, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brockton, MA 02301  (Online Only)
We specialize in Anxiety, Depression, Substance Use/Abuse, and PTSD.
We are focused on Clients that are focused and motivated to get better, and are willing to put forth the effort to do so. Clients that are ready to dig deep and work on issues that are way past the surface. Clients who may not initially be in the contemplation stage of change, but knows that change is needed.
We specialize in Anxiety, Depression, Substance Use/Abuse, and PTSD.
We are focused on Clients that are focused and motivated to get better, and are willing to put forth the effort to do so. Clients that are ready to dig deep and work on issues that are way past the surface. Clients who may not initially be in the contemplation stage of change, but knows that change is needed.
(781) 534-1017 View (781) 534-1017
Photo of RJ Tolan Counseling Group LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Massachusetts
RJ Tolan Counseling Group LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Beverly, MA 01915
RJ Tolan Counseling Group LLC. MISSION: To provide high quality therapy to individuals and their family members dealing with addiction and/or other mental health problems. We seek to provide education, support, coaching, and therapy on how to deal with addiction within yourself or a family member from all sides of the problem. VISION: To decrease the stigma attached to addiction and its devastating symptoms in effort to increase quality available supports and services.
RJ Tolan Counseling Group LLC. MISSION: To provide high quality therapy to individuals and their family members dealing with addiction and/or other mental health problems. We seek to provide education, support, coaching, and therapy on how to deal with addiction within yourself or a family member from all sides of the problem. VISION: To decrease the stigma attached to addiction and its devastating symptoms in effort to increase quality available supports and services.
(978) 288-0069 View (978) 288-0069
Photo of Caryl Brayton Toole, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Massachusetts
Caryl Brayton Toole
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LADC, NCAC
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02110
Successful addiction treatment isn’t just about stopping the use of the substance; it also includes addressing the underlying issues, gaining insight into behaviors and implementing proven strategies to develop a better sense of worth and control.
***Accepting New Clients for online Tele-Health.*** Are you experiencing anxiety or worry that gets in the way of work, relationships or friendships? Are you unable to let go of painful memories or feelings related to a traumatic experience? Are you coping with stress with alcohol and prescription medications? Do you feel worried and conflicted about your drinking? Drug and alcohol concerns are often a result of deeper struggles such as depression, anxiety, self-esteem, trauma and obstacles in daily life.
Successful addiction treatment isn’t just about stopping the use of the substance; it also includes addressing the underlying issues, gaining insight into behaviors and implementing proven strategies to develop a better sense of worth and control.
***Accepting New Clients for online Tele-Health.*** Are you experiencing anxiety or worry that gets in the way of work, relationships or friendships? Are you unable to let go of painful memories or feelings related to a traumatic experience? Are you coping with stress with alcohol and prescription medications? Do you feel worried and conflicted about your drinking? Drug and alcohol concerns are often a result of deeper struggles such as depression, anxiety, self-esteem, trauma and obstacles in daily life.
(781) 635-4886 View (781) 635-4886
Photo of Gayle Patricia Hearns-Rogers, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Massachusetts
Gayle Patricia Hearns-Rogers
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LADC-1
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lynn, MA 01904  (Online Only)
If you are currently struggling with any form of trauma, here is the place for you to begin to feel heathier. With over 30 years of experience in the fields of substance abuse and mental health, I am very comfortable and qualified to work with dual diagnosed individuals and their families.
If you are currently struggling with any form of trauma, here is the place for you to begin to feel heathier. With over 30 years of experience in the fields of substance abuse and mental health, I am very comfortable and qualified to work with dual diagnosed individuals and their families.
(781) 546-4944 View (781) 546-4944
Photo of Andrew Ogburn, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Massachusetts
Andrew Ogburn
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Attleboro, MA 02703
Andrew is passionate about supporting clients on the journey toward the attainment of their goals and a more rich, full, and meaningful life. His focus is always on helping individuals along this journey in a manner that is collaborative and respectful of where they are in the process. Andrew creates a safe and supportive space, where clients can be vulnerable and bring to the space whatever it is they feel is troubling them or they want to better understand. He is committed to equipping his clients with skills to better manage their lives and emotions so they do not need to rely on addiction to cope.
Andrew is passionate about supporting clients on the journey toward the attainment of their goals and a more rich, full, and meaningful life. His focus is always on helping individuals along this journey in a manner that is collaborative and respectful of where they are in the process. Andrew creates a safe and supportive space, where clients can be vulnerable and bring to the space whatever it is they feel is troubling them or they want to better understand. He is committed to equipping his clients with skills to better manage their lives and emotions so they do not need to rely on addiction to cope.
(508) 665-1964 View (508) 665-1964
Photo of Banessa Gonell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Massachusetts
Banessa Gonell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Haverhill, MA 01830  (Online Only)
We've all been there. Maybe we feel stuck in a vicious cycle. Some of us are struggling with a pattern of unstable relationships. Maybe we have lost a loved one and need support. Maybe you're feeling sad, hopeless or quick to anger. Perhaps you've tried to quit a substance that is causing you more harm than good and have been unsuccessful.
We've all been there. Maybe we feel stuck in a vicious cycle. Some of us are struggling with a pattern of unstable relationships. Maybe we have lost a loved one and need support. Maybe you're feeling sad, hopeless or quick to anger. Perhaps you've tried to quit a substance that is causing you more harm than good and have been unsuccessful.
(978) 350-5324 View (978) 350-5324
Photo of Karen L Peabody, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Massachusetts
Karen L Peabody
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
I have a client-centered treatment approach for all clients. My goal is to provide a warm and attentive environment that produces personal growth and wholeness. I specialize in treating Addiction, Trauma, Anxiety, Grief/Loss, Self Esteem Issues and Depression. Everybody has a time in their lives when they need additional support. I understand asking for help is a very difficult. However, making the decision that you will not live in emotional pain for another day is the best decision you can make for yourself. I can help you learning the skills you need to free yourself from this pain.
I have a client-centered treatment approach for all clients. My goal is to provide a warm and attentive environment that produces personal growth and wholeness. I specialize in treating Addiction, Trauma, Anxiety, Grief/Loss, Self Esteem Issues and Depression. Everybody has a time in their lives when they need additional support. I understand asking for help is a very difficult. However, making the decision that you will not live in emotional pain for another day is the best decision you can make for yourself. I can help you learning the skills you need to free yourself from this pain.
(774) 413-7136 View (774) 413-7136
Photo of Connections for Recovery LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Massachusetts
Connections for Recovery LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Spencer, MA 01562
I have over 18 years of experience working in the addiction and mental health field. I am experienced in various roles across the substance use treatment services continuum of care in both micro and macro levels. I am a “big picture” clinician and believe that to effectively manage addiction and mental health it requires the ability to balance the parts needed for that individual to succeed; mind, body, and spirit. Supporting the client in identifying their unique parts to balance based on their individual needs and history is central to my professional philosophy.
I have over 18 years of experience working in the addiction and mental health field. I am experienced in various roles across the substance use treatment services continuum of care in both micro and macro levels. I am a “big picture” clinician and believe that to effectively manage addiction and mental health it requires the ability to balance the parts needed for that individual to succeed; mind, body, and spirit. Supporting the client in identifying their unique parts to balance based on their individual needs and history is central to my professional philosophy.
(774) 371-4120 View (774) 371-4120
Photo of Rebecca Van Dyke, LMHC, LLC, Counselor in Massachusetts
Rebecca Van Dyke, LMHC, LLC
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Beverly, MA 01915
In addition, after working in different modalities and levels of substance use treatment, I am proficient in helping clients navigate the best path to support, both for those struggling with substance use as well as families and loved ones.
Welcome! I know that life can be difficult, even excruciating at times and I am deeply passionate about providing a safe/non-judgmental space for clients to explore ways to manage and grow through all seasons of life. I am the owner and provider of Rebecca Van Dyke, LMHC, LLC and would consider it a privilege to come alongside and aid you in your journey. As an integrative therapist who has been in practice for the last 8 years, I strive to combine a trusting environment with strength based therapeutic models such as: CBT, ACT, IFS, harm reduction and more to provide the best care for each client based on their unique needs.
In addition, after working in different modalities and levels of substance use treatment, I am proficient in helping clients navigate the best path to support, both for those struggling with substance use as well as families and loved ones.
Welcome! I know that life can be difficult, even excruciating at times and I am deeply passionate about providing a safe/non-judgmental space for clients to explore ways to manage and grow through all seasons of life. I am the owner and provider of Rebecca Van Dyke, LMHC, LLC and would consider it a privilege to come alongside and aid you in your journey. As an integrative therapist who has been in practice for the last 8 years, I strive to combine a trusting environment with strength based therapeutic models such as: CBT, ACT, IFS, harm reduction and more to provide the best care for each client based on their unique needs.
(978) 288-1275 View (978) 288-1275
Photo of Patrick Doyle, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Massachusetts
Patrick Doyle
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Lexington, MA 02420  (Online Only)
If your loved one's substance use has become unmanageable, you’ve tried everything but refuse to give up, and are desperately seeking hope- I know how you feel. I was raised in a large, chaotic household, and my own adult child has struggled with alcohol addiction and anxiety. Refusing to give up on my son, I found a way out for my family.
If your loved one's substance use has become unmanageable, you’ve tried everything but refuse to give up, and are desperately seeking hope- I know how you feel. I was raised in a large, chaotic household, and my own adult child has struggled with alcohol addiction and anxiety. Refusing to give up on my son, I found a way out for my family.
(617) 997-4442 View (617) 997-4442
Photo of Lawrence Berger, Counselor in Massachusetts
Lawrence Berger
Counselor, MA, LMHC, LCMHC, LADC1, LPC
Verified Verified
Braintree, MA 02184  (Online Only)
These include mood disorders, anxiety disorders, OCD, substance use disorders/addiction, process addictions ( gambling, internet, pornography and sexual disorders) I also do LADC (substance abuse) assessments/evaluations in NH, MA and CT for courts, universities and other purposes.
Hi, my name is Larry and I have been a licensed mental health clinician for 14 years. I take a person centered approach meaning I work with all of your strengths. I collaborate with you to find the best solutions for change. We work on goals to not only address the presenting problem but also to help you find what makes you happy in life. I am laid back but can also hold you firmly accountable with the plans of change.
These include mood disorders, anxiety disorders, OCD, substance use disorders/addiction, process addictions ( gambling, internet, pornography and sexual disorders) I also do LADC (substance abuse) assessments/evaluations in NH, MA and CT for courts, universities and other purposes.
Hi, my name is Larry and I have been a licensed mental health clinician for 14 years. I take a person centered approach meaning I work with all of your strengths. I collaborate with you to find the best solutions for change. We work on goals to not only address the presenting problem but also to help you find what makes you happy in life. I am laid back but can also hold you firmly accountable with the plans of change.
(508) 501-7513 View (508) 501-7513
Photo of RJ Tolan Counseling Group LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Massachusetts
RJ Tolan Counseling Group LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, CAI
Verified Verified
Beverly, MA 01915
I have 15 years experience working with individuals and families battling confusing effects of substance use. I provide an environment free of pressure or judgement for exploring how substance use impacts your life, as an individual or a family member. We will navigate through the unpredictable and difficult circumstances life can bring. This relationship provides support and self-knowledge as we learn how we can contribute to solutions and/or problems. Learning concrete education, skills and tools to handle people, places and situations will help to move forward in our lives, resulting in increased self-confidence and serenity.
I have 15 years experience working with individuals and families battling confusing effects of substance use. I provide an environment free of pressure or judgement for exploring how substance use impacts your life, as an individual or a family member. We will navigate through the unpredictable and difficult circumstances life can bring. This relationship provides support and self-knowledge as we learn how we can contribute to solutions and/or problems. Learning concrete education, skills and tools to handle people, places and situations will help to move forward in our lives, resulting in increased self-confidence and serenity.
(781) 780-6478 View (781) 780-6478
Photo of Nicole DiPentima, Counselor in Massachusetts
Nicole DiPentima
Counselor, MA, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
Burlington, MA 01803  (Online Only)
As a clinician, most of my experience is centered around recovery from common mental health conditions, burnout, substance use and trauma.
I believe in the transformative power of psychotherapy, and through my work, I have had the privilege to walk alongside a myriad of different people in every stage of recovery from mental health challenges, substance use disorders, trauma and emotional pain. My approach is practical and solution-focused. The clinical relationship is the foundation of any therapeutic process and once this is in place, I apply post-modern theory and evidenced based practice in order to meet each person at their level of need and desire for change.
As a clinician, most of my experience is centered around recovery from common mental health conditions, burnout, substance use and trauma.
I believe in the transformative power of psychotherapy, and through my work, I have had the privilege to walk alongside a myriad of different people in every stage of recovery from mental health challenges, substance use disorders, trauma and emotional pain. My approach is practical and solution-focused. The clinical relationship is the foundation of any therapeutic process and once this is in place, I apply post-modern theory and evidenced based practice in order to meet each person at their level of need and desire for change.
(508) 552-3349 View (508) 552-3349
Photo of Monarca Counseling, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Massachusetts
Monarca Counseling
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MA, LADC1, SA/MH
Verified Verified
South Easton, MA 02375  (Online Only)
My role is to teach you the tools of change I learned at Harvard and ongoing education in both mental health and substance abuse, and the Street.
I am Joyce Bengal. Monarca Counseling is my multicultural practice open to adults. If you are ready to let go of the drug or feeling that has a hold on you, and create a life, I am here as your Change Agent. As a therapist with over 30 years of experience working through agencies, shelters, juvenile facilities, and prisons, I continue to address anxiety and depression, trauma, gender id and racism. Using: CBT, behavioral and psychodynamic, motivational interviewing and expressive therapies. And bring teaching experience at Tuskegee Institute, Miles College and Tufts Experimental College to my practice.
My role is to teach you the tools of change I learned at Harvard and ongoing education in both mental health and substance abuse, and the Street.
I am Joyce Bengal. Monarca Counseling is my multicultural practice open to adults. If you are ready to let go of the drug or feeling that has a hold on you, and create a life, I am here as your Change Agent. As a therapist with over 30 years of experience working through agencies, shelters, juvenile facilities, and prisons, I continue to address anxiety and depression, trauma, gender id and racism. Using: CBT, behavioral and psychodynamic, motivational interviewing and expressive therapies. And bring teaching experience at Tuskegee Institute, Miles College and Tufts Experimental College to my practice.
(508) 905-6442 View (508) 905-6442
Photo of Theodore Chelmow, Counselor in Massachusetts
Theodore Chelmow
Counselor, PhD, MEd MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Amherst, MA 01002  (Online Only)
Providing Massachusetts statewide services. Mental health issues are at an all time high. It's ok to ask for help. Please don't struggle alone. Dr. Chelmow has > 30 years in the mental health field - focusing on work, family, education, financial & social problems to quickly help reduce anxiety, depression, family issues & substance abuse. He has worked as a business executive & in governance. He has taught at Harvard Medical School, the University of Massachusetts, Cambridge College & Springfield College & written many articles on health care. He provides training to business on difficult work situations, stigma & multiculturalism.
Providing Massachusetts statewide services. Mental health issues are at an all time high. It's ok to ask for help. Please don't struggle alone. Dr. Chelmow has > 30 years in the mental health field - focusing on work, family, education, financial & social problems to quickly help reduce anxiety, depression, family issues & substance abuse. He has worked as a business executive & in governance. He has taught at Harvard Medical School, the University of Massachusetts, Cambridge College & Springfield College & written many articles on health care. He provides training to business on difficult work situations, stigma & multiculturalism.
(617) 855-0317 View (617) 855-0317
Photo of Maureen Cavanagh, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Massachusetts
Maureen Cavanagh
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MEd, MPA, LADC1
Verified Verified
Hingham, MA 02043  (Online Only)
Family & partners supporting someone with a substance use disorder need guidance based on lived experience as well as the counseling expertise and education around addiction and recovery. I am a national coach, educator, and interventionist working with clients & families virtually across the US and Canada. Utilizing a variety of counseling modalities and coaching techniques I can help you to understand the most effective ways to communicate, create boundaries, and be a source of support to your loved one. We can also create a plan to help get your own life back by taking control of the only person you have any control over; YOU!
Family & partners supporting someone with a substance use disorder need guidance based on lived experience as well as the counseling expertise and education around addiction and recovery. I am a national coach, educator, and interventionist working with clients & families virtually across the US and Canada. Utilizing a variety of counseling modalities and coaching techniques I can help you to understand the most effective ways to communicate, create boundaries, and be a source of support to your loved one. We can also create a plan to help get your own life back by taking control of the only person you have any control over; YOU!
(978) 541-4850 View (978) 541-4850

See more therapy options for Massachusetts

Addiction Therapists

What is the best therapy for addiction?

Addiction treatment will be tailored to the individual. People seeking help for addiction—whether with a psychotherapist, in an outpatient clinic, or in a residential program—should expect to engage in multiple types of treatments, sometimes including medication. For anyone recovering from addiction, avoiding situations in which one has typically used a substance is essential, as is the support of close connections. Since substance use disorders tend to co-occur with underlying mental health conditions such as anxiety or depression, those must also be addressed as part of any recovery plan.

How long does therapy for addiction take?

There is no set timeline for recovery from addiction. Patients and their families should expect the work to last several months, if not longer. Residential treatment programs may be based on a stay of 30, 60, or 90 days, with continuing work after release, but only about 1 percent of people are treated in such facilities. Ceasing use is just the first step; therapy to help maintain abstinence and effect behavior change must follow. The process of recovery, neuroscience has shown, involves brain cells recovering the capacity to respond to natural sources of reward and restore control over the impulse to use. Another definition of recovery is restoring voluntary control over one’s substance use and retaking all of one’s previous responsibilities.

How effective is drug addiction treatment?

Substance use disorders are treatable and remission is achievable for many who seek recovery; by some estimates, more than three-quarters of people who become addicted to alcohol or drugs recover. But that success rarely occurs quickly or on a set timeline; relapse is not only common, but many therapists and clinicians view it as a normal part of the process—not always a sign that a person has returned to addiction, but a signal that their treatment should be adjusted to help them regain control. Overall, research suggests, five years after the end of substance use, one’s risk of relapse is no greater than that of others who had not faced addiction. Other experts believe that complete abstinence is not the only measure of recovery, and that, through effective treatment, many people can learn to control their use.

How can you get addiction treatment for someone?

The most important factor in recovery from addiction is widely understood to be an individual’s commitment to change. For that reason,“interventions” in which friends and family gather to urge or force someone to begin immediate treatment often backfire; even when such efforts do lead someone to begin treatment, they may be less likely to stay than those who are self-driven. Still, family members can play an important role in supporting an individual who seeks help and can take part in family therapy as one element of a loved one’s treatment.