Therapists in Oakland, CA

Photo of Christine Rivlin, Counselor in Oakland, CA
Christine Rivlin
Counselor, APCC
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
I also specialize in working with individuals experiencing addiction issues, and eating disorders.
I work primarily with adults who are wanting to manage symptoms associated with depression, anxiety, and trauma. I will be with you on your path to discovery, recovery, and finding the person you would like to become. I approach therapy with a client-centered approach in order to create a safe, comfortable space for you to share and express yourself, and your vulnerabilities. We will explore healthy ways to process your trauma, regulate difficult emotions, and restore broken relationships. I believe the trust built between Client and Therapist is powerful, and necessary in order to help you through your healing journey.
I also specialize in working with individuals experiencing addiction issues, and eating disorders.
I work primarily with adults who are wanting to manage symptoms associated with depression, anxiety, and trauma. I will be with you on your path to discovery, recovery, and finding the person you would like to become. I approach therapy with a client-centered approach in order to create a safe, comfortable space for you to share and express yourself, and your vulnerabilities. We will explore healthy ways to process your trauma, regulate difficult emotions, and restore broken relationships. I believe the trust built between Client and Therapist is powerful, and necessary in order to help you through your healing journey.
(415) 326-9859 View (415) 326-9859
Photo of David Shragai, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
David Shragai
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, MA
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94611
Do you want to improve your emotional well being or to learn how to deal more effectively with stress, anxiety, depression or addiction? Do you want to improve your relationship and communication with your partner? For over 30 years I've provided psychotherapy in a supportive, caring and safe atmosphere helping individuals and couples to address emotional difficulties and achieve a better quality of life.
Do you want to improve your emotional well being or to learn how to deal more effectively with stress, anxiety, depression or addiction? Do you want to improve your relationship and communication with your partner? For over 30 years I've provided psychotherapy in a supportive, caring and safe atmosphere helping individuals and couples to address emotional difficulties and achieve a better quality of life.
(510) 746-8114 View (510) 746-8114
Photo of Tim Barry, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Tim Barry
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94602  (Online Only)
I am particularly skilled at supporting people that are dealing with anxiety, addiction, depression, relationship issues, life transitions, as well as loved ones/caregivers of people with addiction or mental health issues.
I am passionate about supporting people in addressing a range of different challenges that may be impacting their lives. I believe that people are inherently resilient, and that building a strong therapeutic relationship can help you access both existing strengths and build new ones. While I may be an expert in a particular therapeutic model, you are an expert in your experience, and our ability to work together using evidence-based practices will help you reach your goals. I will take an active approach in your care by collaboratively building rapport and tailoring your care to meet your unique needs.
I am particularly skilled at supporting people that are dealing with anxiety, addiction, depression, relationship issues, life transitions, as well as loved ones/caregivers of people with addiction or mental health issues.
I am passionate about supporting people in addressing a range of different challenges that may be impacting their lives. I believe that people are inherently resilient, and that building a strong therapeutic relationship can help you access both existing strengths and build new ones. While I may be an expert in a particular therapeutic model, you are an expert in your experience, and our ability to work together using evidence-based practices will help you reach your goals. I will take an active approach in your care by collaboratively building rapport and tailoring your care to meet your unique needs.
(510) 567-7566 View (510) 567-7566
Photo of John Roedel Psychedelic Integration Therapy, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
John Roedel Psychedelic Integration Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612  (Online Only)
If you've decided you want to try psychedelic-assisted therapy for depression, anxiety, PTSD, OCD, addiction, family-of-origin issues—or any of a number of other mental health issues—I may be able to help you. Many patients have experienced significant improvement after just a short course of treatment. That said, this approach has risks and potential harms that must be carefully assessed and managed. The formal term for this approach is "Psychedelic Harm Reduction and Integration." In addition to my training in this, I draw on extensive experience as a crisis therapist helping to keep patients safe.
If you've decided you want to try psychedelic-assisted therapy for depression, anxiety, PTSD, OCD, addiction, family-of-origin issues—or any of a number of other mental health issues—I may be able to help you. Many patients have experienced significant improvement after just a short course of treatment. That said, this approach has risks and potential harms that must be carefully assessed and managed. The formal term for this approach is "Psychedelic Harm Reduction and Integration." In addition to my training in this, I draw on extensive experience as a crisis therapist helping to keep patients safe.
(415) 849-3997 View (415) 849-3997
Photo of Matthew R. Hicks, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Matthew R. Hicks
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
If you are feeling overwhelmed by life’s demands, my aim is to introduce clarity, authenticity, and self-motivation. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW), I’ve been successfully treating adults, families, and youth for over 20 years facilitating their self-growth. I teach techniques to better manage the emotional stress of everyday life. I have also focused on extensive training in anxiety/depression, play therapy, parenting, treating past and recent trauma, OCD, addiction, and working with family systems.
If you are feeling overwhelmed by life’s demands, my aim is to introduce clarity, authenticity, and self-motivation. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW), I’ve been successfully treating adults, families, and youth for over 20 years facilitating their self-growth. I teach techniques to better manage the emotional stress of everyday life. I have also focused on extensive training in anxiety/depression, play therapy, parenting, treating past and recent trauma, OCD, addiction, and working with family systems.
(510) 683-5273 View (510) 683-5273
Photo of Cecilia S. Kardel, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Cecilia S. Kardel
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94611
The therapeutic encounter is a unique collaborative journey. We cannot control what crosses our path, but we can see ourselves as brave enough to face it. People come to me when they are in distress, hurting or stuck and want to improve their life and relationships. I provide a safe space to explore issues with food, substance abuse, anxiety, depression, self-worth, loss and creativity. I love to work with couples using Emotion Focused Therapy. I am insight minded. I can help you face fears, own longings, repair hurt, deepen connection, renew dreams. I can hold your story. I am trauma-informed. I won't shy away from the hard stuff.
The therapeutic encounter is a unique collaborative journey. We cannot control what crosses our path, but we can see ourselves as brave enough to face it. People come to me when they are in distress, hurting or stuck and want to improve their life and relationships. I provide a safe space to explore issues with food, substance abuse, anxiety, depression, self-worth, loss and creativity. I love to work with couples using Emotion Focused Therapy. I am insight minded. I can help you face fears, own longings, repair hurt, deepen connection, renew dreams. I can hold your story. I am trauma-informed. I won't shy away from the hard stuff.
(415) 480-5319 View (415) 480-5319
Photo of Elyse Sg Bart, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Elyse Sg Bart
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94612  (Online Only)
As an Integrative Psychotherapist, I base my approach from the relational work of Psychodynamic Therapy and integrate forms of Attachment Therapy, Narrative Therapy, CBT, DBT, Mindfulness Practices, Parts Work, Addiction and Trauma work - all based in Social Justice. I fully believe that every individual has the power and strength they need to actualize the changes they want, and can shift the old and new narratives of established stories and patterns of their daily lives.
As an Integrative Psychotherapist, I base my approach from the relational work of Psychodynamic Therapy and integrate forms of Attachment Therapy, Narrative Therapy, CBT, DBT, Mindfulness Practices, Parts Work, Addiction and Trauma work - all based in Social Justice. I fully believe that every individual has the power and strength they need to actualize the changes they want, and can shift the old and new narratives of established stories and patterns of their daily lives.
(510) 394-1740 View (510) 394-1740
Photo of Wallace Earl Smith, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Wallace Earl Smith
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618
I specialize in the treatment of substance abuse/addiction, anxiety/depression, low self-esteem, and those struggling with intimacy and interpersonal connection.
As a psychotherapist with over 10 years of counseling experience in the Bay Area I have come to appreciate the importance of humor and honesty in developing a therapeutic relationship that encourages positive life changes. I work hard to develop a comfortable and safe space for my clients to identify and address barriers to progress in their personal and professional lives. When we are honest with ourselves, I think we so often find that our most ardent critic and obstacle to living a fulfilling and happy life is ourselves.
I specialize in the treatment of substance abuse/addiction, anxiety/depression, low self-esteem, and those struggling with intimacy and interpersonal connection.
As a psychotherapist with over 10 years of counseling experience in the Bay Area I have come to appreciate the importance of humor and honesty in developing a therapeutic relationship that encourages positive life changes. I work hard to develop a comfortable and safe space for my clients to identify and address barriers to progress in their personal and professional lives. When we are honest with ourselves, I think we so often find that our most ardent critic and obstacle to living a fulfilling and happy life is ourselves.
(650) 727-1875 View (650) 727-1875
Photo of Theresa M Fleury, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Theresa M Fleury
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618
I work primarily with relationships; your relationship to yourself, to others, to your future, and to your past. With over 30 years in practice, I use a collaborative style with my clients. Self esteem, depression, anxiety, parenting issues, infertility, life transitions, adult children of alcoholics, addiction recovery, trauma, and couples therapy are my expertise. I specialize in helping couples improve communication and intimacy while creating more secure relationships. I see adults and adolescents and supervise psychologists in training. I often see people who are stuck in negative patterns and struggling to change.
I work primarily with relationships; your relationship to yourself, to others, to your future, and to your past. With over 30 years in practice, I use a collaborative style with my clients. Self esteem, depression, anxiety, parenting issues, infertility, life transitions, adult children of alcoholics, addiction recovery, trauma, and couples therapy are my expertise. I specialize in helping couples improve communication and intimacy while creating more secure relationships. I see adults and adolescents and supervise psychologists in training. I often see people who are stuck in negative patterns and struggling to change.
(510) 404-8625 View (510) 404-8625
Photo of Bridge the Gap Addiction and Mental Health Service, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Oakland, CA
Bridge the Gap Addiction and Mental Health Service
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MS, LCADC, LAACD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612
We place special emphasis on all addiction disorders moderate and chronic issues. We specialize in non-medical detoxification that place emphasis's on spirituality. We promote abstinence by providing individualized treatment plans, family education, legal resources, local community resources, and Twelve Step groups. We provide other valuable classes court ordered domestic violence (men & women), driver under the influence and marriage/relationship classes. We offer four hour marijuana education classes.
We place special emphasis on all addiction disorders moderate and chronic issues. We specialize in non-medical detoxification that place emphasis's on spirituality. We promote abstinence by providing individualized treatment plans, family education, legal resources, local community resources, and Twelve Step groups. We provide other valuable classes court ordered domestic violence (men & women), driver under the influence and marriage/relationship classes. We offer four hour marijuana education classes.
(502) 547-8096 View (502) 547-8096
Photo of Andrew Nelson Peterson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Andrew Nelson Peterson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, CCSOTS
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94619
I specialize in working with individuals and couples who are experiencing challenges with addiction, emotional trauma/ptsd, depression & anxiety as well as issues regarding relationship negotiation, conflict resolution, intimacy, sex and sexuality. I focus on self-understanding, individual strengths, developing stronger communication skills and coping skills. My approach is collaborative, interactive, eclectic and engaging. I believe that therapy is a partnership as no-one should have to struggle with any of these issues alone. I work with my clients to better understand that there is a solution, that change is possibe and that there is Hope.
I specialize in working with individuals and couples who are experiencing challenges with addiction, emotional trauma/ptsd, depression & anxiety as well as issues regarding relationship negotiation, conflict resolution, intimacy, sex and sexuality. I focus on self-understanding, individual strengths, developing stronger communication skills and coping skills. My approach is collaborative, interactive, eclectic and engaging. I believe that therapy is a partnership as no-one should have to struggle with any of these issues alone. I work with my clients to better understand that there is a solution, that change is possibe and that there is Hope.
(628) 600-1369 View (628) 600-1369
Photo of Jeffrey H Kent, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Jeffrey H Kent
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610
Do you suspect something is “off,” that you could be doing better? Feeling better? You could, even, be happier? What’s stopping you? Sometimes, it is anxiety or depression. Often it is an addiction to something that for a while made things better - drugs, alcohol, spending, and others. These are false strategies that promised relief, but in the end, caused more suffering. They make anxiety & depression worse, taking one down into a spiral of hopelessness and despair, even shame. You don't have to stay here. You can change.
Do you suspect something is “off,” that you could be doing better? Feeling better? You could, even, be happier? What’s stopping you? Sometimes, it is anxiety or depression. Often it is an addiction to something that for a while made things better - drugs, alcohol, spending, and others. These are false strategies that promised relief, but in the end, caused more suffering. They make anxiety & depression worse, taking one down into a spiral of hopelessness and despair, even shame. You don't have to stay here. You can change.
(925) 471-8338 View (925) 471-8338
Photo of Chelsea Hall, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Chelsea Hall, LMFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, DMin, LMFT , Rev
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94601  (Online Only)
Educational seminars and group therapy experiences offered include grief, addiction, relationships, and self-care.
Are you looking for a supportive, protected space to rekindle your joy in life, self, ministry, career or relationships? I invite you to join me in developing a working relationship in which we will identify obstacles and celebrate strengths, while building solutions tailored to your individual needs using evidence based tools, at your own pace!
Educational seminars and group therapy experiences offered include grief, addiction, relationships, and self-care.
Are you looking for a supportive, protected space to rekindle your joy in life, self, ministry, career or relationships? I invite you to join me in developing a working relationship in which we will identify obstacles and celebrate strengths, while building solutions tailored to your individual needs using evidence based tools, at your own pace!
(510) 422-1427 View (510) 422-1427
Photo of Silver Lake Psychology, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Silver Lake Psychology
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612
Relationship and sexual concerns, couples therapy, anxiety, addiction, trauma, eating disorders, stress management, insomnia, women's issues, creativity, LGBTQ- welcome.
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others, and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability, and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience.
Relationship and sexual concerns, couples therapy, anxiety, addiction, trauma, eating disorders, stress management, insomnia, women's issues, creativity, LGBTQ- welcome.
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others, and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability, and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience.
(415) 449-5206 View (415) 449-5206
Photo of Silver Lake Psychology, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Silver Lake Psychology
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612
Relationship and sexual concerns, couples therapy, anxiety, addiction, trauma, eating disorders, stress management, insomnia, women's issues, creativity, LGBTQ- welcome.
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others, and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability, and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience.
Relationship and sexual concerns, couples therapy, anxiety, addiction, trauma, eating disorders, stress management, insomnia, women's issues, creativity, LGBTQ- welcome.
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others, and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability, and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience.
(415) 985-7193 View (415) 985-7193
Photo of Silver Lake Psychology, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Silver Lake Psychology
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612
Relationship and sexual concerns, couples therapy, anxiety, addiction, trauma, eating disorders, stress management, insomnia, women's issues, creativity, LGBTQ- welcome.
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others, and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability, and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience.
Relationship and sexual concerns, couples therapy, anxiety, addiction, trauma, eating disorders, stress management, insomnia, women's issues, creativity, LGBTQ- welcome.
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others, and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability, and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience.
(415) 996-1740 View (415) 996-1740
Photo of Silver Lake Psychology, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Silver Lake Psychology
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612
Relationship and sexual concerns, couples therapy, anxiety, addiction, trauma, eating disorders, stress management, insomnia, women's issues, creativity, LGBTQ- welcome.
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others, and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability, and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience.
Relationship and sexual concerns, couples therapy, anxiety, addiction, trauma, eating disorders, stress management, insomnia, women's issues, creativity, LGBTQ- welcome.
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others, and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability, and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience.
(415) 649-1656 View (415) 649-1656
Photo of Sara Bisikirski, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Sara Bisikirski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94607
Through our connection I can help you learn to manage stress, depression, anxiety as well as other trauma related struggles such as substance abuse, relationship difficulties and self-harm behaviors.
With 20 years of experience, I work with individual adults, adolescents and couples from a trauma-informed model that integrates DBT, psychodynamic, family systems and Mindful Self-Compassion perspectives. Through therapy I can help you to achieve your goals, develop an increased understanding of yourself and build new ways of coping with life’s challenges. As a Certified Mediator with a background in divorce mediation I can lend informed support to those struggling with divorce-related challenges. Furthermore as a transracially adoptive mom of two I hold a strong interest in helping others navigate the world of parenting.
Through our connection I can help you learn to manage stress, depression, anxiety as well as other trauma related struggles such as substance abuse, relationship difficulties and self-harm behaviors.
With 20 years of experience, I work with individual adults, adolescents and couples from a trauma-informed model that integrates DBT, psychodynamic, family systems and Mindful Self-Compassion perspectives. Through therapy I can help you to achieve your goals, develop an increased understanding of yourself and build new ways of coping with life’s challenges. As a Certified Mediator with a background in divorce mediation I can lend informed support to those struggling with divorce-related challenges. Furthermore as a transracially adoptive mom of two I hold a strong interest in helping others navigate the world of parenting.
(510) 880-1983 View (510) 880-1983
Photo of Nina Hausman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Nina Hausman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94606  (Online Only)
My experience includes 15+ years treating addiction, trauma, anxiety and depression in outpatient and inpatient settings.
Are you feeling stuck in life? Maybe you’re struggling with relationship challenges, past traumas or work stress? Is shame, anxiety, anger or numbness affecting your ability to be happy? Maybe you’re wondering how your substance use, or that of a loved one, is related to any of this? I’d like to offer you a non-judgmental space to explore behaviors, beliefs and feelings that keep you from living the life you want to live. You are not broken and I would be honored to help you reconnect to the innate wisdom and power of your authentic self. My style is warm, nurturing and empathic.
My experience includes 15+ years treating addiction, trauma, anxiety and depression in outpatient and inpatient settings.
Are you feeling stuck in life? Maybe you’re struggling with relationship challenges, past traumas or work stress? Is shame, anxiety, anger or numbness affecting your ability to be happy? Maybe you’re wondering how your substance use, or that of a loved one, is related to any of this? I’d like to offer you a non-judgmental space to explore behaviors, beliefs and feelings that keep you from living the life you want to live. You are not broken and I would be honored to help you reconnect to the innate wisdom and power of your authentic self. My style is warm, nurturing and empathic.
(510) 405-0628 View (510) 405-0628
Photo of Kelly Albrecht, Pre-Licensed Professional in Oakland, CA
Kelly Albrecht
Pre-Licensed Professional, ASW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
With expertise in substance use disorder, ADHD, bipolar and personality disorders, my holistic approach to therapy prioritizes safety and healing, with trauma-informed care.
Are you struggling to process depression, anxiety, relationship/family issues, and trauma? These emotional ruptures can cause major disruptions in our lives. The work to process these types of life events is multifaceted, and I can help you identify your feelings and potential relational patterns, build tolerance and acceptance around challenging ones, and set meaningful goals. In order to do so, I utilize various therapeutic approaches consisting of ACT, CBT, and Problem Solving Therapy and somatic interventions.
With expertise in substance use disorder, ADHD, bipolar and personality disorders, my holistic approach to therapy prioritizes safety and healing, with trauma-informed care.
Are you struggling to process depression, anxiety, relationship/family issues, and trauma? These emotional ruptures can cause major disruptions in our lives. The work to process these types of life events is multifaceted, and I can help you identify your feelings and potential relational patterns, build tolerance and acceptance around challenging ones, and set meaningful goals. In order to do so, I utilize various therapeutic approaches consisting of ACT, CBT, and Problem Solving Therapy and somatic interventions.
(415) 855-7073 View (415) 855-7073

Addiction Therapists

What is the best therapy for addiction?

Addiction treatment will be tailored to the individual. People seeking help for addiction—whether with a psychotherapist, in an outpatient clinic, or in a residential program—should expect to engage in multiple types of treatments, sometimes including medication. For anyone recovering from addiction, avoiding situations in which one has typically used a substance is essential, as is the support of close connections. Since substance use disorders tend to co-occur with underlying mental health conditions such as anxiety or depression, those must also be addressed as part of any recovery plan.

How long does therapy for addiction take?

There is no set timeline for recovery from addiction. Patients and their families should expect the work to last several months, if not longer. Residential treatment programs may be based on a stay of 30, 60, or 90 days, with continuing work after release, but only about 1 percent of people are treated in such facilities. Ceasing use is just the first step; therapy to help maintain abstinence and effect behavior change must follow. The process of recovery, neuroscience has shown, involves brain cells recovering the capacity to respond to natural sources of reward and restore control over the impulse to use. Another definition of recovery is restoring voluntary control over one’s substance use and retaking all of one’s previous responsibilities.

How effective is drug addiction treatment?

Substance use disorders are treatable and remission is achievable for many who seek recovery; by some estimates, more than three-quarters of people who become addicted to alcohol or drugs recover. But that success rarely occurs quickly or on a set timeline; relapse is not only common, but many therapists and clinicians view it as a normal part of the process—not always a sign that a person has returned to addiction, but a signal that their treatment should be adjusted to help them regain control. Overall, research suggests, five years after the end of substance use, one’s risk of relapse is no greater than that of others who had not faced addiction. Other experts believe that complete abstinence is not the only measure of recovery, and that, through effective treatment, many people can learn to control their use.

How can you get addiction treatment for someone?

The most important factor in recovery from addiction is widely understood to be an individual’s commitment to change. For that reason,“interventions” in which friends and family gather to urge or force someone to begin immediate treatment often backfire; even when such efforts do lead someone to begin treatment, they may be less likely to stay than those who are self-driven. Still, family members can play an important role in supporting an individual who seeks help and can take part in family therapy as one element of a loved one’s treatment.