Therapists in Spokane, WA

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Photo of Cody Paul Brumbelow, Pre-Licensed Professional in Spokane, WA
Cody Paul Brumbelow
Pre-Licensed Professional, LMHCA
Verified Verified
Spokane, WA 99201  (Online Only)
Deep at my core, I would like to believe I can work with anyone regarding any potential concern. I do not wish to discriminate or weed out any clients in that way, it feels wrong to me. There very well may be some clients that don't feel I meet their needs and that is certainly okay with me. I do not bring a lot of structure, guidance, or advice to my counseling and that is not always what some clients need or desire. My ideal client is someone looking to change and grow, someone that wants to be the best version of themselves in a holistic manner.
Deep at my core, I would like to believe I can work with anyone regarding any potential concern. I do not wish to discriminate or weed out any clients in that way, it feels wrong to me. There very well may be some clients that don't feel I meet their needs and that is certainly okay with me. I do not bring a lot of structure, guidance, or advice to my counseling and that is not always what some clients need or desire. My ideal client is someone looking to change and grow, someone that wants to be the best version of themselves in a holistic manner.
(509) 361-1055 View (509) 361-1055
Photo of Erica D Brown, Counselor in Spokane, WA
Erica D Brown
Counselor, MA, LAC, NCC
Verified Verified
Spokane, WA 99201  (Online Only)
I believe in order to complete any task; we must commit to the work towards change. Healing is a personal journey, and while we may need help and guidance along the way, we are ultimately responsible in how we participate regarding the outcome. There are no perfect therapist or perfect clients, but there are opportunities to build a therapeutic foundation that can assist a person in getting on the right path.
I believe in order to complete any task; we must commit to the work towards change. Healing is a personal journey, and while we may need help and guidance along the way, we are ultimately responsible in how we participate regarding the outcome. There are no perfect therapist or perfect clients, but there are opportunities to build a therapeutic foundation that can assist a person in getting on the right path.
(623) 278-8698 View (623) 278-8698
Photo of Christina Aflague, Counselor in Spokane, WA
Christina Aflague
Counselor, MA, LMHC, SUDP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Spokane, WA 99201  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am passionate about working with culturally diverse populations and underserved communities, including BIPOC, AANHPI, and LGBTQ+ communities impacted by substance use disorders, anxiety, depression, and trauma.
I am passionate about working with culturally diverse populations and underserved communities, including BIPOC, AANHPI, and LGBTQ+ communities impacted by substance use disorders, anxiety, depression, and trauma.
(509) 797-7419 View (509) 797-7419
Photo of Shannon Mitchell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Spokane, WA
Shannon Mitchell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Spokane, WA 99204
Not accepting new clients
My practice focuses on the treatment of mental health issues as they relate to teens, adults, older adults, and LGBTQ+. A guiding principle that informs my therapeutic approach is a Strengths Perspective. I believe we are each looking for meaning and purpose in life. Life can bring challenges and circumstances that leave us feeling alone, scared, lost, or hopeless. It is my belief that each individual has the solutions, and my role is to create a safe and affirming environment in which solutions can be identified, growth can begin, and healing can be achieved.
My practice focuses on the treatment of mental health issues as they relate to teens, adults, older adults, and LGBTQ+. A guiding principle that informs my therapeutic approach is a Strengths Perspective. I believe we are each looking for meaning and purpose in life. Life can bring challenges and circumstances that leave us feeling alone, scared, lost, or hopeless. It is my belief that each individual has the solutions, and my role is to create a safe and affirming environment in which solutions can be identified, growth can begin, and healing can be achieved.
(509) 608-3041 View (509) 608-3041
Photo of Ashley Peridot, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Spokane, WA
Ashley Peridot
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSWAIC
Verified Verified
Spokane, WA 99204
In traditional lore, the cauldron represents a vessel that takes a variety of ingredients in a raw form and transforms them into a form of nourishment and healing. At Healing Cauldron Counseling, my goal in working with an individual is to offer a space to take difficult feelings, memories, sensations, beliefs, thoughts, and values to help one transform into the most empowered and healthy version of themself. I offer psychotherapy for adults informed by transpersonal and depth psychologies, incorporating yet moving beyond traditional talk and behavioral therapies.
In traditional lore, the cauldron represents a vessel that takes a variety of ingredients in a raw form and transforms them into a form of nourishment and healing. At Healing Cauldron Counseling, my goal in working with an individual is to offer a space to take difficult feelings, memories, sensations, beliefs, thoughts, and values to help one transform into the most empowered and healthy version of themself. I offer psychotherapy for adults informed by transpersonal and depth psychologies, incorporating yet moving beyond traditional talk and behavioral therapies.
(509) 392-4623 x208660 View (509) 392-4623 x208660
Photo of Dharma Healing & Wellness, PLLC in Spokane, WA
Dharma Healing & Wellness, PLLC
BA, MS, LMHA
Verified Verified
Spokane, WA 99201  (Online Only)
Peace and love ladies, I see you and I understand you. There is nothing that you cannot share with me and nothing that I will not go out of my way to help assist you with. If your circumstances have left you feeling empty, afraid, unloved, and uncertain about where your life is going or are meant to go, then let me help you. Do not let depression, anxiety, relationship issues, sexual trauma, or anything else become the ruler of your life. Let me help you turn things around and become the best you possible. Love is Key!
Peace and love ladies, I see you and I understand you. There is nothing that you cannot share with me and nothing that I will not go out of my way to help assist you with. If your circumstances have left you feeling empty, afraid, unloved, and uncertain about where your life is going or are meant to go, then let me help you. Do not let depression, anxiety, relationship issues, sexual trauma, or anything else become the ruler of your life. Let me help you turn things around and become the best you possible. Love is Key!
(509) 584-4812 View (509) 584-4812
Photo of Jenny L Finley, Counselor in Spokane, WA
Jenny L Finley
Counselor, MA, LMHC, SUDP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Spokane, WA 99207
I am a passionate mental health therapist and substance use disorder professional with strong expertise in co-occurring disorders, family conflict and recovery. I have extensive experience working with individuals struggling with substance use, eating disorders and other mental health problems as well as working with their loved ones. My approach is both direct and compassionate. I will help you identify your goals and work towards freedom from the issues keeping you stuck.
I am a passionate mental health therapist and substance use disorder professional with strong expertise in co-occurring disorders, family conflict and recovery. I have extensive experience working with individuals struggling with substance use, eating disorders and other mental health problems as well as working with their loved ones. My approach is both direct and compassionate. I will help you identify your goals and work towards freedom from the issues keeping you stuck.
(425) 399-5948 View (425) 399-5948
Photo of Secure Intimacy Counseling, Counselor in Spokane, WA
Secure Intimacy Counseling
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Spokane, WA 99202
Do you struggle with feeling disconnected from yourself and others? Do you put your needs at the bottom of your list? Do you wonder if life should feel better? Happier? More fulfilled? Do you long for more connection in your romantic relationship? Has your relationship been ruptured by betrayal or infidelity or have you grown apart? Now more than ever, people are feeling anxious, overwhelmed and uncertain about how they are supposed to manage their lives, relationships and careers. Pushing away your needs and not taking time for yourself and your relationships can lead to long term issues for your mind and body.
Do you struggle with feeling disconnected from yourself and others? Do you put your needs at the bottom of your list? Do you wonder if life should feel better? Happier? More fulfilled? Do you long for more connection in your romantic relationship? Has your relationship been ruptured by betrayal or infidelity or have you grown apart? Now more than ever, people are feeling anxious, overwhelmed and uncertain about how they are supposed to manage their lives, relationships and careers. Pushing away your needs and not taking time for yourself and your relationships can lead to long term issues for your mind and body.
(509) 646-8963 View (509) 646-8963
Photo of Kaitlyn Chapman, Counselor in Spokane, WA
Kaitlyn Chapman
Counselor, MS, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Spokane, WA 99201
Not accepting new clients
My counseling approach is holistic, creating a foundation of unconditional positive regard, resilience and empowerment. I believe counseling can offer a sense of safety and warmth that allows for personal growth to unveil, fostering positive changes in all aspects of life. This can be particularly powerful during times of suffering and adversity that can affect us all. The therapeautic journey, while challenging, may offer time to heal, promoting wellness in the mind and the body.
My counseling approach is holistic, creating a foundation of unconditional positive regard, resilience and empowerment. I believe counseling can offer a sense of safety and warmth that allows for personal growth to unveil, fostering positive changes in all aspects of life. This can be particularly powerful during times of suffering and adversity that can affect us all. The therapeautic journey, while challenging, may offer time to heal, promoting wellness in the mind and the body.
(509) 822-5602 View (509) 822-5602
Photo of Rachel Allison, Counselor in Spokane, WA
Rachel Allison
Counselor, LMHCA
Verified Verified
Spokane, WA 99208
Rachel earned her masters degree from Grand Canyon University in Clinical Mental Health Counseling. Through the combination of her life experience and continuous education Rachel seeks to provide support and empowerment to her clients to improve their mental and physical health. She is passionate about helping her clients develop a positive sense of self-worth and purpose within a safe and accepting therapeutic environment. Rachel integrates therapeutic techniques from multiple theories including Cognitive behavioral therapy, Dialectical behavioral therapy, Emotionally focused therapy, Existential therapy and Interpersonal therapy.
Rachel earned her masters degree from Grand Canyon University in Clinical Mental Health Counseling. Through the combination of her life experience and continuous education Rachel seeks to provide support and empowerment to her clients to improve their mental and physical health. She is passionate about helping her clients develop a positive sense of self-worth and purpose within a safe and accepting therapeutic environment. Rachel integrates therapeutic techniques from multiple theories including Cognitive behavioral therapy, Dialectical behavioral therapy, Emotionally focused therapy, Existential therapy and Interpersonal therapy.
(509) 519-2194 View (509) 519-2194
Photo of Darci Lynn Sheridan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Spokane, WA
Darci Lynn Sheridan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, SUDP, MHP
Verified Verified
Spokane, WA 99208  (Online Only)
At the center is your story. Is your story one of…hardships, trauma, loss, anxiety, fear, depression, sadness, hurt, anger, addiction, abuse, shame, life transitions, self-esteem issues, relationship struggles > strength, love, joy, survival, faith, gratitude, hope. I’m here to hold space for you exactly where you are NOW, even your deepest pains and wounds. I will come along side of you, to listen+support you in talking about the hard+messy+uncomfortable stuff in your life. I will work to gain an understanding of your experiences, help you uncover more of who you are, and at the center of your core find Healing+Transformation!
At the center is your story. Is your story one of…hardships, trauma, loss, anxiety, fear, depression, sadness, hurt, anger, addiction, abuse, shame, life transitions, self-esteem issues, relationship struggles > strength, love, joy, survival, faith, gratitude, hope. I’m here to hold space for you exactly where you are NOW, even your deepest pains and wounds. I will come along side of you, to listen+support you in talking about the hard+messy+uncomfortable stuff in your life. I will work to gain an understanding of your experiences, help you uncover more of who you are, and at the center of your core find Healing+Transformation!
(509) 956-4698 View (509) 956-4698
Photo of Kassie Thierauf, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in Spokane, WA
Kassie Thierauf
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Spokane, WA 99202
Are you feeling overwhelmed by the complexities of life, struggling with relationships, or battling anxiety and depression? I'm Kassie, a devoted and compassionate therapist here to assure you that you're not alone. Life throws curveballs, and it's okay to feel lost; it's normal. I would love to assist you through navigating life's twists in individual or couples therapy. I believe in the transformative power of human connections. Whether it's relationship issues or the shadows of depression and anxiety, I offer a safe haven.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by the complexities of life, struggling with relationships, or battling anxiety and depression? I'm Kassie, a devoted and compassionate therapist here to assure you that you're not alone. Life throws curveballs, and it's okay to feel lost; it's normal. I would love to assist you through navigating life's twists in individual or couples therapy. I believe in the transformative power of human connections. Whether it's relationship issues or the shadows of depression and anxiety, I offer a safe haven.
(509) 749-7843 View (509) 749-7843
Photo of Sheree Lobdell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Spokane, WA
Sheree Lobdell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, Lynn
Verified Verified
Spokane, WA 99201
Sheree Lobdell, LICSW Sheree Lobdell is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker in Washington who has been practicing since 2019. She has a Master's in Social Work from Eastern Washington University. Sheree's theoretical approach includes Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution-Focused, Strength-Based, Gotten therapy, boundary setting, and supportive practice. She assists in helping clients finding emotional and spiritual healing through mindfulness, meditation, and breathing.
Sheree Lobdell, LICSW Sheree Lobdell is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker in Washington who has been practicing since 2019. She has a Master's in Social Work from Eastern Washington University. Sheree's theoretical approach includes Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution-Focused, Strength-Based, Gotten therapy, boundary setting, and supportive practice. She assists in helping clients finding emotional and spiritual healing through mindfulness, meditation, and breathing.
(509) 567-3020 View (509) 567-3020
Photo of Anchor Counseling Services Spokane, Marriage & Family Therapist in Spokane, WA
Anchor Counseling Services Spokane
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Spokane, WA 99203
I believe that beginning therapy doesn't mean that something is wrong with you. It can be that safe hour you take to nourish yourself and find clarity. With this self-care it is possible to begin the changes that seemed overwhelming by yourself. Children and adolescents are often surprised to find therapy a fun hour where they enjoy new ways of telling their story and being heard. You don't have to go it alone. Together we can find healing.
I believe that beginning therapy doesn't mean that something is wrong with you. It can be that safe hour you take to nourish yourself and find clarity. With this self-care it is possible to begin the changes that seemed overwhelming by yourself. Children and adolescents are often surprised to find therapy a fun hour where they enjoy new ways of telling their story and being heard. You don't have to go it alone. Together we can find healing.
(509) 321-4031 View (509) 321-4031
Photo of John Stifter, Counselor in Spokane, WA
John Stifter
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Spokane, WA 99204
I am not your conventional psychotherapist. My journey into the world of mental health is uniquely shaped by my background as a ski journalist and lived experiences of grief, loss, tragedy, and trauma. Driven by a desire to bridge my passion for storytelling with holistic healing, I use my sincere interest in the human experience in the therapy setting to treat adults, couples, and families living with shame, depression, anxiety, grief and loss, trauma, addiction, and life transitions and questions. As the Sufi poet Rumi once wrote, “The cure for pain is in the pain.”
I am not your conventional psychotherapist. My journey into the world of mental health is uniquely shaped by my background as a ski journalist and lived experiences of grief, loss, tragedy, and trauma. Driven by a desire to bridge my passion for storytelling with holistic healing, I use my sincere interest in the human experience in the therapy setting to treat adults, couples, and families living with shame, depression, anxiety, grief and loss, trauma, addiction, and life transitions and questions. As the Sufi poet Rumi once wrote, “The cure for pain is in the pain.”
(509) 761-6396 View (509) 761-6396
Photo of Bobbi Kizer, Psychologist in Spokane, WA
Bobbi Kizer
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Spokane, WA 99223
I believe that healing can happen through the process of empathic and supportive counseling. I work with mood issues, personality disorders, grief, substance use and more. I utilize a culturally sensitive and holistic psychodynamic style of therapy. This approach encourages development in all areas of life, and pays special attention to unconscious factors, childhood upbringing, trauma, and cultural identity (race, religion, sexuality, gender, disability, etc). I am currently accepting clients for group therapy, that will combine the sport/art of crew rowing with group talk therapy. This is a powerful way of feeling connection.
I believe that healing can happen through the process of empathic and supportive counseling. I work with mood issues, personality disorders, grief, substance use and more. I utilize a culturally sensitive and holistic psychodynamic style of therapy. This approach encourages development in all areas of life, and pays special attention to unconscious factors, childhood upbringing, trauma, and cultural identity (race, religion, sexuality, gender, disability, etc). I am currently accepting clients for group therapy, that will combine the sport/art of crew rowing with group talk therapy. This is a powerful way of feeling connection.
(504) 226-7035 View (504) 226-7035
Photo of Caleb Hughes, Marriage & Family Therapist in Spokane, WA
Caleb Hughes
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Spokane, WA 99201
Waitlist for new clients
Hi. There may be many reasons you find yourself on this page. Whatever that reason is, it is my goal to meet you where you are with warmth, compassion and curiosity. Mental health difficulties can be difficult to understand. So often our body's important protective mechanisms do their jobs well - too well, and we find ourselves feeling down, overwhelmed, disconnected. I am here to help you bring clarity to your experiences and feel your emotions more fully. I believe that people feel safest in an environment in which they feel seen, heard and cared for. From this place, we can work together to find the change you are looking for.
Hi. There may be many reasons you find yourself on this page. Whatever that reason is, it is my goal to meet you where you are with warmth, compassion and curiosity. Mental health difficulties can be difficult to understand. So often our body's important protective mechanisms do their jobs well - too well, and we find ourselves feeling down, overwhelmed, disconnected. I am here to help you bring clarity to your experiences and feel your emotions more fully. I believe that people feel safest in an environment in which they feel seen, heard and cared for. From this place, we can work together to find the change you are looking for.
(509) 285-9328 View (509) 285-9328
Photo of Lauren Thomas, Counselor in Spokane, WA
Lauren Thomas
Counselor, MS, LMHCA
Verified Verified
Spokane, WA 99202
I strive to show up authentically to create and hold a space where individuals can feel safe and accepted for who they are as they heal and grow on their journey. I specialize in working with trauma and PTSD, anxiety, and depression. I believe in looking inward and continuing to grow myself in order to provide affirmative and culturally sensitive therapy.
I strive to show up authentically to create and hold a space where individuals can feel safe and accepted for who they are as they heal and grow on their journey. I specialize in working with trauma and PTSD, anxiety, and depression. I believe in looking inward and continuing to grow myself in order to provide affirmative and culturally sensitive therapy.
(509) 210-4475 View (509) 210-4475
Photo of Kahle Hunter, Counselor in Spokane, WA
Kahle Hunter
Counselor, MS, LMHCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Spokane, WA 99204
People seek therapy for many different reasons. Whether it is exploring difficulties from childhood or current life stressors, being curious about our behaviors and emotions can help us cultivate authenticity and increased self-compassion. Traumatic experiences can greatly shape the way we view the world and ourselves, and leave us feeling “stuck”. I enjoy working with individuals seeking guidance in healing from and understanding these experiences to help them lead the lives they desire.
People seek therapy for many different reasons. Whether it is exploring difficulties from childhood or current life stressors, being curious about our behaviors and emotions can help us cultivate authenticity and increased self-compassion. Traumatic experiences can greatly shape the way we view the world and ourselves, and leave us feeling “stuck”. I enjoy working with individuals seeking guidance in healing from and understanding these experiences to help them lead the lives they desire.
(509) 646-2312 View (509) 646-2312
Photo of Meghan Davidson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Spokane, WA
Meghan Davidson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LICSW, CMHS, VSW-CP, GCTC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Spokane, WA 99205  (Online Only)
Sometimes life just really sucks and we need someone to help support, empower, and encourage us through the hard times. I would love to be that person for you. I focus on coming from a trauma informed, strengths based lens that keeps you in control as we partner together to figure out what works best for you.
Sometimes life just really sucks and we need someone to help support, empower, and encourage us through the hard times. I would love to be that person for you. I focus on coming from a trauma informed, strengths based lens that keeps you in control as we partner together to figure out what works best for you.
(509) 740-0987 View (509) 740-0987

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Spokane, WA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$135

Therapists in Spokane, WA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
76% Self Esteem
74% Trauma and PTSD
73% Relationship Issues
73% Stress
71% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

8 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

74% Premera
72% Aetna
57% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Spokane, WA see their clients

52% In Person and Online
48% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
18% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Spokane?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.