Therapists in Seattle, WA

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Photo of Judith C Cantor, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Judith C Cantor
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, LMFT
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98115
As we face the challenges of life, we can sometimes hit a "perfect" storm. Old issues along with our unique personalities can collide with the stresses and circumstances of our current lives. This collision can feel overwhelming. Psychotherapy can be a useful tool to find a way through these difficult waters. I am a psychotherapist with a practice that serves individual adults and couples who are at all stages of life. Issues common to my practice are anxiety, depression, self-esteem, stress management, grief and loss, work related stress, issues of life transitions, trauma, relationship issues and chronic pain issues.
As we face the challenges of life, we can sometimes hit a "perfect" storm. Old issues along with our unique personalities can collide with the stresses and circumstances of our current lives. This collision can feel overwhelming. Psychotherapy can be a useful tool to find a way through these difficult waters. I am a psychotherapist with a practice that serves individual adults and couples who are at all stages of life. Issues common to my practice are anxiety, depression, self-esteem, stress management, grief and loss, work related stress, issues of life transitions, trauma, relationship issues and chronic pain issues.
(206) 552-0972 View (206) 552-0972
Photo of Justine Yahnke, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Justine Yahnke
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSWAIC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98112
Times are hard and balancing all that life brings is no easy task, no matter your stage of life we often feel disconnected and unheard. My practice centers LGBTQIA+ folks and those who are looking for greater connection and a way to live more authentically. Breaking old patterns, adding new skills and seeing challenges from a new perspective can be transformative. I have worked with a wide range of client needs including; gender and sexuality exploration, communication skills, anxiety, depression and adjustment challenges.
Times are hard and balancing all that life brings is no easy task, no matter your stage of life we often feel disconnected and unheard. My practice centers LGBTQIA+ folks and those who are looking for greater connection and a way to live more authentically. Breaking old patterns, adding new skills and seeing challenges from a new perspective can be transformative. I have worked with a wide range of client needs including; gender and sexuality exploration, communication skills, anxiety, depression and adjustment challenges.
(206) 678-0586 View (206) 678-0586
Photo of Nicole Ahn, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Nicole Ahn
Counselor, LMHCA
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98121  (Online Only)
Purpose - Transformation is a process of liberation and a path toward peace. With any hardship, there is an opportunity for growth. My approach to therapy considers unconscious and unresolved issues that will bring healing and enable you to thrive.
Purpose - Transformation is a process of liberation and a path toward peace. With any hardship, there is an opportunity for growth. My approach to therapy considers unconscious and unresolved issues that will bring healing and enable you to thrive.
(206) 759-3486 View (206) 759-3486
Photo of Group Therapy Seattle, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Group Therapy Seattle
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98125
If you are experiencing major life changes or transitions, if you want help understanding why you choose the partners you choose, if you want effective means of changing self-defeating behaviors, if you would like help with "emotional & social intelligence" both critical to personal & career success, if you want to learn effective means of communicating & resolving conflict in your relationships, if anxiety or depression interfere with your enjoyment of life, if you had losses or broken attachments while growing up, if you just want a very supportive community for dealing with the stresses of your life, then consider these groups.
If you are experiencing major life changes or transitions, if you want help understanding why you choose the partners you choose, if you want effective means of changing self-defeating behaviors, if you would like help with "emotional & social intelligence" both critical to personal & career success, if you want to learn effective means of communicating & resolving conflict in your relationships, if anxiety or depression interfere with your enjoyment of life, if you had losses or broken attachments while growing up, if you just want a very supportive community for dealing with the stresses of your life, then consider these groups.
(206) 203-2981 View (206) 203-2981
Photo of Kate Creech, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Kate Creech
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98118  (Online Only)
I love working with individuals and couples trying to cope with anxiety and stress. My clients might feel stuck in relationships or be struggling with creating healthy boundaries. Over time my clients gain more self-compassion and confidence as we work together on uncovering stories that have contributed to what they’re wrestling with. Many of the mental health struggles we face are rooted in deeper stories that need to be expressed. I also offer EMDR therapy for those wanting to work with issues that feel stuck and immovable.
I love working with individuals and couples trying to cope with anxiety and stress. My clients might feel stuck in relationships or be struggling with creating healthy boundaries. Over time my clients gain more self-compassion and confidence as we work together on uncovering stories that have contributed to what they’re wrestling with. Many of the mental health struggles we face are rooted in deeper stories that need to be expressed. I also offer EMDR therapy for those wanting to work with issues that feel stuck and immovable.
(206) 984-6554 View (206) 984-6554
Photo of Prism Counseling Brainspotting Intensives Seattle , Counselor in Seattle, WA
Prism Counseling Brainspotting Intensives Seattle
Counselor, MS, LMHC, MHP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98104  (Online Only)
We all have the capacity for healing and personal empowerment but life can get in the way! Busy schedules, intense emotions, sometimes its just so much to handle! If you're struggling to add in weekly therapy or stalling with therapy progress, a therapy intensive might be right for you! I help people age 15+ see themselves in a new way, creating space for self compassion and the courage for a happier, more meaningful life. Just like a prism, you can break down issues into a full spectrum of possibilities when stepping out of the darkness and allowing yourself to be illuminated by transformative self-discovery.
We all have the capacity for healing and personal empowerment but life can get in the way! Busy schedules, intense emotions, sometimes its just so much to handle! If you're struggling to add in weekly therapy or stalling with therapy progress, a therapy intensive might be right for you! I help people age 15+ see themselves in a new way, creating space for self compassion and the courage for a happier, more meaningful life. Just like a prism, you can break down issues into a full spectrum of possibilities when stepping out of the darkness and allowing yourself to be illuminated by transformative self-discovery.
(360) 233-8725 View (360) 233-8725
Photo of Janelle Hamann, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Janelle Hamann
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98118  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I love to aid individuals, couples and LGBTQ+ relationships, and families with achieving the change they desire through a tailored and integrative approach. It is a privilege to see my clients flourish through treatment and to provide a safe, nonjudgemental space where self-discovery and personal growth can be achieved through a strong therapeutic relationship.
I love to aid individuals, couples and LGBTQ+ relationships, and families with achieving the change they desire through a tailored and integrative approach. It is a privilege to see my clients flourish through treatment and to provide a safe, nonjudgemental space where self-discovery and personal growth can be achieved through a strong therapeutic relationship.
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Photo of Alyssa Grabarkewitz, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Alyssa Grabarkewitz
Counselor, MA, LMHCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98107
I work best with folks who are curious and want to do the good, hard work of discovering themselves. Whether it's anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, history of abuse, or an array of other stressors, life is simply just hard at times. But, I believe that with curiosity, kindness and gentleness we can unpack some of these stressors and learn new ways of relating to them with awareness & hopefully a few new tools in our kit.
I work best with folks who are curious and want to do the good, hard work of discovering themselves. Whether it's anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, history of abuse, or an array of other stressors, life is simply just hard at times. But, I believe that with curiosity, kindness and gentleness we can unpack some of these stressors and learn new ways of relating to them with awareness & hopefully a few new tools in our kit.
(206) 558-5344 View (206) 558-5344
Photo of Lucy Gunter, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Lucy Gunter
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LMHCA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98102
You find yourself repeating the same cycles but can’t figure out how to break free. Your relationship is strained, or you struggle to pick the ‘right’ person. Perhaps, you’re in a time of transition and feel unanchored or dysregulated. Whatever the reason, you’re here because something needs to change. You’re ready to create a better, more fulfilling life for yourself.
You find yourself repeating the same cycles but can’t figure out how to break free. Your relationship is strained, or you struggle to pick the ‘right’ person. Perhaps, you’re in a time of transition and feel unanchored or dysregulated. Whatever the reason, you’re here because something needs to change. You’re ready to create a better, more fulfilling life for yourself.
(425) 517-2128 View (425) 517-2128
Photo of Matthew Brooks, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Matthew Brooks
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, FIPA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98112
As a board-certified psychoanalyst, I help individuals work through depression and anxiety, traumas, personality disorders, and general problems in living.
As a board-certified psychoanalyst, I help individuals work through depression and anxiety, traumas, personality disorders, and general problems in living.
(206) 234-9765 View (206) 234-9765
Photo of Carla L. Buck, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Carla L. Buck
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98168  (Online Only)
Limited sessions available - Specializing in working alongside high achievers in fast-paced industries including tech, law and the medical field. You likely feel burned out and overwhelmed by the relentless demands you're up against at work and in your personal life. If you find yourself constantly placing high expectations on yourself and feeling the weight of heavy self and external pressures; I get you. I specialize in working with high achievers just like you who have no space to recover mentally or physically, and who feel exhausted and inefficient in many areas of life.
Limited sessions available - Specializing in working alongside high achievers in fast-paced industries including tech, law and the medical field. You likely feel burned out and overwhelmed by the relentless demands you're up against at work and in your personal life. If you find yourself constantly placing high expectations on yourself and feeling the weight of heavy self and external pressures; I get you. I specialize in working with high achievers just like you who have no space to recover mentally or physically, and who feel exhausted and inefficient in many areas of life.
(206) 203-4851 View (206) 203-4851
Photo of Megan McCay, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Megan McCay
Counselor, LMHC, MHP
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98122
I believe that often the emotional pain found in our lives can be traced back to relationships and experiences in our past. Too often we are not given the space to acknowledge these hurts and are expected to carry the weight of it alone. I work with individuals across a range of concerns such as anxiety, grief and loss, symptoms of trauma, early childhood traumatic abuse and harm, life transitions, religious harm, family of origin issues; along with those who would like to improve the relationships in their life. I am particularly passionate in exploring the role that early attachment relationships have in how we navigate the world.
I believe that often the emotional pain found in our lives can be traced back to relationships and experiences in our past. Too often we are not given the space to acknowledge these hurts and are expected to carry the weight of it alone. I work with individuals across a range of concerns such as anxiety, grief and loss, symptoms of trauma, early childhood traumatic abuse and harm, life transitions, religious harm, family of origin issues; along with those who would like to improve the relationships in their life. I am particularly passionate in exploring the role that early attachment relationships have in how we navigate the world.
(206) 339-7296 View (206) 339-7296
Photo of Liliana Sacarin, Psychologist in Seattle, WA
Liliana Sacarin
Psychologist, Psy D
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98103
Dr. Liliana Sacarin is a licensed clinical psychologist, expert clinician & researcher in auditory processing & Listening Training/Systems: Tomatis-Effect, iLS, TLP, LifT, SSP. Trained in the Tomatis Method with Dr. Tomatis her experience in the field amounts to 24 y. Her in-depth assessment: sensory integration, language, attention, cognitive/emotional abilities, informs which auditory technique is most appropriate for each individual. She uniquely integrates Tomatis-Effect Listening with child, parent & adult counseling facilitating learning, expanding potential in children & adults. Other treatments: qEEG swLORETA Neurofeedback.
Dr. Liliana Sacarin is a licensed clinical psychologist, expert clinician & researcher in auditory processing & Listening Training/Systems: Tomatis-Effect, iLS, TLP, LifT, SSP. Trained in the Tomatis Method with Dr. Tomatis her experience in the field amounts to 24 y. Her in-depth assessment: sensory integration, language, attention, cognitive/emotional abilities, informs which auditory technique is most appropriate for each individual. She uniquely integrates Tomatis-Effect Listening with child, parent & adult counseling facilitating learning, expanding potential in children & adults. Other treatments: qEEG swLORETA Neurofeedback.
(206) 866-6314 View (206) 866-6314
Photo of Susannah Brister, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Susannah Brister
Counselor, LMHCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98104  (Online Only)
Every feeling in your body and mind has a story to tell about both your present and your past. Healing begins when we listen with compassion to those stories. I am committed to being a kind and honest partner with you in considering the way your experiences have shaped the way you show up in day-to-day life. Maybe you struggle to maintain boundaries, or to feel truly connected in relationships. Maybe you need to process recent changes in your life, or are seeking to drop deeper into your body. Maybe you are navigating loss or loneliness, or even wondering who you truly are.
Every feeling in your body and mind has a story to tell about both your present and your past. Healing begins when we listen with compassion to those stories. I am committed to being a kind and honest partner with you in considering the way your experiences have shaped the way you show up in day-to-day life. Maybe you struggle to maintain boundaries, or to feel truly connected in relationships. Maybe you need to process recent changes in your life, or are seeking to drop deeper into your body. Maybe you are navigating loss or loneliness, or even wondering who you truly are.
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Photo of Marcy Stafford, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Marcy Stafford
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98103
Not accepting new clients
Are you going through a particularly difficult time? Perhaps you are struggling with feelings of anxiety or depression? Maybe you have experienced a loss of a relationship or are adjusting to significant changes in your life? Whether the difficulties are past or recent traumas, losses, conflicts in relationships with self or others, I help my clients move toward growth and change. I provide a warm, accepting environment to assist individuals in facing difficult challenges, finding strength and identifying more choices for themselves and their lives.
Are you going through a particularly difficult time? Perhaps you are struggling with feelings of anxiety or depression? Maybe you have experienced a loss of a relationship or are adjusting to significant changes in your life? Whether the difficulties are past or recent traumas, losses, conflicts in relationships with self or others, I help my clients move toward growth and change. I provide a warm, accepting environment to assist individuals in facing difficult challenges, finding strength and identifying more choices for themselves and their lives.
(206) 801-0553 View (206) 801-0553
Photo of Nicholas S. Sciarrone, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Nicholas S. Sciarrone
Counselor, LMHC, MHP, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98102  (Online Only)
I specialize in treating trauma, anxiety, self esteem, SUD, and struggles related to life transitions. I help clients find the solid ground they need to support forward movement and a more positive trajectory. I begin by working with clients in developing a deeper understanding of themselves to arm them with the knowledge necessary to address their problems and make changes necessary to develop more adaptive coping strategies and improve the quality of their lives. I am non-judgmental and work to create a space in which clients can freely explore, uncover, and accept themselves more fully to live fuller, more meaningful lives.
I specialize in treating trauma, anxiety, self esteem, SUD, and struggles related to life transitions. I help clients find the solid ground they need to support forward movement and a more positive trajectory. I begin by working with clients in developing a deeper understanding of themselves to arm them with the knowledge necessary to address their problems and make changes necessary to develop more adaptive coping strategies and improve the quality of their lives. I am non-judgmental and work to create a space in which clients can freely explore, uncover, and accept themselves more fully to live fuller, more meaningful lives.
(206) 502-0894 View (206) 502-0894
Photo of Rainer Goldberg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Rainer Goldberg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98118  (Online Only)
Have you reached a point where your own will has sabotaged your life? Either recognizing how small you are in the grand scheme of things, lack of ability to transcend stagnancy or break free from bad habits or symptoms that rob you of joy? I have found the difference between being alive and living is rooted in transcending your identity (or sense of self ) beyond one dimensional perspectives, and I utilize the medium of color (and archetypes) to create a bridge between the conscious and unconscious world that exists within, among, and around you.
Have you reached a point where your own will has sabotaged your life? Either recognizing how small you are in the grand scheme of things, lack of ability to transcend stagnancy or break free from bad habits or symptoms that rob you of joy? I have found the difference between being alive and living is rooted in transcending your identity (or sense of self ) beyond one dimensional perspectives, and I utilize the medium of color (and archetypes) to create a bridge between the conscious and unconscious world that exists within, among, and around you.
(206) 337-4521 View (206) 337-4521
Photo of Brianna Chamberlain, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seattle, WA
Brianna Chamberlain
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, SUDP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98103
Not accepting new clients
I specialize in working with individuals 13-35 who are experiencing anxiety, depression, substance misuse, emotion dysregulation, stress, and challenges in relationships within their family of origin. I'm particularly passionate about supporting individuals experiencing life transitions, including pregnancy/postpartum and new parents. My work with clients is person-centered, strengths-based, and trauma-informed. My style is warm, genuine, and direct. I often use humor with my clients, when appropriate, because laughter can be a very powerful tool and often helps foster a sense of trust and alliance.
I specialize in working with individuals 13-35 who are experiencing anxiety, depression, substance misuse, emotion dysregulation, stress, and challenges in relationships within their family of origin. I'm particularly passionate about supporting individuals experiencing life transitions, including pregnancy/postpartum and new parents. My work with clients is person-centered, strengths-based, and trauma-informed. My style is warm, genuine, and direct. I often use humor with my clients, when appropriate, because laughter can be a very powerful tool and often helps foster a sense of trust and alliance.
(206) 208-7358 View (206) 208-7358
Photo of Kayla Gingerich, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Kayla Gingerich
Counselor, LMHC LC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98122
I am an WA and ID licensed therapist and here to help. Often, because of trauma and stress, we might consciously or unconsciously disown parts of ourselves. We might grow to view certain coping skills or patterns as “bad” when ultimately, they most likely served an important purpose in our lives. I aim to help my clients explore themselves, part by part, with gentle curiosity. Through using a variety of experiential approaches, we will work together to heal these pieces, allowing us to become more integrated, free, and whole. Every individual is the expert of their own life and is wise, intuitive, and has the capacity to heal.
I am an WA and ID licensed therapist and here to help. Often, because of trauma and stress, we might consciously or unconsciously disown parts of ourselves. We might grow to view certain coping skills or patterns as “bad” when ultimately, they most likely served an important purpose in our lives. I aim to help my clients explore themselves, part by part, with gentle curiosity. Through using a variety of experiential approaches, we will work together to heal these pieces, allowing us to become more integrated, free, and whole. Every individual is the expert of their own life and is wise, intuitive, and has the capacity to heal.
(206) 672-3676 View (206) 672-3676
Photo of Jason Moran, Counselor in Seattle, WA
Jason Moran
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98103  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Currently I'm not accepting new clients, as soon as I'm able I will update this site, sorry about any inconvenience. Please be good to you, on your journey. As your therapist, I will help you use the emotional and relational challenges in your life as opportunities for personal growth. Together, we will remove the psychological barriers that keep you stuck, which will help you gain insight, hope, and stability. We will then work to rediscover the inner wisdom, strength and clear vision within you. Leading you back to enjoying your life and having a more fulfilling relationship with yourself and others.
Currently I'm not accepting new clients, as soon as I'm able I will update this site, sorry about any inconvenience. Please be good to you, on your journey. As your therapist, I will help you use the emotional and relational challenges in your life as opportunities for personal growth. Together, we will remove the psychological barriers that keep you stuck, which will help you gain insight, hope, and stability. We will then work to rediscover the inner wisdom, strength and clear vision within you. Leading you back to enjoying your life and having a more fulfilling relationship with yourself and others.
(253) 799-0682 View (253) 799-0682

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Seattle, WA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Seattle, WA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
86% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
72% Trauma and PTSD
71% Stress
69% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

70% Premera
53% Aetna
47% Regence

How Therapists in Seattle, WA see their clients

51% Online Only
49% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

75% Female
21% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Seattle?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.